efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
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Chromium in <strong>food</strong> and <strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong><br />
Table 17: Developmental and reproductive toxicity studies with Cr(VI) compounds (continued).<br />
Study<br />
Doses in mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w.<br />
per day (a)<br />
12-week (<strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong>)<br />
potassium dichromate<br />
Species<br />
M rats<br />
X<br />
0 and 32 (d)<br />
Untreated<br />
F<br />
NOAEL<br />
LOAEL<br />
mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per day<br />
Reference<br />
- 32 Bataineh et al.<br />
(1997)<br />
6 days (diet)<br />
<strong>chromium</strong> trioxide Animals<br />
sacrificed 6 weeks after<br />
treatment<br />
0, 5 and 10 (b) M rats - 5 Li et al.<br />
(2001)<br />
90-day (gavage)<br />
M rats - 7.9 Chowdhury<br />
0, 7.9, 15.9, 23.8 (b) (1995)<br />
sodium dichromate<br />
and Mitra<br />
12-week (<strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong>)<br />
potassium dichromate<br />
0, 53, 106, 212 and 265 (d)<br />
F sacrificed 1-week after<br />
mating<br />
Exposure via <strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong><br />
to potassium dichromate from<br />
GD 12 to lactation D 20<br />
Doses: 0 and 76 (e)<br />
M mice<br />
X<br />
Untreated<br />
F<br />
Pregnant<br />
mice<br />
- 53 Elbetieha and<br />
Al-Hamood<br />
(1997)<br />
76 - Al-Hamood et<br />
al. (1998)<br />
35 days (diet)<br />
M mice - 16 Zahid et al.<br />
16, 28 and 63 (e)<br />
potassium dichromate<br />
(1990)<br />
10-week (gavage)<br />
M rabbits - 1.8 Yousef et al.<br />
0 and 1.8 (b)<br />
potassium dichromate<br />
(2006)<br />
180 days (<strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong>) M<br />
potassium dichromate<br />
0, 0.8, 1.7, 3.4, and 6.8 (e)<br />
180 days (<strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong>) M<br />
potassium dichromate<br />
0, 1.7, 3.4, and 6.8 (f)<br />
180 days (<strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong>) M<br />
potassium dichromate<br />
0, 1.7, 3.4, and 6.8 (f)<br />
monkeys<br />
monkeys<br />
monkeys<br />
180 days (<strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong>) M<br />
potassium dichromate monkeys<br />
0, 1.7, 3.4, and 6.8 (f)<br />
exposure during lactation<br />
PND 1-20 (<strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong>)<br />
potassium dichromate.<br />
0 and 24 (d)<br />
Sacrifice F offsprings on PND<br />
21 (weaning), PND 45 or<br />
PND 65<br />
exposure during lactation<br />
0.8 1.7 Subramanian<br />
et al. (2006)<br />
- 1.7 Aruldhas et al.<br />
(2006)<br />
- 1.7 Aruldhas et al.<br />
(2005)<br />
- 1.7 Aruldhas et al.<br />
(2004)<br />
Female reproductive toxicity studies<br />
Rats - 24 Banu et al.<br />
(2008)<br />
rats - 6 Samuel et al.<br />
PND 1-21 (<strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong>)<br />
(2011)<br />
potassium dichromate 0, 6<br />
and 24<br />
Sacrifice F offsprings on PND<br />
21, 45 or 65 (d)<br />
EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 88
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