efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
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Chromium in <strong>food</strong> and <strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong><br />
Delayed vaginal opening (delayed puberty) was reported in offspring of rats exposed to potassium<br />
dichromate (6-24 mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per day) during lactation (Banu et al., 2008; Samuel et al., 2011)<br />
or mice (76 mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per day) exposed from gestation to lactation D20 (Al-Hamood et al.,<br />
1998).<br />
Cr(VI) was also reported to alter mandibular growth and tooth eruption in rats (De Lucca et al., 2009).<br />
In this study, 4-day-old suckling Wistar pups received gavage doses of 0, 6.25 or 12.5 mg potassium<br />
dichromate/kg b.w. per day (corresponding to 0, 2.2 or 4.4 mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per day) for<br />
10 consecutive days. Rats dosed at 4.4 mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per day showed a statistically significant<br />
reduction in mandibular length, base, height and area, and delayed eruption of the first molar. Delayed<br />
eruption of the second molar was observed in pups receiving the low-dose. These effects may have<br />
been secondary to a delay in body growth, as terminal body weight was reduced by 20 and 40 % in the<br />
low- and high-dose groups, respectively, relative to controls. Shorter tail length was also observed in<br />
high dose animals.<br />
The CONTAM Panel noted that some of the studies have methodological limitations that were already<br />
reported for Cr(III).<br />
The NOAELs and LOAELs from the relevant studies are reported in Table 17 and the studies are<br />
described in details in Table H6 (Appendix H).<br />
Table 17: Developmental and reproductive toxicity studies with Cr(VI) compounds.<br />
Parental: 30.3<br />
Study<br />
NOAEL<br />
LOAEL<br />
Doses in mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w. Species<br />
per day (a)<br />
mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per day<br />
Multigeneration reproductive toxicity<br />
2-generation (diet)<br />
mice Parental: 13.6<br />
30.3/37 (b)<br />
potassium dichromate<br />
Reproduction: 30.3 (c) Reproduction:-<br />
F0/F1: 0, 6.9/7.9, 13.6/16.1,<br />
Male reproductive toxicity studies<br />
Reference<br />
NTP (1997)<br />
9-week (diet)<br />
+ 8-week recovery<br />
Potassium dichromate<br />
0, 1.4, 4.6, 9.9, 40.7 (b) mice Reproduction: 40.7 (c) - NTP (1996a,<br />
1997)<br />
9-week (diet)<br />
+ 8-week recovery<br />
Oral (diet)<br />
Potassium dichromate<br />
0, 0.5, 1.6, 3.2, 12.7 (b) rats Reproduction: 12.7 (c) - NTP (1996a,<br />
1997)<br />
2-year (<strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong>) mice Reproduction: 5.9 (c) - NTP (2008)<br />
F: 0, 0.38, 1.4, 3.1 and 8.7 (b)<br />
sodium dichromate dihydrate<br />
M: 0, 0.38, 0.91, 2.4 and 5.9 (b)<br />
2-year (<strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong>)<br />
sodium dichromate dihydrate<br />
M: 0, 0.21, 0.77, 2.1 and 5.9 (b)<br />
F: 0, 0.24, 0.94, 2.4 and 7.0 (b) rats Reproduction: 5.9 (c) - NTP (2008)<br />
EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 87