efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
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Chromium in <strong>food</strong> and <strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong><br />
Table 16: NOAELs and LOAELs for the critical non-neoplastic toxic effects of Cr(VI).<br />
Effect Species Study duration<br />
NOAEL LOAEL<br />
mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per day<br />
Reference<br />
Haematology<br />
Rats 2-year 0.21 0.77 NTP (2008)<br />
Microcytic, hypochromic Mice 2-year - 0.38 NTP (2008)<br />
anemia<br />
(maximum effect after 22-<br />
23 days)<br />
Liver<br />
Rats 2-year 0.21 0.77 NTP (2008)<br />
Enzyme induction<br />
90-day 1.7 3.5 NTP (2007)<br />
Histiocytic cellular<br />
Mice 2-year - 0.38 NTP (2008)<br />
infiltration or glycogen<br />
90-day 3.1 5.2 NTP (2007)<br />
depletion<br />
Chronic inflammation Rats 2-year 0.24 0.94 NTP (2008)<br />
2.4*<br />
7*<br />
90-day 11.5 21.3 NTP (2007)<br />
Mesenteric lymph node<br />
Hystiocytic cellular<br />
infiltration<br />
Pancreatic lymph node<br />
Hystiocytic cellular<br />
infiltration<br />
Duodenum<br />
Hystiocytic cell infiltration<br />
Mice 2-year 3.1 8.7 NTP (2008)<br />
Rats 2-year 0.21 0.77 NTP (2008)<br />
Mice 2-year - 0.38 NTP (2008)<br />
Rats 2-year 2.4 7.0 NTP (2008)<br />
Mice 2-year 2.4 3.1 NTP (2008)<br />
Rats 2-year 0.21 0.77 NTP (2008)<br />
Hyperplasia Mice 2-year - 0.38 NTP (2008)<br />
Villous cytoplasmic<br />
vacuolisation<br />
Mice 90-day 1.1<br />
4.7<br />
4.7<br />
12.2<br />
Thompson<br />
al. (2011a)<br />
Apoptosis/crypt cell<br />
hyperplasia/ hystiocytic<br />
infiltration in the villous<br />
lamina propria<br />
Apoptosis Rats 90-day 0.2 3.6 Thompson et<br />
al. (2012b)<br />
Hystiocytic infiltration in Rats 90-day 0.2<br />
3.6 Thompson et<br />
the villous<br />
3.6<br />
8.7 al. (2012b)<br />
crypt cell hyperplasia<br />
Jejunum<br />
Villous cytoplasmic<br />
vacuolation<br />
Mice 90-day<br />
1.1<br />
4.7<br />
Thompson<br />
al. (2011a)<br />
et<br />
Crypt cell<br />
hyperplasia/hystiocytic<br />
infiltration in the villous<br />
lamina propria<br />
Hystiocytic infiltration in<br />
the villous<br />
Kidney<br />
degeneration of basement<br />
membrane in Bowman’s<br />
capsule and renal tubular<br />
degeneration<br />
Stomach<br />
Ulcer, hyperplasia,<br />
metaplasia<br />
4.7<br />
12.2<br />
Rats 90-day 3.6 8.7 Thompson<br />
(2012b)<br />
Rats<br />
* increase severity of effect; b.w.: body weight.<br />
22-week<br />
- 0.8<br />
et<br />
Chopra et al.<br />
(1996)<br />
Mice 90-day 9.1 15.7 NTP (2007)<br />
Rats 90-day 11.1 20.9 NTP (2007)<br />
EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 84