efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
Chromium in <strong>food</strong> and <strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong><br />
Table 13: Developmental and reproductive toxicity studies with Cr(III) compounds.<br />
Study (a)<br />
Doses in mg Cr(III)/kg b.w. per day<br />
NOAEL LOAEL<br />
(mg Cr(III)/kg b.w.<br />
per day)<br />
1-generation reproductive toxicity<br />
Reference<br />
1-generation reproductive oral (diet) Cr 2 O 3 in rats (90 days)<br />
F/M: 0; 547/570; 1217/1368 (b) 1217/1368 - Ivankovic and<br />
Preussman (1975)<br />
Fertility studies<br />
12 weeks oral (<strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong>) toxicity study CrCl 3 in rats<br />
M: 0, 30 (c) - 30 Bataineh et al.<br />
(1997)<br />
12 weeks oral (<strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong>) toxicity study CrCl 3 in mice - 49 Elbetieha and Al-<br />
M :0, 49, 246 (c) Hamood (1997)<br />
12 weeks oral (<strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong>) toxicity study CrCl 3 in mice - 98 Elbetieha and Al-<br />
F: 0, 98, 246 (c) Hamood (1997)<br />
4 week oral (diet) toxicity study <strong>chromium</strong> picolinate in mice<br />
M: 0, 25 (b) 25 - McAdory et al.<br />
(2011)<br />
Developmental toxicity studies<br />
GD12– day 20 of lactation oral(<strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong>) to CrCl 3 mice -<br />
F: 0, 79 (d) (1998)<br />
mice exposed to <strong>chromium</strong> picolinate via diet on GD 6-17 - 25 Bailey et al., 2006<br />
F: 0, 25 (b)<br />
mice exposed to CrCl 3 via diet on GD 6-17<br />
F: 0, 39 (b) 39 - Bailey et al. (2006)<br />
mice exposed to Cr(III)picolinate or other sources of Cr(III)<br />
via diet on GD 6-17<br />
F: 0, 25 (b) (from picolinate) or 3.3 or 26 (b) as Cr(III) cation<br />
Cr 3 O(O 2 CCH 2 CH 3 ) 6 (H 2 O) 3 ) + 25 - Bailey et al.<br />
(2008a)<br />
mice exposed via diet to <strong>chromium</strong> picolinate from 25 - Bailey et al.<br />
F: 0, 25 (b)<br />
implantation through weaning<br />
(2008b)<br />
rats exposed to CrCl3 by gavage on GD 1-3 or 4-6<br />
F: 33.6 (c) - 33.6<br />
(GD 1-3)<br />
Toxicity on reproductive organs<br />
13-week oral (diet), B6C3F1 mice<br />
M: 1419<br />
Chromium picolinate monohydrate<br />
F: 1090<br />
M/F: 0, 2/1.7, 6.2/4.9, 54/44, 273/212, 1419/1090 (b)<br />
14-week oral (diet); F344/N rats<br />
M: 506<br />
Chromium picolinate monohydrate<br />
F: 507<br />
M: 0, 0.8/0.7, 2.4/2.4, 19.1/19.1, 95.4/93, 506/507 (b)<br />
Bataineh et al.,<br />
2007<br />
- Rhodes et al.<br />
(2005)<br />
NTP (2010)<br />
- Rhodes et al.<br />
(2005)<br />
NTP (2010)<br />
24-week oral (diet), Harlan Sprague Dawley rats<br />
<strong>chromium</strong> chloride or <strong>chromium</strong> picolinate<br />
0, 0.45, 2.25, 4.5 and 9 (b) 9 - Anderson et al.<br />
(1997)<br />
35 days oral (diet), mice<br />
- 9.2 Zahid et al., 1990<br />
M: 0, 9.2, 19, 46 (c)<br />
Chromium sulphate<br />
M: male F: female; NOAEL: no-observed-adverse-effect level; LOAEL: lowest-observed-adverse-effect level.<br />
(a): In the conversions from concentration to daily doses, the molecular weight (MW) of the anhydrous salts were used<br />
when no information on hydration number was available in the original publication.<br />
(b): Data reported in the original publication;<br />
(c): Conversion using the default correction factor for subacute/subchronic/chronic exposure via <strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong>/feed from<br />
EFSA SC (2012);<br />
(d): Conversion using <strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong>/feed consumption data and average body weight reported in the publication.<br />
EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 74