efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
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Chromium in <strong>food</strong> and <strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong><br />
Table 9: Summary statistics of the chronic exposure assessment (ng/kg b.w per day) for Cr (VI)<br />
across European dietary surveys through the consumption of <strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong> as such (<strong>water</strong> intended<br />
for human consumption and mineral <strong>water</strong>s). Surveys from Greece (age class ‘Other children’) and<br />
from Cyprus (age class ‘Adolescents’) and those with a percentage of consumers less than 50 % were<br />
excluded (Latvia and Hungary). Estimates were rounded up to one decimal place.<br />
Mean exposure (ng/kg b.w. per day)<br />
Lower bound (LB)<br />
Upper bound (UB)<br />
Min Median Max Min Median Max<br />
Infants 14.2 - (a) 33.2 106.2 - (a) 159.1<br />
Toddlers 7.5 15.3 39.6 34.8 82.2 96.6<br />
Other children (d) 0.7 7.9 26.6 7.4 49.0 60.8<br />
Adolescents (d) 0.9 4.0 10.2 8.8 26.9 44.2<br />
Adults (d) 1.4 4.9 10.9 9.5 24.8 43.7<br />
Elderly (d) 1.9 4.0 8.4 21.0 23.3 33.4<br />
Very Elderly (d) 1.3 4.8 7.4 15.3 26.2 33.0<br />
95 th percentile exposure (b) (ng/kg b.w per day)<br />
Lower bound (LB)<br />
Upper bound (UB)<br />
Min Median Max Min Median Max<br />
Infants 49.8 - (c) - (c) - (c) - (c) 320.2<br />
Toddlers 16.1 101.3 113.3 126.5 185.4 239.3<br />
Other children (d) 2.8 22.2 76.0 28.1 108.9 150.9<br />
Adolescents (d) 2.9 11.5 29.7 28.5 64.1 110.3<br />
Adults (d) 4.3 13.7 29.3 32.3 60.2 108.3<br />
Elderly (d) 4.8 11.6 24.1 50.7 59.4 89.8<br />
Very Elderly (d) 10.5 13.8 21.0 51.8 64.1 87.4<br />
b.w.: body weight; LB: lower bound; UB: upper bound; P95: 95 th percentile.<br />
(a): Not calculated since estimates were only available from two dietary surveys;<br />
(b): The 95 th percentile estimates obtained on dietary surveys/age classes with less than 60 observations may not be<br />
statistically robust (EFSA, 2011b). Those estimates were not included in this table.<br />
(c): Not calculated since estimates were only available from one dietary survey.<br />
(d): Surveys from Greece (age class ‘Other children’), Cyprus (age class ‘Adolescents’), Latvia (age classes ‘Other<br />
children’, ‘Adolescents’ and ‘Adults’) and Hungary (age classes ‘Adults’, ‘Elderly’ and ‘Very elderly’were excluded<br />
(see Table G2 in appendix )<br />
A separate scenario was applied to estimate the exposure to Cr(VI) through the consumption of bottled<br />
<strong>water</strong>, as specified in the terms of reference. In this scenario, the occurrence values on Cr(VI) reported<br />
for the three types of bottled <strong>water</strong> (unspecified, carbonated and still mineral <strong>water</strong>) were combined<br />
with the available consumption data on bottled <strong>water</strong>. The summary statistics of the exposure<br />
assessment (ng/kg b.w. per day) to Cr (VI) under this scenario are shown in Table 10.<br />
EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 57