efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water

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Chromium in food and drinking water between 910 g/day for a typical intake and 1540 g/day for upper intake. Comparing to the maximum mean dietary exposure to chromium (LB-UB) calculated in the current opinion for adults (1.2-1.6 g/kg b.w. per day, 86.5-112.6 g/day) the typical exposure due to supplemental intake would be 8-11 times higher than that obtained from food intake. The exposure from the upper supplemental intake would also be 8-11 times higher than the maximum dietary exposure (LB-UB) in the 95 th exposed population (2.0-2.6 g/kg b.w. per day, 144.7-190.2 g/day). 6.2. Exposure to hexavalent chromium via drinking water (water intended for human consumption and mineral waters) Reported analytical results for chromium in drinking water were assumed to be all Cr(VI) as explained in Section 4.2.2.2. For the main scenario on the exposure to Cr(VI), food was excluded. However, in a further scenario, it was considered that in certain foods prepared with water before their consumption (such as coffee, tea infusions, and dry infant and follow-on food) an incomplete reduction of the Cr(VI) present in water into Cr(III) may happen if the foods are ingested immediately after their preparation. As explained in Section 6.1., the chromium present in water-based foods classified (following FoodEx classification) as ‘Fruit and vegetable juices’, ‘Soft drinks’ and ‘Alcoholic beverages’ was assumed to be Cr(III). Therefore, these food groups are not considered in the estimation of the exposure to Cr(VI). As carried out with the exposure to Cr(III), the mean and the high (95 th percentile) chronic exposures to Cr(VI) were calculated separately for each dietary survey using consumption data recorded at the individual level and for both LB and UB mean concentrations. In most of the reported data on drinking water, consumption refers to ‘Tap water’ (63.3 %) followed by bottled water (27.7 %). Minimum, median and maximum exposure estimates across dietary surveys and age groups are reported in Table 9. Mean chronic exposure values, across the different dietary surveys and age classes, ranged from 0.7 ng/kg b.w. per day (minimum LB) to 159.1 ng/kg b.w. per day (maximum UB). The 95 th percentile dietary exposure ranged from 2.8 ng/kg b.w. per day (minimum LB) to 320.2 ng/kg b.w. per day (maximum UB). As observed in Table 9 the maximum exposure to Cr(VI) through the consumption of drinking water was estimated in the youngest population (‘Infants’ and ‘Toddlers’). As mentioned for the exposure assessment to Cr(III) via food, the presence of only two surveys for infants implies that the exposure to Cr(VI) via drinking water in this age class should be cautiously interpreted. In the two surveys for infants, the reported data on water consumption mostly refer to the water used to reconstitute infant food (infant and follow-on food) since the consumption data on these foods were predominantly reported disaggregated. Contrarily, in the toddler population most of the data on water consumption refer to water consumed as such. In all other age classes, a broad range of values between minimum LB and maximum UB in the mean and high exposure calculations is observed. Apart from small variations in the consumption pattern among surveys, the main reason for this broad range is the difference between LB and UB estimates for ‘Tap water’ (LB = 0.2 µg/L, UB = 2 µg/L), the type of drinking water mostly reported in the Comprehensive Database. In addition, in a few dietary surveys only a small number of individuals reported water consumption since the surveys were mainly focused on nutrient intake (Greece, Cyprus, Latvia and Hungary where the percentage of consumers was less than 50 %). As a consequence, the calculated exposure to Cr(VI) via water may have been slightly underestimated in certain cases, specially for the minimum mean exposure estimates. However, the exposure estimates for both average population and highly exposed population are adequate for risk characterisation since consumption values up to 1.5 L in average population and up to 2.5 L for high consumers were reported across the different surveys and age classes. EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 56
Chromium in food and drinking water Table 9: Summary statistics of the chronic exposure assessment (ng/kg b.w per day) for Cr (VI) across European dietary surveys through the consumption of drinking water as such (water intended for human consumption and mineral waters). Surveys from Greece (age class ‘Other children’) and from Cyprus (age class ‘Adolescents’) and those with a percentage of consumers less than 50 % were excluded (Latvia and Hungary). Estimates were rounded up to one decimal place. Mean exposure (ng/kg b.w. per day) Lower bound (LB) Upper bound (UB) Min Median Max Min Median Max Infants 14.2 - (a) 33.2 106.2 - (a) 159.1 Toddlers 7.5 15.3 39.6 34.8 82.2 96.6 Other children (d) 0.7 7.9 26.6 7.4 49.0 60.8 Adolescents (d) 0.9 4.0 10.2 8.8 26.9 44.2 Adults (d) 1.4 4.9 10.9 9.5 24.8 43.7 Elderly (d) 1.9 4.0 8.4 21.0 23.3 33.4 Very Elderly (d) 1.3 4.8 7.4 15.3 26.2 33.0 95 th percentile exposure (b) (ng/kg b.w per day) Lower bound (LB) Upper bound (UB) Min Median Max Min Median Max Infants 49.8 - (c) - (c) - (c) - (c) 320.2 Toddlers 16.1 101.3 113.3 126.5 185.4 239.3 Other children (d) 2.8 22.2 76.0 28.1 108.9 150.9 Adolescents (d) 2.9 11.5 29.7 28.5 64.1 110.3 Adults (d) 4.3 13.7 29.3 32.3 60.2 108.3 Elderly (d) 4.8 11.6 24.1 50.7 59.4 89.8 Very Elderly (d) 10.5 13.8 21.0 51.8 64.1 87.4 b.w.: body weight; LB: lower bound; UB: upper bound; P95: 95 th percentile. (a): Not calculated since estimates were only available from two dietary surveys; (b): The 95 th percentile estimates obtained on dietary surveys/age classes with less than 60 observations may not be statistically robust (EFSA, 2011b). Those estimates were not included in this table. (c): Not calculated since estimates were only available from one dietary survey. (d): Surveys from Greece (age class ‘Other children’), Cyprus (age class ‘Adolescents’), Latvia (age classes ‘Other children’, ‘Adolescents’ and ‘Adults’) and Hungary (age classes ‘Adults’, ‘Elderly’ and ‘Very elderly’were excluded (see Table G2 in appendix ) A separate scenario was applied to estimate the exposure to Cr(VI) through the consumption of bottled water, as specified in the terms of reference. In this scenario, the occurrence values on Cr(VI) reported for the three types of bottled water (unspecified, carbonated and still mineral water) were combined with the available consumption data on bottled water. The summary statistics of the exposure assessment (ng/kg b.w. per day) to Cr (VI) under this scenario are shown in Table 10. EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 57
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EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 SCIENT
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Chromium in food and drinking water
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