efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
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Chromium in <strong>food</strong> and <strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong><br />
exposure estimates ranged from a minimum LB of 2.9 μg/kg b.w. per day to a maximum UB of<br />
7.9 μg/kg b.w. per day.<br />
In general, the main contributors to the exposure in the age class ‘Other children’ were the <strong>food</strong><br />
groups ‘Milk and dairy products’ (7-22 % of the total, median = 11 %), ‘Chocolate (Cocoa) products’<br />
(4-32 % of the total, median =12 %) and ‘Bread and rolls’ (1-19 % of the total, median = 10 %)<br />
(Figure 12). Apart from the high contribution to the exposure of composite <strong>food</strong> in some countries, the<br />
<strong>food</strong> group ‘Vegetables and vegetable products (including fungi)’ contributed among the different<br />
dietary surveys only between 1 % to 10 % of the total exposure to Cr(III) (median = 4 %). As for<br />
‘Toddlers’, the reported consumption of cocoa powder was responsible of the high contribution of<br />
‘Non-alcoholic beverages’ in the two dietary surveys with the highest values (31 % and 40 %).<br />
NFA<br />
enKid<br />
NUT_INK05<br />
VCP_kids<br />
EFSA_TEST<br />
INRAN_SCAI_2005_06<br />
Regional_Crete<br />
DONALD_2008<br />
DONALD_2007<br />
DONALD_2006<br />
INCA2<br />
STRIP<br />
DIPP<br />
Danish_Dietary_Survey<br />
SISP04<br />
NUTRICHILD<br />
Regional_Flanders<br />
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100<br />
%<br />
Milk and dairy products<br />
Chocolate (Cocoa) products<br />
Bread and rolls<br />
Vegetables and vegetable products<br />
(including fungi)<br />
Composite <strong>food</strong> (including frozen products)<br />
Fruit and fruit products<br />
Meat and meat products (including edible<br />
offal)<br />
Animal and vegetable fats and oils<br />
Potatoes and potatoes products<br />
Snacks, desserts, and other <strong>food</strong>s<br />
Spices<br />
Sugar and confectionary (non chocolate<br />
products)<br />
Biscuits (cookies)<br />
Fish and other sea<strong>food</strong> (including<br />
amphibians, reptiles, snails and insects)<br />
Non-alcoholic beverages (excepting milk<br />
based beverages)<br />
Rest of <strong>food</strong> categories<br />
Figure 11: Main <strong>food</strong> groups contributing (%) to the chronic dietary exposure to Cr(III) for the age<br />
class ‘Other children’. Data are presented by individual dietary surveys across Europe using LB<br />
estimations. The names on the left refer to the names of the different surveys (see Appendix F for<br />
more details).<br />
6.1.2.3. Adolescents<br />
A total of 12 dietary surveys were available to estimate the chronic exposure to Cr(III) in<br />
‘Adolescents’. The minimum value for the mean dietary exposure at the LB was 0.9 μg/kg b.w. per<br />
day, while the maximum estimated value at the UB was 2.5 μg/kg b.w. per day. For the 95 th percentile<br />
dietary exposure the values ranged between 1.7 μg/kg b.w. per day (minimum LB) and 4.8 μg/kg b.w.<br />
per day (maximum UB).<br />
In general, the main <strong>food</strong>s contributing to the dietary exposure to Cr(III) in ‘Adolescents’ were the<br />
same as described for ‘Toddlers’. The main <strong>food</strong> groups were ‘Bread and rolls’ (6-20 % of the total,<br />
median = 13 %), ‘Chocolate (Cocoa) products’ (4-30 % of the total, median = 9 %) and ‘Milk and<br />
dairy products’ (6-17 % of the total, median 8 %). In addition, ‘Non-alcoholic beverages’ was also a<br />
major source of exposure to Cr(III) (1-37 % of the total, median 8 %) with an important contribution<br />
of cocoa powder used to prepared cocoa drinks (particularly in specific surveys such as enKid and<br />
EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 51