efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water

Chromium in food and drinking water
Table 3:
LOD for total chromium in waters according to the analytical method used
Detection technique
Preconcentration
technique (Y/N)
LOD (µg/L) Reference
Chemiluminescence Y 0.0005 Paleologos et al. (2003)
UV-Visible N 17 Monteiro et al. (2002)
FAAS N 85 Monteiro et al. (2002)
FAAS
N
(a)
< 250 EN 1233: 1996 or ISO 9174:1998
FAAS Y 8.6 Narin et al. (2008)
FAAS Y 2.6 Saracoglu et al. (2002)
GFAAS
N
(a)
< 2.5 EN 1233: 1996 or ISO 9174:1998
GFAAS Y 0.020 Zhang et al. (1999)
GFAAS N 0.67 Monteiro et al. (2001)
GFAAS N 1.1 Monteiro et al. (2002)
GFAAS Y 0.2 Pereira et al. (2004)
GFAAS N 0.5 EN ISO 15586: 2004
GFAAS Y 0.3 Minami et al. (2005)
GFAAS Y 0.1 Water Research Foundation (2012)
ICP-OES Y 1.3 Li et al. (2003)
ICP-OES N 0.5-2.5 EN ISO 11885: 2009
ICP-OES N 0.2-7 Water Research Foundation (2012)
ICP-MS N 0.5 EN ISO 17294-2: 2003
ICP-MS N 0.08 Water Research Foundation (2012)
GC/ICP-MS Y 0.020 Yang et al. (2004)
LOD: limit of detection; UV: ultraviolet; FAAS: Flame atomic absorption spectrometry; GFAAS: Graphite furnace atomic
absorption spectrometry; ICP-OES: Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry; ICP-MS: Inductively
coupled plasma mass spectrometry; GC: Gas chromatography.
(a): no LOD indicated, estimation based on optimal working range given.
In foods, the LOD ranged from 0.23 µg/kg by ICP-MS to 90 µg/kg by FAAS (Table 4).
Table 4:
LOD for total chromium in foods according to the analytical method used
Detection Preconcentration LOD
technique technique (Y/N) (µg/kg)
Reference
FAAS Y 90 Yebra-Biurrun and Cancela-Pérez (2007)
GFAAS
N
(a) < 8 EN 14082:2003
GFAAS N 20 - 80 EN 14083:2003
GFAAS
N
b 28 Cubbada et al. (2003)
GFAAS N 20 Hammer et al. (2005)
GFAAS N 1 Reczajska et al. (2005)
GFAAS N 5 Figueiredo et al. (2007)
ICP-AES
N
(a) < 0.5 Pehlivan et al. (2008)
ICP-MS
N
(b) 13 Cubbada et al. (2003)
ICP-MS N 3 Hammer et al. (2005)
ICP-MS N 12 Dufailly et al. (2006)
ICP-MS N 0.23 D’Ilio et al. (2008)
ICP-MS N 12 Kadar et al. (2011)
LOD: limit of detection; FAAS: Flame atomic absorption spectrometry; GFAAS: Graphite furnace atomic absorption
spectrometry; ICP-AES: Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry; ICP-MS: Inductively coupled
plasma mass spectrometry.
(a): no LOD indicated, estimation based on quantified values given;
(b): given in µg/L and calculated with a sample weight of 0.3 g and a final volume of 50 mL.
After pressure digestion of the food samples, inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (ICP-
MS) with a collision/reaction cell technology (CCT) to reduce ArC interferences, is increasingly being
used, due to its multielement capacity and its sensitivity (Hammer et al., 2005; Dufailly et al., 2006;
D’Ilio et al., 2008; Kadar et al., 2011).
EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 27