efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
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Chromium in <strong>food</strong> and bottled <strong>water</strong><br />
Table H8: Summary of in vivo genotoxicity of Chromium (VI) - non-oral route (continued)<br />
Test system/<br />
Endpoint<br />
MS and ddY<br />
mouse<br />
Micronuclei<br />
BALB/c mouse<br />
Micronuclei<br />
Compound Dose/route Exposure<br />
time/evaluation<br />
time<br />
Potassium<br />
chromate<br />
Potassium<br />
dichromate<br />
single i.p. doses of 0,<br />
12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg<br />
Doses: 0, 3.3, 6.7, 13.4<br />
mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per<br />
day<br />
single i.p. doses of 0 or<br />
400 μmol<br />
Doses: 20.8 mg<br />
Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per day<br />
Tissue Response* Reference<br />
bone<br />
marrow<br />
cells<br />
bone<br />
marrow<br />
Positive<br />
13.4 mg<br />
Cr(VI)/kg b.w.<br />
per day<br />
Dose-response<br />
Positive(T)<br />
20.8 mg<br />
Cr(VI)/kg b.w.<br />
per day<br />
Hayashi et<br />
al. (1982)<br />
Wronska-<br />
Nofer et<br />
al. (1999)<br />
Pregnant Swiss<br />
albino mouse:<br />
Micronuclei<br />
Potassium<br />
dichromate<br />
Sodium<br />
dichromate<br />
dihydrate<br />
single i.p. doses of 0 or 50<br />
mg K 2 Cr 2 O 7 /kg on day 17<br />
of pregnancy<br />
Doses: 0, 17.7 mg<br />
Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per day<br />
single i.p. doses of 0 or 50<br />
mg SSD/kg on day 17 of<br />
pregnancy.<br />
Doses: 0, 17.4 mg<br />
Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per day<br />
Mice were<br />
sacrificed on<br />
day 18 of<br />
pregnancy<br />
bone<br />
marrow<br />
from<br />
dams;<br />
liver and<br />
peripheral<br />
blood<br />
from<br />
fetuses<br />
Positive<br />
50 mg Cr(VI)/kg<br />
De Flora<br />
et al.<br />
(2006)<br />
BDF1 male<br />
mouse<br />
Micronuclei<br />
Sprague-<br />
Dawley rat<br />
Chromosomal<br />
aberrations<br />
ddY mouse<br />
DNA damage<br />
Comet assay<br />
Male albino<br />
mouse<br />
DNA damage<br />
Comet assay<br />
Potassium<br />
dichromate<br />
Potassium<br />
dichromate<br />
Potassium<br />
chromate<br />
Potassium<br />
dichromate<br />
single i.p. doses of 0 or 50<br />
mg K 2 Cr 2 O 7 /kg.<br />
Doses: 0, 17.7 mg<br />
Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per day<br />
Single i.p. doses of 2.5, 5,<br />
7.5, and 10 mg/kg per day<br />
for 5 days<br />
Doses: 0, 0.88, 1.77, 2.65,<br />
or 3.54 mg Cr(VI)/kg<br />
b.w. per day<br />
single i.p. doses of 0 or<br />
120 mg/kg<br />
Doses: 0 or 32.1 mg<br />
Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per day<br />
single i.p.<br />
Doses: 0 or 20 mg<br />
Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per day<br />
Samples<br />
analysed 3, 8<br />
and 24 hrs after<br />
treatemnt<br />
Samples<br />
analysed 15 min<br />
and 3 hrs after<br />
treatment<br />
bone<br />
marrow<br />
cells<br />
bone<br />
marrow<br />
cells<br />
Stomach,<br />
colon,<br />
liver.<br />
kidney,<br />
bladder,<br />
lung,<br />
brain and<br />
bone<br />
marrow<br />
liver.<br />
kidney,<br />
spleen,<br />
lung and<br />
brain<br />
Positive<br />
0.88 mg<br />
Cr(VI)/kg b.w.<br />
per day<br />
Dose-response;<br />
Positive in<br />
stomach, colon,<br />
bladder, lung and<br />
brain<br />
32.1 mg<br />
Cr(VI)/kg b.w.<br />
per day<br />
Negative in liver,<br />
kidney and bone<br />
marrow<br />
Positive in liver<br />
and kidney 15<br />
min after<br />
treatment<br />
20 mg<br />
Cr(VI)/kg b.w.<br />
per day<br />
Patlolla et<br />
al. (2008)<br />
Sekihashi<br />
et al.<br />
(2001)<br />
Ueno et<br />
al. (2001)<br />
Negative in<br />
spleen, lung and<br />
brain marrow<br />
b.w.: body weight; i.p.: intraperitoneal.<br />
* The lowest effective dose is indicated for positive results and the highest dose tested for negative results.<br />
EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 222