efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
Chromium in <strong>food</strong> and bottled <strong>water</strong><br />
Table H7:<br />
Summary of in vivo genotoxicity of Chromium (VI) - oral route (continued)<br />
Test system/<br />
Endpoint<br />
B6C3F1 mouse<br />
Micronuclei<br />
BDF1 male<br />
mouse<br />
Micronuclei<br />
Male MS/Ae<br />
and CD-1<br />
mouse<br />
Micronuclei<br />
Swiss albino<br />
mouse<br />
DNA damage<br />
Comet assay<br />
Swiss albino<br />
mouse<br />
DNA damage<br />
Comet assay<br />
ddY mouse<br />
DNA damage<br />
Comet assay<br />
Compound Dose/route Exposure<br />
time/evaluation<br />
time<br />
<strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong> at 0, for 3 mo<br />
62.5, 125, 250, 500,<br />
or 1000 mg/L (0,<br />
21.8, 43.6, 87.2,<br />
174.5, or 349 mg<br />
Cr(VI)/L);<br />
Doses: 0, 3.1, 5.2,<br />
9.1, 15.7, or 27.9<br />
mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w.<br />
Potassium<br />
dichromate<br />
Potassium<br />
chromate<br />
Potassium<br />
dichromate<br />
Potassium<br />
dichromate<br />
Potassium<br />
dichromate<br />
per day<br />
single gavage dose<br />
of 0 or 50 mg /kg<br />
Doses: 17.7 mg<br />
Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per<br />
day<br />
single gavage doses<br />
of 0, 10, 20, 40, 80,<br />
160, or 320 mg/kg<br />
Doses: 0, 5.3, 10.7,<br />
21.4, 42.8, 85.7 mg<br />
Cr(VI)/ kg b.w.<br />
per day<br />
single gavage doses<br />
of 0, 0.59,1,19,<br />
2.38, 4.75, 9.5, 19,<br />
38 or 76 mg/kg<br />
Doses: 0, 0.21,<br />
0.42, 0.84, 1.68,<br />
3.37, 6.7, 13,5 or<br />
26.9 mg Cr(VI)/kg<br />
b.w. per day<br />
single gavage doses<br />
of 0, 25, 50 and 100<br />
mg/kg<br />
Doses: 0, 8.8, 17.7<br />
and 35.4 Cr(VI)/kg<br />
b.w. per day<br />
single gavage doses<br />
of 0 or 320 mg/kg<br />
Doses: 0 or 85.7<br />
mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w.<br />
per day<br />
for 1 d or 5<br />
consecutive d<br />
samples analysed<br />
at 3, 8 and 24 hrs<br />
after treatment<br />
Tissue Response* Reference<br />
peripheral<br />
red blood<br />
cells<br />
bone<br />
marrow<br />
cells<br />
Bone<br />
marrow<br />
cells<br />
leukocytes<br />
peripheral<br />
lymphocytes<br />
stomach,<br />
colon. Liver,<br />
kidney,<br />
bladder,<br />
lung, brain<br />
and bone<br />
marrow<br />
Negative<br />
349 mg<br />
Cr(VI)/L<br />
27.9 mg<br />
Cr(VI)/kg<br />
b.w. per day<br />
Negative<br />
50 mg<br />
Cr(VI)/kg<br />
17.7 mg<br />
Cr(VI)/ kg<br />
b.w. per day<br />
Negative<br />
Negative up<br />
to acutely<br />
toxic doses<br />
85.7 mg<br />
Cr(VI)/ kg<br />
b.w. per day<br />
Positive<br />
0.21 mg<br />
Cr(VI)/kg<br />
b.w. per day<br />
Positive<br />
8.8 mg<br />
Cr(VI)/kg<br />
b.w. per day<br />
samples analysed<br />
at 24, 48, 72 and<br />
96 hrs, and 1 and<br />
2 wks posttreatement<br />
Doseresponse<br />
Doseresponse<br />
Positive<br />
85.7 mg<br />
Cr(VI)/kg<br />
b.w. per day<br />
NTP (2007)<br />
De Flora et al.<br />
(2006)<br />
Shindo et al.<br />
(1989)<br />
Devi et al.<br />
(2001)<br />
Wang et al.<br />
(2006)<br />
Sekihashi et<br />
al. (2001)<br />
b.w.: body weight.<br />
* The lowest effective dose is indicated for positive results and the highest dose tested for negative results.<br />
(a): Doses calculated using the default correction factor for subacute/subchronic/chronic exposure via <strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong>/feed<br />
from EFSA SC (2012).<br />
EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 220