efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water

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Chromium in food and bottled water Table H6: Developmental and reproductive toxicity studies with Cr(VI) compounds (continued) Study* NOAEL LOAEL Effect Reference Pregnant ITRC-bred albino mice Oral (drinking water) 0, 250, 500 or 1000 mg potassium dichromate/L GD 1-19 Sacrifice GD 20 Maternal toxicity: 250 mg/L 48 mg Cr (VI)/kg b.w. per day Maternal toxicity: 500 mg/L 99 mg Cr (VI)/kg b.w. per day Trivedi et al. (1989) Doses: 48; 99 and 239 mg Cr (VI)/kg b.w. per day (c) Developmental toxicity: - Developmental toxicity: 250 mg/L 48 mg Cr (VI)/kg b.w. per day Dams: Signif. lower b.w. gain in 2 HD. Litter data: Signif. decrease litter size and signif. increase pre-implantation loss in 500 mg/L group. Signif. increase resorption frequency and post-implantation loss at 250 and 500 mg/L. Fetuses: Signif. decrease fetal weights and CRL. Increase frequency kinked tail and subdermal hemorrhages at 500 mg/L. Increase frequency reduced ossification (cranial, forelimb, hind limb, sternebrae, thoracic vertebrae, caudal vertebrae), reduced ribs at 500 mg/L. Reduced cranial ossification also at 250 mg/L. No internal soft-tissue anomalies. Mated female Sprague-Dawley rats Oral (gavage) 0, 25 mg potassium dichromate/rat GD 1-3 or GD 4-6 Sacrifice on GD 20 Doses: 0, 36 mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per day Maternal toxicity: NR Developmental toxicity: - Maternal toxicity: NR Developmental toxicity: 25 mg/rat 36 mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per day Stat. signif. chromium levels in maternal blood at HD, placentas at 2 HD and foetuses at 500 mg/L. GD 1-3: 0 females/10 were pregnant, no implantations were observed. GD 4-6: decreased number of pregnant females (70 % compared to 90 %), of implantations (81 % of controls) and statistically significant decrease in number of viable fetuses (31 % of controls) and increased number of resorptions/total number of implantations (77.3 % compared to 2.4 % in controls). Bataineh et al. (2007) EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 214
Chromium in food and bottled water Table H6: Developmental and reproductive toxicity studies with Cr(VI) compounds (continued) Study* NOAEL LOAEL Effect Reference Dams exposed prior to mating Female rats (Druckery) Oral (drinking water) 0, 250, 500 and 750 mg potassium dichromate/L Day 50 of age for 3 months X untreated M Sacrifice F on GD 19 Doses: 0, 45, 89, 124 mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per day (c) - 250 mg/L 45 mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per day Dams: Mortality: 15 % at 500 and 10 % at 750 mg/L. End of 90 days treatment: all F acyclic and in persistent diestrous phase, during subsequent 15-20 day mating period, estrous cycles returned and animals began to mate. Signif. and dose-related lengthening of estrous cycles. Dose-related decrease mating and fertility indices. Dose-related decrease maternal b.w. at end of gestation and b.w. gain during gestation (stat signif at 2 HD). Kanojia et al. (1998) Litter data: Dose-related decrease number corpora lutea, implantations, live fetuses/litter (stat signif at 2 HD). Dose-related increase resorption frequency (stat signif at 2 HD), frequency of pre- and post-implantation loss (all doses). Dose-related decrease placental weights (stat. signif. at 2 HD) Fetuses: Dose-related decrease fetal weight (all doses), CRL (stat. signif. at 2 HD). No gross visceral anomalies. Signif. increase frequency of drooping wrist and subdermal hemorrhagic patches (all doses). Signif. increase frequency kinky tail and short tail at 2 HD. Dose-related increase frequency reduced caudal ossification (all doses). Dose-related increase Cr concentrations in maternal blood, placenta and fetal tissues. EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 215
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EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 SCIENT
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Chromium in food and drinking water
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4.2.2.1. Data collection on food (e
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Sampling year Number of samples Chr
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Number of analtycal results Samplin
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4.2.4. Occurrence data by food cate
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7.2.1.4. Genotoxicity Chromium in f
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7.2.2.3. Developmental and reproduc
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7.5. Dose-response assessment Chrom
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Human observations Chromium in food
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