efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
Chromium in food and bottled water Table H6: Developmental and reproductive toxicity studies with Cr(VI) compounds (continued) Study* NOAEL LOAEL Effect Reference Pregnant Swiss albino mice Oral (drinking water) 0, 250, 500 or 750 mg potassium dichromate/L Junaid et al. (1996a) Doses: 0, 53, 101, and 152 mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per day (c) GD 6-14 Sacrifice on GD 19 Maternal toxicity: 250 mg/L 53 mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per day Developmental toxicity: - Maternal toxicity: 500 mg/L 101 mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per day Developmental toxicity: 250 mg/L 53 mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per day Dams: Dose-related decrease b.w. gain in 2HD animals. Litter data: Dose-related increase number of resorptions at all doses. Decrease number of fetuses (live and dead)/litter in 2HD. Dose-related increase post-implantation loss in 2 HD. Fetuses: No effect on fetal Crown-rump length (CRL). Decrease fetal weight in 2HD. Signif. increase of gross external abnormalities at HD (drooping wrist, subdermal hemorrhagic patches). No gross visceral abnormalities. Signif. increase frequency of reduced caudal ossification in 2 HD. Signif. increase frequency of reduced ossification nasal, frontal, parietal interparietal and tarsals in HD group. Dose-related increase chromium levels in maternal blood, placentas and fetuses. EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 212
Chromium in food and bottled water Table H6: Developmental and reproductive toxicity studies with Cr(VI) compounds (continued) Study* NOAEL LOAEL Effect Reference Pregnant Swiss albino mice Oral (drinking water) Maternal toxicity: Maternal toxicity: Junaid et al. (1995) 0, 250, 500 or 750 mg potassium 250 mg/L 500 mg/L dichromate/L GD 14-19 Sacrifice on GD 19 45 mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per day 90 mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per day Doses: 0, 45, 90, 135 mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per day (b) Developmental toxicity: - Developmental toxicity: 250 mg/L 45 mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per day Dams: Dose-related decrease b.w. gain in 2HD animals. Litter data: Dose-related signif. increase post-implantation loss, placental weights in 2 HD. Fetuses: Dose-related decrease fetal weights and CRL (all doses). No gross visceral abnormalities. Signif. increase of gross external abnormalities at HD (drooping wrist, subdermal hemorrhagic patches, kinky tail, short tail) and drooping wrist at 500 mg/L. Signif. increase frequency reduced caudal ossification at all doses, reduced tarsal ossification in 2 HD and reduced ossification nasal, parietal, interparietal, carpal, metacarpals in HD. Dose-related signif; increase chromium levels in maternal blood, placentas and foetuses. Chromium appeared to accumulate in placenta (slower rate of transfer from placenta to fetus than from maternal blood to placenta). EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 213
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Chromium in <strong>food</strong> and bottled <strong>water</strong><br />
Table H6: Developmental and reproductive toxicity studies with Cr(VI) compounds (continued)<br />
Study* NOAEL LOAEL Effect Reference<br />
Pregnant Swiss albino mice<br />
Oral (<strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong>)<br />
0, 250, 500 or 750 mg potassium<br />
dichromate/L<br />
Junaid et al.<br />
(1996a)<br />
Doses: 0, 53, 101, and 152 mg Cr(VI)/kg<br />
b.w. per day (c)<br />
GD 6-14<br />
Sacrifice on GD 19<br />
Maternal<br />
toxicity:<br />
250 mg/L<br />
53 mg<br />
Cr(VI)/kg b.w.<br />
per day<br />
Developmental<br />
toxicity:<br />
-<br />
Maternal<br />
toxicity:<br />
500 mg/L<br />
101 mg<br />
Cr(VI)/kg<br />
b.w. per day<br />
Developmental<br />
toxicity:<br />
250 mg/L<br />
53 mg<br />
Cr(VI)/kg<br />
b.w. per day<br />
Dams:<br />
Dose-related decrease b.w. gain in 2HD animals.<br />
Litter data:<br />
Dose-related increase number of resorptions at all doses.<br />
Decrease number of fetuses (live and dead)/litter in 2HD.<br />
Dose-related increase post-implantation loss in 2 HD.<br />
Fetuses:<br />
No effect on fetal Crown-rump length (CRL).<br />
Decrease fetal weight in 2HD.<br />
Signif. increase of gross external abnormalities at HD (drooping<br />
wrist, subdermal hemorrhagic patches).<br />
No gross visceral abnormalities.<br />
Signif. increase frequency of reduced caudal ossification in 2 HD.<br />
Signif. increase frequency of reduced ossification nasal, frontal,<br />
parietal interparietal and tarsals in HD group.<br />
Dose-related increase <strong>chromium</strong> levels in maternal blood, placentas<br />
and fetuses.<br />
EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 212
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