efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
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Chromium in <strong>food</strong> and bottled <strong>water</strong><br />
Table H6: Developmental and reproductive toxicity studies with Cr(VI) compounds (continued)<br />
Study* NOAEL LOAEL Effect Reference<br />
Pregnant BALB/c mice<br />
Oral (<strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong>)<br />
0 or 1000 mg potassium dichromate/L<br />
Doses: 0 and 76 mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per<br />
day (c)<br />
GD 12- lactation D 20<br />
litters culled to 8 pups/litter on first day<br />
from PND 20: examination for vaginal<br />
opening<br />
PND 60: F caged with untreated M, mating<br />
for 10 days<br />
Sacrifice F 1 wk after mating period for<br />
examination of uterine contents<br />
Additional animals sacrificed on PND 50<br />
Gestational exposure<br />
Pregnant Wistar rats<br />
Oral (<strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong>)<br />
0, 50 mg/L potassium chromate GD 6-15<br />
Doses: 0 and 1.6 mg Cr (VI)/kg b.w. per<br />
day (b)<br />
- 1000 mg/L<br />
76 mg<br />
Cr(VI)/kg<br />
b.w. per day<br />
Maternal &<br />
Developmental<br />
toxicity: -<br />
No effect on b.w. of F offsprings.<br />
Delayed time vaginal opening (delay in onset of puberty) by about<br />
3 days.<br />
Reduction pregnancy rate, number of implantations, viable fetuses<br />
3 resorptions among treated F (none in C).<br />
On PND 50: no effect on b.w., ovarian weight or uterine weight.<br />
Developmental toxicity<br />
Maternal &<br />
Developmental<br />
toxicity:<br />
50 mg/L<br />
1.6 mg Cr<br />
(VI)/kg b.w.<br />
per day<br />
Dams:<br />
Decrease b.w. gain mainly attributed to retarded fetal growth and<br />
resorptions<br />
Histopathological lesions in placenta.<br />
Litters:<br />
Increase number of pre- and post-implantation loss, resorption<br />
frequency and frequency dead fetuses/litter.<br />
Fetuses:<br />
Decrease number live fetuses/litter, fetal weight.<br />
Increase frequencies of visceral and skeletal anomalies, in particular<br />
renal pelvis dilatation and incomplete ossification of skull bones.<br />
Chromium passed placental barrier and accumulated in fetal tissues.<br />
Signif. increase <strong>chromium</strong> levels in blood, placenta and fetal tissues.<br />
Al-Hamood et<br />
al. (1998)<br />
Elsaieed and<br />
Nada (2002)<br />
EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 211
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