efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
Chromium in food and bottled water Table H6: Developmental and reproductive toxicity studies with Cr(VI) compounds (continued) Study* NOAEL LOAEL Effect Reference Female reproductive toxicity studies Pregnant Wistar rats allowed to deliver normally (18/group) litters culled to 4 F pups/dam on first day treatment during lactation PND 1-20 oral (drinking water) 0, 200 mg potassium dichromate/L. - 200 mg/L 24 mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per day Offspring: Increase chromium levels in plasma and ovaries Increase time vaginal opening (marker for onset of puberty). Signif. lengthening of estrous cycle, specif. diestrous. Reduction numbers of ovarian follicles. Signif. changes in circulationg levels of steroid and pituitary hormones. Banu et al. (2008) Doses: 0 and 24 mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per day (b) Sacrifice F offsprings on PND 21 (weaning), PND 45 or PND 65 Blood and ovaries were collected Wistar rats Oral (drinking water) 0, 50 or 200 mg potassium dichromate/L Doses: 0, 6 and 24 mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per day (b) - 50 mg/L 6 mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per day Dose-related reductions in antioxidant enzymes activities in uterine tissue (oxidative stress) associated with delayed puberty and alterated steroids and gonadotrophin levels. Samuel et al. (2011) litters culled to 4 F pups/dam on first day treatment during lactation PND 1-21 (weaning) Sacrifice F offsprings on PND 21, 45 or 65 Blood and uterus were collected EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 210
Chromium in food and bottled water Table H6: Developmental and reproductive toxicity studies with Cr(VI) compounds (continued) Study* NOAEL LOAEL Effect Reference Pregnant BALB/c mice Oral (drinking water) 0 or 1000 mg potassium dichromate/L Doses: 0 and 76 mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per day (c) GD 12- lactation D 20 litters culled to 8 pups/litter on first day from PND 20: examination for vaginal opening PND 60: F caged with untreated M, mating for 10 days Sacrifice F 1 wk after mating period for examination of uterine contents Additional animals sacrificed on PND 50 Gestational exposure Pregnant Wistar rats Oral (drinking water) 0, 50 mg/L potassium chromate GD 6-15 Doses: 0 and 1.6 mg Cr (VI)/kg b.w. per day (b) - 1000 mg/L 76 mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per day Maternal & Developmental toxicity: - No effect on b.w. of F offsprings. Delayed time vaginal opening (delay in onset of puberty) by about 3 days. Reduction pregnancy rate, number of implantations, viable fetuses 3 resorptions among treated F (none in C). On PND 50: no effect on b.w., ovarian weight or uterine weight. Developmental toxicity Maternal & Developmental toxicity: 50 mg/L 1.6 mg Cr (VI)/kg b.w. per day Dams: Decrease b.w. gain mainly attributed to retarded fetal growth and resorptions Histopathological lesions in placenta. Litters: Increase number of pre- and post-implantation loss, resorption frequency and frequency dead fetuses/litter. Fetuses: Decrease number live fetuses/litter, fetal weight. Increase frequencies of visceral and skeletal anomalies, in particular renal pelvis dilatation and incomplete ossification of skull bones. Chromium passed placental barrier and accumulated in fetal tissues. Signif. increase chromium levels in blood, placenta and fetal tissues. Al-Hamood et al. (1998) Elsaieed and Nada (2002) EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 211
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Chromium in <strong>food</strong> and bottled <strong>water</strong><br />
Table H6: Developmental and reproductive toxicity studies with Cr(VI) compounds (continued)<br />
Study* NOAEL LOAEL Effect Reference<br />
Female reproductive toxicity studies<br />
Pregnant Wistar rats<br />
allowed to deliver normally (18/group)<br />
litters culled to 4 F pups/dam on first day<br />
treatment during lactation PND 1-20<br />
oral (<strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong>)<br />
0, 200 mg potassium dichromate/L.<br />
- 200 mg/L<br />
24 mg<br />
Cr(VI)/kg<br />
b.w. per day<br />
Offspring:<br />
Increase <strong>chromium</strong> levels in plasma and ovaries Increase time<br />
vaginal opening (marker for onset of puberty).<br />
Signif. lengthening of estrous cycle, specif. diestrous.<br />
Reduction numbers of ovarian follicles.<br />
Signif. changes in circulationg levels of steroid and pituitary<br />
hormones.<br />
Banu et al.<br />
(2008)<br />
Doses: 0 and 24 mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per<br />
day (b)<br />
Sacrifice F offsprings on PND 21 (weaning),<br />
PND 45 or PND 65<br />
Blood and ovaries were collected<br />
Wistar rats<br />
Oral (<strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong>)<br />
0, 50 or 200 mg potassium dichromate/L<br />
Doses: 0, 6 and 24 mg Cr(VI)/kg b.w. per<br />
day (b)<br />
- 50 mg/L<br />
6 mg<br />
Cr(VI)/kg<br />
b.w. per day<br />
Dose-related reductions in antioxidant enzymes activities in uterine<br />
tissue (oxidative stress) associated with delayed puberty and alterated<br />
steroids and gonadotrophin levels.<br />
Samuel et al.<br />
(2011)<br />
litters culled to 4 F pups/dam on first day<br />
treatment during lactation PND 1-21<br />
(weaning)<br />
Sacrifice F offsprings on PND 21, 45 or 65<br />
Blood and uterus were collected<br />
EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 210
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