efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
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Chromium in <strong>food</strong> and bottled <strong>water</strong><br />
Table H1: Repeated toxicity studies with Cr(III) compounds (continued)<br />
Study* NOAEL LOAEL Effect Reference<br />
90-day oral (diet)<br />
Sprague-Dawley rats<br />
0, 5, 50 or 125 mg/kg diet <strong>chromium</strong> nicotinate (0, 200, 2000 or<br />
5000 µg Cr(III) human equivalency dose per day)<br />
Doses:<br />
M: 0, 0.04, 0.40, 1.0 mg Cr(III)/kg b.w. per day (b)<br />
F: 0, 0.04, 0.42, 1.1 mg Cr(III)/kg b.w. per day (b) 125 mg/kg<br />
diet<br />
1 mg<br />
Cr(III)/kg<br />
b.w. per day<br />
- No adverse effect. Shara et al.<br />
(2005)<br />
24-weeks oral (diet) rat (Harlan Sprague Dawley)<br />
0, 5, 25, 50 or 100 mg Cr(III) /kg diet (as <strong>chromium</strong> chloride or<br />
<strong>chromium</strong> picolinate)<br />
Doses: 0, 0.45, 2.25, 4.5, 9 mg Cr(III)/kg b.w. per day (c)<br />
Anderson et al.<br />
(1997)<br />
100 mg /kg<br />
diet<br />
9 mg<br />
Cr(III)/kg<br />
b.w. per day<br />
52-week oral (diet)<br />
Sprague-Dawley rats<br />
0 or 25 mg/kg diet <strong>chromium</strong> nicotinate (0, 1000 µg Cr(III)<br />
human equivalency dose per day)<br />
Doses:<br />
M: 0, 0.17 mg Cr(III)/ kg b.w. per day (b )<br />
F: 0, 0.22 mg Cr(III)/ kg b.w. per day (b) - 25 mg/kg diet<br />
M: 0.17/F: 0.22<br />
mg Cr(III)/kg<br />
b.w. per day<br />
2-year (5 days/week = 600 feeding days) oral (diet) rat (Becton 5 % (50000<br />
Dickinson)<br />
mg/kg diet)<br />
60 M + 60 F/group<br />
1466 mg<br />
0 %, 1 %, 2 % or 5 % Cr2O3 baked in bread<br />
Cr(III)/kg<br />
(0, 360, 720 and 1800 g total Cr2O3/kg b.w.)<br />
b.w. per day<br />
Animals maintained on control diets following termination of<br />
exposure until they became moribund or died.<br />
60M + 60 F/group<br />
Doses: 0; 293; 586; 1466 mg Cr(III)/kg b.w. per day (a)<br />
- No toxicity observed (b.w., organ weights, blood<br />
and histological measurements).<br />
Animals fed <strong>chromium</strong> picolinate were found to<br />
have liver and kidney <strong>chromium</strong> concentrations<br />
two- to threefold greater than those fed <strong>chromium</strong><br />
chloride, demonstrating the higher absorption of<br />
<strong>chromium</strong> picolinate.<br />
Signif. decrease b.w. gain at 26, 39 or 52 weeks:<br />
7.7, 8.1 and 14.9 % in M and 5.5, 11.4 and 9.6 %<br />
in F, respectively).<br />
Shara et al.<br />
(2007)<br />
- No adverse effect. Ivankovic and<br />
Preussman<br />
(1975)<br />
EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 186