efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water

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Chromium in food and bottled water Table 28: Table G3: Summary statistics of the chronic intake of Cr(III) (g/day) across European dietary surveys. Estimates were rounded up to one decimal place. Mean intake (g/day) Lower bound (LB) Upper bound (UB) Min Median Max Min Median Max Infants 12.3 - (a) 17.7 16.0 - (a) 29.1 Toddlers 23.6 30.1 67.8 35.4 42.9 85.7 Other children 40.2 54.3 85.4 53.1 71.2 106.5 Adolescents 49.4 63.5 98.7 65.5 83.4 119.6 Adults 54.1 60.9 86.5 74.5 83.8 112.6 Elderly 47.3 57.3 77.0 72.6 77.1 99.3 Very Elderly 49.4 59.3 78.4 68.7 79.2 99.7 95 th percentile intake (b) (g/day) Lower bound (LB) Upper bound (UB) Min Median Max Min Median Max Infants 41.0 - (b) - (b) 74.4 - (b) - (b) Toddlers 37.6 48.5 82.1 51.8 71.7 122.1 Other children 65.0 93.3 164.4 84.3 114.9 179.0 Adolescents 75.4 116.4 182.6 94.0 141.4 212.7 Adults 86.2 107.3 144.7 117.5 140.3 190.2 Elderly 78.2 95.6 111.2 110.3 126.6 140.8 Very Elderly 75.7 103.3 111.2 106.0 126.4 139.2 (a): Details on the dietary surveys and the number of subjects are given in Appendix F. (b): 95 th percentile calculated over a number of observations lower than 60 require cautious interpretation as the results may not be statistically robust (EFSA, 2011b). EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 184
Chromium in food and bottled water Appendix H: Overview of chromium toxicity studies Table H1: Repeated toxicity studies with Cr(III) compounds Study* NOAEL LOAEL Effect Reference 13-week oral (diet) B6C3F1 mice 10M + 10 F/group 0, 80, 240, 2000, 10000 or 50000 mg/kg diet chromium picolinate monohydrate ( M: 0, 17, 50, 450, 2300 or 11900 and F: 0, 14, 40, 370, 1775 or 9140 mg chromium picolinate monohydrate/kg b.w. per day) Doses: M: 0, 2, 6.2, 54, 273, 1419 mg Cr(III)/kg b.w. per day (a) F: 0, 1.7, 4.9, 44, 212, 1090 mg Cr(III)/kg b.w. per day (a) 50000 mg/kg diet M: 1419 and F: 1090 mg Cr(III)/kg b.w. per day - No adverse effect. Rhodes et al. (2005) NTP (2010) 90-day (5 days/week) oral (diet) rat (Becton Dickinson) 0 %, 2 % or 5 % Cr2O3 baked in bread 6/14/5 M, resp. and 6/5/10 F, resp. Doses: M: 0; 570; 1368 mg Cr(III)/kg b.w. per day (a) F: 0; 547; 1217 mg Cr(III)/kg b.w. per day (a) 5 % (50000 mg/kg diet) - Reductions in absolute liver and spleen weights at HD not considered as an adverse effect. Ivankovic and Preussman (1975) M: 1368 and F: 1217 mg Cr(III)/kg b.w. per day 14-week oral (diet) 50000 mg/kg F344/N rats diet 10M + 10 F/group 0, 80, 240, 2000, 10000 or 50000 mg/kg diet chromium M: 506 and picolinate monohydrate ( M: 0, 7, 20, 160, 800 or 4240 and F: F: 507 mg 0, 6, 20, 160, 780 or 4250 mg chromium picolinate Cr(III)/kg monohydrate/kg b.w. per day) b.w. per day Doses: M: 0, 0.8, 2.4, 19.1, 95.4, 506 mg Cr(III)/kg b.w. per day (a) F: 0, 0.7, 2.4, 19.1, 93, 507 mg Cr(III)/kg b.w. per day (a) - No adverse effect. Rhodes et al. (2005) NTP (2010) EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 185
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EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 SCIENT
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Chromium in food and drinking water
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4.2.2.1. Data collection on food (e
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Sampling year Number of samples Chr
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Number of analtycal results Samplin
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4.2.4. Occurrence data by food cate
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7.2.1.4. Genotoxicity Chromium in f
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7.2.2.3. Developmental and reproduc
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7.5. Dose-response assessment Chrom
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Human observations Chromium in food
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J.1.2. mice Chromium in food and bo
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