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efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water

damienvanherp
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16.04.2014 Views

Chromium in food and drinking water Appendix D: Occurrence data of total chromium in breast milk (continued) Country Nigeria n (number of samples) Total maternal intake (µg/day) Mean (range) Stage of lactation 45 Not reported 6.1 months Chromium concentration (µg/L) Reference mean ± SD median ± SD range 110 Okolo et al. (2001) Guatemala Hungary Nigeria Philippines Sweden Zaire Germany, Poland, Czech Republic Japan (51) Not reported 3 months 19 (536) 256 ± 187 (e) Median: 206 (1166) Not reported 3-68 weeks 1-5 days 6-10 days 11-20 days 21-89 days 90-180 days 181-365 days Summer Winter Overall 1.17 ± 0.14 0.78 Parr et al. (1991 ) ± 0.21 4.35 ± 1.78 3.46 ± 0.60 1.48 ± 0.57 1.07 ± 0.55 10.8 10.8 3.1-19.4 Wappelhorst et al. (2002) 17 ± 10 35 ± 54 45 ± 53 50 ± 33 76 ± 54 25 ± 17 67 ± 39 51 ± 52 59 ± 47 Yamawaki et al. (2005) Japan 79 (64) (f) Not reported 5-191 days 1.73 ± 2.57 1.00 < 0.1-18.7 Yoshida et al. (2008) (a): mean ± SE (b): calculated using molecular weight of chromium 52.9961 (c): mean ± SEM (d): individual means (e): mean ± SD (f): 15 samples were below the limit of detection (< 0.1 µg/L) EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 172

Chromium in food and bottled water Appendix E: Average chromium occurrence values (µg/kg) in the different foods used to calculate dietary exposure to Cr(III) As described in the text chromium concentrations in food were considered as Cr(III). Occurrence values were rounded up to one decimal place. Average values FOODEX (a) (µg/kg) N LB UB Alcoholic beverages (unspecified) 115 4.4 47.6 Alcoholic mixed drinks 9 0.6 19.2 Beer and beer-like beverage (unspecified) 106 9.9 17.5 Beer, strong 26 3.6 9.5 Beer, regular 328 6.6 10.8 Beer, alcohol-free 15 52.4 57.4 Beer-like beverages (Malt drink) (b) 16 0.0 8.0 Liqueur 20 24.5 38.9 Spirits 11 25.4 41.6 Wine 671 26.4 45.3 Wine-like drinks (e.g. Cider, Perry) 273 6.1 37.6 Butter 23 175.6 178.5 Pork lard (Schmaltz) 20 262.4 264.2 Margarine and similar products 43 8.6 31.1 Peanuts butter 2 282.5 282.5 Vegetable oil (unspecified) (c) 90 430.7 490.7 Olive oil 15 7.1 24.4 Rapeseed oil 11 425.0 426.8 Sunflower oil 57 591.5 680.2 Composite food (including frozen 295 66.6 69.3 products)(unspecified) (c) Prepared salads 7 102.0 102.0 Vegetable-based meals 26 176.5 180.0 Groups Alcoholic beverages Animal and vegetable fats and oils Composite food (including frozen products) Eggs and egg products 82 21.8 29.1 Eggs and egg products Fish and other seafood (including amphibians, 1616 95.0 108.0 reptiles, snails and insects) (unspecified) (c) Crustaceans 169 46.1 54.2 Fish meat (unspecified) (c) 931 60.2 71.6 Sole (Limanda; Solea) 20 103.5 108.2 Bass (Marone) (b) 1 637.0 637.0 Bream (Charax) 17 157.5 157.5 Sea catfish and wolf-fish (Anarhichas) 6 145.2 146.7 Roach (Rutilus) 5 378.8 378.8 Plaice (Pleuronectes) 17 144.8 157.2 Fish offal 29 55.4 62.5 Fish products 53 182.4 183.3 Water molluscs 380 205.2 218.8 Food for infants and small children (unspecified) 65 41.6 68.1 Cereal-based food for infants and young children 150 57.7 68.6 Follow-on formulae, powder 116 52.7 61.3 Follow-on formulae, liquid (d) 116 6.5 7.7 Infant formulae, powder 177 61.6 78.9 Infant formulae, liquid (d) 177 7.7 9.9 Ready-to-eat meal for infants and young children 145 46.8 52.1 Yoghurt, cheese and milk-based dessert for infants and young children Fruit juice and herbal tea for infants and young children 28 37.3 37.3 13 2.4 15.0 Fish and other seafood (including amphibians, reptiles, snails and insects) Food for infants and small children EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 173

Chromium in <strong>food</strong> and bottled <strong>water</strong><br />

Appendix E: Average <strong>chromium</strong> occurrence values (µg/kg) in the different <strong>food</strong>s used<br />

to calculate dietary exposure to Cr(III)<br />

As described in the text <strong>chromium</strong> concentrations in <strong>food</strong> were considered as Cr(III). Occurrence<br />

values were rounded up to one decimal place.<br />

Average values<br />

FOODEX (a)<br />

(µg/kg)<br />

N LB UB<br />

Alcoholic beverages (unspecified) 115 4.4 47.6<br />

Alcoholic mixed drinks 9 0.6 19.2<br />

Beer and beer-like beverage (unspecified) 106 9.9 17.5<br />

Beer, strong 26 3.6 9.5<br />

Beer, regular 328 6.6 10.8<br />

Beer, alcohol-free 15 52.4 57.4<br />

Beer-like beverages (Malt drink) (b) 16 0.0 8.0<br />

Liqueur 20 24.5 38.9<br />

Spirits 11 25.4 41.6<br />

Wine 671 26.4 45.3<br />

Wine-like drinks (e.g. Cider, Perry) 273 6.1 37.6<br />

Butter 23 175.6 178.5<br />

Pork lard (Schmaltz) 20 262.4 264.2<br />

Margarine and similar products 43 8.6 31.1<br />

Peanuts butter 2 282.5 282.5<br />

Vegetable oil (unspecified) (c) 90 430.7 490.7<br />

Olive oil 15 7.1 24.4<br />

Rapeseed oil 11 425.0 426.8<br />

Sunflower oil 57 591.5 680.2<br />

Composite <strong>food</strong> (including frozen<br />

295 66.6 69.3<br />

products)(unspecified) (c)<br />

Prepared salads 7 102.0 102.0<br />

Vegetable-based meals 26 176.5 180.0<br />

Groups<br />

Alcoholic beverages<br />

Animal and vegetable<br />

fats and oils<br />

Composite <strong>food</strong><br />

(including frozen<br />

products)<br />

Eggs and egg products 82 21.8 29.1 Eggs and egg products<br />

Fish and other sea<strong>food</strong> (including amphibians, 1616 95.0 108.0<br />

reptiles, snails and insects) (unspecified) (c)<br />

Crustaceans 169 46.1 54.2<br />

Fish meat (unspecified) (c) 931 60.2 71.6<br />

Sole (Limanda; Solea) 20 103.5 108.2<br />

Bass (Marone) (b) 1 637.0 637.0<br />

Bream (Charax) 17 157.5 157.5<br />

Sea catfish and wolf-fish (Anarhichas) 6 145.2 146.7<br />

Roach (Rutilus) 5 378.8 378.8<br />

Plaice (Pleuronectes) 17 144.8 157.2<br />

Fish offal 29 55.4 62.5<br />

Fish products 53 182.4 183.3<br />

Water molluscs 380 205.2 218.8<br />

Food for infants and small children<br />

(unspecified)<br />

65 41.6 68.1<br />

Cereal-based <strong>food</strong> for infants and young children 150 57.7 68.6<br />

Follow-on formulae, powder 116 52.7 61.3<br />

Follow-on formulae, liquid (d) 116 6.5 7.7<br />

Infant formulae, powder 177 61.6 78.9<br />

Infant formulae, liquid (d) 177 7.7 9.9<br />

Ready-to-eat meal for infants and young children 145 46.8 52.1<br />

Yoghurt, cheese and milk-based dessert for infants<br />

and young children<br />

Fruit juice and herbal tea for infants and young<br />

children<br />

28 37.3 37.3<br />

13 2.4 15.0<br />

Fish and other sea<strong>food</strong><br />

(including amphibians,<br />

reptiles, snails and<br />

insects)<br />

Food for infants and<br />

small children<br />

EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 173

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