efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
Chromium in food and drinking water Appendix D: Occurrence data of total chromium in breast milk 18 Country United Arab Emirates n (number of samples) Total maternal intake (µg/day) Mean (range) Stage of lactation 209 (205) Not reported < 1 week-80 weeks Chromium concentration (µg/L) Reference mean ± SD median ± SD range 0.689 ± 0.517 0.591 0.00-2.53 Abdulrazzaq et al. (2008) USA 17 41.08 ± 0.416 (a) 60 days 0.178 ± 0.021 (a, b) Anderson et al. (1993) Italy 8 Not reported 2-6 days 12-16 days 21 days 1.1 ± 0.4 1.1 ± 0.2 1.2 ± 0.5 Aquilio et al. (1996) France (8) Not reported 1-88 days 1.2 ± 0.4 (c) Bougle et al. (1992) Egypt Not reported 3 weeks 6 weeks USA 17 6 26 23 9 (overall 255) Not reported 0-14 days 15-28 days 1-3 months 4-6 months 7+ months overall 53 80 0.29 ± 0.09 0.27 ± 0.13 0.28 ± 0.11 0.26 ± 0.12 0.46 ± 0.41 0.30 ± 0.17 Carter et al. (1968) 0.06-1.56 Casey and Hambidge (1984) 18 This table was prepared by the Standing Working group on Dietary Reference Values for minerals 2012-2015 (DRV MIN) of the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA Panel). The table will be published in the Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for chromium (EFSA NDA Panel, in preparation). EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 170
Chromium in food and drinking water Appendix D: Occurrence data of total chromium in breast milk (continued) Country n (number of samples) Total maternal intake (µg/day) Mean (range) Stage of lactation USA 11 (109) Not reported Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 8 ± 2 (6-10) Day 14 ± 3 Day 21 ± 3 Day 23 ± 3 Overall Italy 21 (123) Not reported Mature (≥ 15 days) Spain (21) Not reported 1-10 days > 10 days Overall Belgium (9) (7) (10) Finland 10 (10) 5 (5) 5 (5) Finland 5 (5) 4 (5) Not reported 0-3 days 5-10 30-60 30 8-18 days 47-54 days 128-159 days 34-40 21-38 USA 6 400 µg 53 Cr (as Cr chloride) for 4 days; dietary intake not reported 6-8 weeks 17-22 weeks Chromium concentration (µg/L) mean ± SD median ± SD range 0.24 ± 0.08 0.23 ± 0.08 0.23 ± 0.06 0.25 ± 0.08 0.34 ± 0.11 0.27 ± 0.05 0.22 ± 0.09 0.28 ± 0.11 0.26 ± 0.07 0.27 ± 0.10 1.80 ± 0.75 1.25 ± 0.74 1.56 ± 0.78 0.18 ± 0.34 0.21 ± 0.06 0.14 ± 0.05 0.43 ± 0.13 0.39 ± 0.21 0.34 ± 0.12 (0.19-0.69) ± (0.02-0.06) (0.24-0.54) ± 1-2 months 0.09-0.46 (d) No 53 Cr detected Reference 0.12-0.53 Casey et al. (1985) ≤ 0.3 ≤ 0.3-876 Clemente et al. (1982) 0.45-3.00 0.27-2.27 0.27-3.00 0.09-0.34 0.15-0.33 0.10-0.23 Cocho et al. (1992) Deelstra et al. (1988) Kumpulanien et al. (1980a) Kumpulanien et al. (1980b) (a, d) (0.01-0.06) (a, d) 0.05-1.06 (b) Mohamedshah et al. (1998) EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 171
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Chromium in <strong>food</strong> and <strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong><br />
Appendix D: Occurrence data of total <strong>chromium</strong> in breast milk 18<br />
Country<br />
United Arab<br />
Emirates<br />
n (number of<br />
samples)<br />
Total maternal<br />
intake (µg/day)<br />
Mean (range)<br />
Stage of<br />
lactation<br />
209 (205) Not reported < 1 week-80<br />
weeks<br />
Chromium concentration (µg/L)<br />
Reference<br />
mean ± SD median ± SD range<br />
0.689 ± 0.517 0.591 0.00-2.53 Abdulrazzaq et al. (2008)<br />
USA 17 41.08 ± 0.416 (a) 60 days 0.178 ± 0.021 (a, b) Anderson et al. (1993)<br />
Italy 8 Not reported 2-6 days<br />
12-16 days<br />
21 days<br />
1.1 ± 0.4<br />
1.1 ± 0.2<br />
1.2 ± 0.5<br />
Aquilio et al. (1996)<br />
France (8) Not reported 1-88 days 1.2 ± 0.4 (c) Bougle et al. (1992)<br />
Egypt Not reported 3 weeks<br />
6 weeks<br />
USA 17<br />
6<br />
26<br />
23<br />
9<br />
(overall 255)<br />
Not reported<br />
0-14 days<br />
15-28 days<br />
1-3 months<br />
4-6 months<br />
7+ months<br />
overall<br />
53<br />
80<br />
0.29 ± 0.09<br />
0.27 ± 0.13<br />
0.28 ± 0.11<br />
0.26 ± 0.12<br />
0.46 ± 0.41<br />
0.30 ± 0.17<br />
Carter et al. (1968)<br />
0.06-1.56 Casey and Hambidge (1984)<br />
18 This table was prepared by the Standing Working group on Dietary Reference Values for minerals 2012-2015 (DRV MIN) of the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies<br />
(NDA Panel). The table will be published in the Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for <strong>chromium</strong> (EFSA NDA Panel, in preparation).<br />
EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 170
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