efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water

Chromium in food and drinking water
APPENDICES
Appendix A: Limits of detection (LOD) for Cr(III) and/or Cr(VI) in waters according
to the analytical methods reported in the literature (in µg/L)
Analytical technique LOD of Cr(III)
LOD of
Cr(VI)
Reference
Off-line separation
UV-Vis - 1 Jamaluddin and Reazul (2011)
IC-UV-Vis - 0.004 - 0.015 EPA 218-7 (2011)
IC-UV-Vis 0.008 - Amin and Kassem (2012)
IC-UV-Vis - 0.001 - 0.3 Water Research Foundation (2012)
Chemiluminescence - 0.2 Li et al. (2006)
Chemiluminescence - 0.0002 Kanwal et al. (2012)
DPAdSV < 0.053 (a) < 0.071 Dominguez and Arcos (2002)
DPAdSV 2 Zhu et al. (2007)
CAdSV - 0.004 Bobrowski et al. (2004)
CAdSV - 0.016 Lin et al. (2005)
CAdSV - 0.002 Abbasi and Bahiraei (2012)
FAAS 6.1 - Aydin and Soylak (2007)
FAAS 0.7 - Bulut et al. (2009)
FAAS 0.7 - Matos et al. (2009)
FAAS 1.33 - Uluozlu et al. (2009)
FAAS - 0.7 Zeng et al. (2012)
IC-FAAS 0.2 - Cespon-Romero et al. (1996)
SPE-FAAS 0.75 - Tuzen and Soylak (2006)
SPE-FAAS - 0.6 Duran et al. (2007)
SPE-FAAS - 1.94 Saygi et al. (2008)
GFAAS 0.021 - Liang and Sang (2008)
On-line separation
HPLC-UV-Vis 0.005 0.007 Kaur and Malik (2009)
HPLC-Chemunilescence 0.05 0.1 Beere and Jones (1994)
HPLC-FAAS 30 0.5 - 20 Posta et al. (1993)
HPLC-ICP-AES 1000 2000 Byrdy et al. (1995)
HPLC-ICP-MS 0.4 1.0 Byrdy et al. (1995)
HPLC-ICP-MS 0.1 0.2 Barnowski et al. (1997)
HPLC-ICP-MS 0.6 0.6 Seby et al. (2003)
HPLC-ICP-CCT-MS 0.013 0.016 Sakai and McCurdy (2007)
HPLC-ICP-CCT-MS 0.017 0.009 McSheehy et al. (2006)
HPLC-ICP-CCT-MS ni (b) ni Agilent (2011)
HPLC-ICP-CCT-MS 0.05 0.05 Wolf et al. (2011)
HPLC-ICP-SID-MS 0.4 0.04 Ma and Tanner (2008)
ni: not indicated; LOD: Limit of detection; UV-Vis: Ultraviolet-visible; DPAdSV: Differential pulse adsorptive stripping
voltammetry; CAdSV: Catalytic adsorptive stripping voltammetry; FAAS: Flame atomic absorption spectrometry; IC: Ion
chromatography; SPE: Solid-phase extraction; GFAAS: Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry; HPLC – High
performance liquid chromatography; ICP: Inductively coupled plasma; AES: atomic emission spectrometry; MS: Mass
spectrometry; CCT: Collision/reaction cell technology; SID: Speciated isotope-dilution.
(a): no LOD indicated, estimation based of quantified values given;
(b): not indicated, just indication of low levels (ng/L) and background equivalent concentration (BEC) < 5 ng/L for Cr(VI).
EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 167