efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
Chromium in food and drinking water Information System (IRIS), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Washington, DC). Available online: http://www.epa.gov/iris/toxreviews/0028tr.pdf U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1998b. Toxicological Review of Hexavalent Chromium (CAS No. 18540-29-9). In support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Washington, DC). Available online: http://www.epa.gov/iris/toxreviews/0144tr.pdf U.S. EPA (Environment Protection Agency), 2010. The Analysis of Regulated Contaminant Occurrence Data from Public Water Systems in Support of the Second Six-Year Review of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. EPA-815-B-09-006. Available online: http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/rulesregs/regulatingcontaminants/sixyearreview/second_review/uplo ad/6Yr2OccurrenceReport_Revised_September2010.pdf U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 218-7, 2011. Method 218.7: Determination of hexavalent chromium in drinking water by ion chromatography with post-column derivatization and UV–visible spectroscopic detection. Office of Water (MLK 140) EPA Document No. EPA 815-R-11-005. 31 pp. Available online: http://water.epa.gov/drink U.S: EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), online. Basic information about chromium in drinking water. Available online: http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/chromium.cfm#chromium3and6samesta ndard US Patent 5.194.615. Synthetic GTF Chromium Nicotinate Material and its Preparation, March 16, 1993. Vaglenov A, Nosko M, Georgieva R, Carbonell E, Creus A and Marcos R, 1999. Genotoxicity and radioresistance in electroplating workers exposed to chromium. Mutation Research, 446, 23-34. van Daalen J, 1991. Air quality and deposition of trace elements in the province of South Holland. Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics, 25, 691–698. Vashishat RK and Vasudeva M, 1987. Genotoxic potential of chromium salts in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Indian Journal of Microbiology, 27, 35-36. Vasilatos C, Megremi I and Economou-Eliopoulos M, 2010. Geochemical characteristics of natural waters contaminated by hexavalent chromium in Eastern Sterea Hellas, Greece. Scientific Annals, 99, 347-353. Vasilatos C, Megremi I, Economou-Eliopoulos M and Mitsis I, 2008. Hexavalent chromium and other toxic elements in natural waters in the Thiva-Tanagra-Malakasa basin, Greece. Hellenic Journal of Geosciences, 43, 57–66. Veillon C, Patterson KY, Nagey DA and Tehan AM, 1994. Measurement of blood volume with an enriched stable isotope of chromium ( 53 Cr) and isotope dilution by combined gas chromatographymass spectrometry. Clinical Chemistry, 40, 71-73. Venezia C and Karol MH, 1984. Comparison of cobalt and chromium binding to blood elements. Toxicology, 30, 125-133. Venier P, Montaldi A, Majone F, Bianchi V and Levis AG, 1982. Cytotoxic, mutagenic and clastogenic effects of industrial chromium compounds. Carcinogenesis, 3, 1331-1338. Venitt S and Levy LS, 1974. Mutagenicity of chromates in bacteria and its relevance to chromate carcinogenesis. Nature, 250, 493-495. Vercoutere K, Cornelis R, Dyg S, Mees L, Christensesn JM, Byrialsen K, Aaen B and Quevauviller P, 1996. Cr(III) and Cr(VI) Speciation Measurements in Environmental Reference Materials. Mikrochimica Acta, 123, 109-117. EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 162
Chromium in food and drinking water Vernot EH, MacEwen JD, Haun CC and Kinkead ER. 1977. Acute toxicity and skin corrosion data for some organic and inorganic compounds and aqueous solutions. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 42, 417-423. Vincent JB, 1999. Mechanisms of chromium action: Low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance. Journal of the American College of Nutrition,18, 6-12. Vincent JB, 2000a. The biochemistry of chromium. Journal of Nutrition 130, 715-718. Vincent JB, 2000b. Quest for the molecular mechanism of chromium action and its relationship to diabetes. Nutrition Reviews, 58, 67-72. Vincent JB, 2010. Chromium: celebrating 50 years as an essential element? Dalton Transactions, 39, 3787-3794. Vinson JA and Bose P, 1984. The effect of a high chromium yeast on the blood glucose control and blood lipids of normal and diabetic human subjects. Nutrition Reports International, 30, 911-918. Vogelstein B, Fearon ER, Hamilton SR, Kern SE, Preisinger AC, Leppert M, Nakamura Y, White R, Smits AM and Bos JL, 1988. Genetic alterations during colorectal-tumor development. New England Journal of Medicine, 319, 525-532. Visek WJ, Whitney IB, Kuhn USG III and Comar RL, 1953. Metabolism of CR 51 by animals as influenced by chemical state. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 84, 610-615. Vyskocil A, Viau C, Cizkova M and Truchon G, 1993. Kidney-function in male and female rats chronically exposed to potassium dichromate. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 13, 375-376. Voitkun V, Zhitkovich A and Costa M, 1998. Cr(III)-mediated crosslinks of glutathione or amino acids to the DNA phosphate backbone are mutagenic in human cells. Nucleic Acids Research, 26, 2024-2030. Wada O, Wu GY, Yamamoto A, Manabe S, Ono T, 1983. Purification and chromium-excretory function of low-molecular-weight, chromium-binding substances from dog liver. Environmental Research, 32, 228-239. Wallach S and Verch L, 1984. Placental transport of chromium. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 3, 69-74. Wang XF, Xing ML, Shen Y Zhua X and Xu L-H, 2006. Oral administration of Cr(VI) induced oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptotic cell death in mice. Toxicology, 228, 16-23. Wani S, Weskamp C, Marple J, Spry L, 2006. Acute tubular necrosis associated with chromium picolinate-containing dietary supplement. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 40, 563-566. Wappelhorst O, Kühna I, Heidenreicha H and Markert B, 2002. Transfer of selected elements from food into human milk. Nutrition, 18, 316-322. Wasser WG, Feldman NS and D'Agati VD, 1997. Chronic renal failure after ingestion of over-thecounter chromium picolinate. Annals of Internal Medicine, 126, 410. Watanabe K, Sakamoto K and Sasaki T, 1998. Comparisons on chemically-induced mutation among four bacterial strains, Salmonella typhimurium TA102 and TA2638, and Escherichia coli WP2/pKM101 and WP2 uvrA/pKM101: collaborative study II. Mutation Research, 412, 17-31. Water Research Foundation, 2012. State of the Science of Hexavalent Chromium in Drinking Water. Report, 1-36. Weber H, 1983. Long-term study of the distribution of soluble chromate-51 in the rat after a single intratracheal administration. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 11, 749-764. Whittaker P, San RH, Clarke JJ, Seifried HE and Dunkel VC, 2005. Mutagenicity of chromium(III) picolinate and its components in Salmonella typhimurium and L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 43, 1619-1625. EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 163
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Chromium in <strong>food</strong> and <strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong><br />
Information System (IRIS), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Washington, DC). Available<br />
online: http://www.epa.gov/iris/toxreviews/0028tr.pdf<br />
U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1998b. Toxicological Review of Hexavalent<br />
Chromium (CAS No. 18540-29-9). In support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk<br />
Information System (IRIS), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Washington, DC). Available<br />
online: http://www.epa.gov/iris/toxreviews/0144tr.pdf<br />
U.S. EPA (Environment Protection Agency), 2010. The Analysis of Regulated Contaminant<br />
Occurrence Data from Public Water Systems in Support of the Second Six-Year Review of<br />
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. EPA-815-B-09-006. Available online:<br />
http://<strong>water</strong>.epa.gov/lawsregs/rulesregs/regulatingcontaminants/sixyearreview/second_review/uplo<br />
ad/6Yr2OccurrenceReport_Revised_September2010.pdf<br />
U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 218-7, 2011. Method 218.7: Determination of<br />
hexavalent <strong>chromium</strong> in <strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong> by ion chromatography with post-column derivatization<br />
and UV–visible spectroscopic detection. Office of Water (MLK 140) EPA Document No. EPA<br />
815-R-11-005. 31 pp. Available online: http://<strong>water</strong>.epa.gov/drink<br />
U.S: EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), online. Basic information about <strong>chromium</strong> in<br />
<strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong>. Available online:<br />
http://<strong>water</strong>.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/<strong>chromium</strong>.cfm#<strong>chromium</strong>3and6samesta<br />
ndard<br />
US Patent 5.194.615. Synthetic GTF Chromium Nicotinate Material and its Preparation, March 16,<br />
1993.<br />
Vaglenov A, Nosko M, Georgieva R, Carbonell E, Creus A and Marcos R, 1999. Genotoxicity and<br />
radioresistance in electroplating workers exposed to <strong>chromium</strong>. Mutation Research, 446, 23-34.<br />
van Daalen J, 1991. Air quality and deposition of trace elements in the province of South Holland.<br />
Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics, 25, 691–698.<br />
Vashishat RK and Vasudeva M, 1987. Genotoxic potential of <strong>chromium</strong> salts in Saccharomyces<br />
cerevisiae. Indian Journal of Microbiology, 27, 35-36.<br />
Vasilatos C, Megremi I and Economou-Eliopoulos M, 2010. Geochemical characteristics of natural<br />
<strong>water</strong>s contaminated by hexavalent <strong>chromium</strong> in Eastern Sterea Hellas, Greece. Scientific Annals,<br />
99, 347-353.<br />
Vasilatos C, Megremi I, Economou-Eliopoulos M and Mitsis I, 2008. Hexavalent <strong>chromium</strong> and other<br />
toxic elements in natural <strong>water</strong>s in the Thiva-Tanagra-Malakasa basin, Greece. Hellenic Journal of<br />
Geosciences, 43, 57–66.<br />
Veillon C, Patterson KY, Nagey DA and Tehan AM, 1994. Measurement of blood volume with an<br />
enriched stable isotope of <strong>chromium</strong> ( 53 Cr) and isotope dilution by combined gas chromatographymass<br />
spectrometry. Clinical Chemistry, 40, 71-73.<br />
Venezia C and Karol MH, 1984. Comparison of cobalt and <strong>chromium</strong> binding to blood elements.<br />
Toxicology, 30, 125-133.<br />
Venier P, Montaldi A, Majone F, Bianchi V and Levis AG, 1982. Cytotoxic, mutagenic and<br />
clastogenic effects of industrial <strong>chromium</strong> compounds. Carcinogenesis, 3, 1331-1338.<br />
Venitt S and Levy LS, 1974. Mutagenicity of chromates in bacteria and its relevance to chromate<br />
carcinogenesis. Nature, 250, 493-495.<br />
Vercoutere K, Cornelis R, Dyg S, Mees L, Christensesn JM, Byrialsen K, Aaen B and Quevauviller P,<br />
1996. Cr(III) and Cr(VI) Speciation Measurements in Environmental Reference Materials.<br />
Mikrochimica Acta, 123, 109-117.<br />
EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 162