efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water

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Chromium in food and drinking water EN 13804:2013. Foodstuffs. Determination of elements and their chemical species. General considerations and specific requirements. EN ISO 11885:2009. Water Quality - Determination of selected elements by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). EN ISO 15586:2004. Water Quality - Determination of trace elements using atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace. EN ISO 17294-2:2003. Water Quality - Application of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) - Part 2: Determination of 62 elements. EN ISO 18412:2006. Water Quality - Determination of chromium(VI) – Photometric method for weakly contaminated water. EN ISO 23913:2006. Water Quality - Determination of chromium(VI) – Method using flow analysis (FIA and CFA) and spectrometric detection. EN ISO 5667-1:2007. Water quality - Sampling. Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes and sampling techniques. EN ISO 5667-3:2012. Water quality - Sampling. Part 3: Preservation and handling of water samples. EN ISO 5667-5:2006. Water quality – Sampling. Part 5: Guidance on sampling of drinking water from treatment works and piped distribution systems. Environment Canada, 1985. National water quality data bank (NAQUADAT). Data Systems Section, Water Quality Branch, Environment Canada. Available online: http://books.google.it/books/about/NAQUADAT.html?id=VNSRGwAACAAJ&redir_esc=y Esber H, Moreno V and Loveday KS, 1997. Evaluation of chromium(III) picolinate in the Ames and the rat in vivo of chromosomal aberration assays. Mutation Research, 379, S89 [Abstract No. PXII.15]. Estlander T, Jolanki R and Kanerva L, 2000, Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from trivalent chromium in leather tanning. Contact Dermatitis, 43, 114. EVM (Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals), 2003. Risk assessment: Chromium. In: Safe Upper Levels for Vitamins and Minerals. Report on the Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals (EVM). U.K. Food Standards Agency (FSA), Committee on Nutrition (SACN), Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals (EVM), London, England, p. 172-179. Available online: http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/vitmin2003.pdf. EWG (Environmental Working Group), 2005. How PG&E’s Scientists-for-Hire Reversed Findings on Cancer Study. Environmental Working Group (Washington, D.C.). Available online: http://www.ewg.org/research/chrome-plated-fraud Febel H, Szegedi B and Huszar S, 2001. Absorption of inorganic, trivalent and hexavalent chromium following oral and intrajejunal doses in rats. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 49, 203-209. Fendorf SE, 1995. Surface reactions of chromium in soils and waters. Geoderma, 67, 55-71. Feng W, 2007. The transport of chromium(III) in the body: Implications for function. In: The nutritional biochemistry of chromium(III). Ed Vincent JB. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 121-137. Feng W, Li B, Liu J, Chai Z, Zhang P, Gao Y and Zhao J, 2003. Study of chromium containing proteins in subcellular fractions of rat liver by enriched stable isotopic tracer technique and gel filtration chromatography. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemisry, 375, 363-368. Figuereido E, Elisa Soares M, Baptista P, Castro M and Lourdes Bastos M, 2007. Validation of an Electrothermal Atomization Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Method for Quantification of Total Chromium and Chromium(VI) in Wild Mushrooms and Underlying Soils. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 55, 7192-7198. EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 140
Chromium in food and drinking water Finley BL, Johnson EM and Holson JF, 1993. Comment on “comparative effects of trivalent and hexavalent chromium on spermatogenesis of the mouse.” Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 39, 133-137. Finley BL, Kerger BD, Katona MW, Gargas ML, Corbett GC and Paustenbach DJ, 1997. Human ingestion of chromium (VI) in drinking water: pharmacokinetics following repeated exposure. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 142, 151-159. Finley BL, Scott PK, Norton RL, Gargas ML and Paustenbach DJ, 1996. Urinary chromium concentrations in humans following ingestion of safe doses of hexavalent and trivalent chromium: implications for biomonitoring. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 48, 479-499. Frankendal B and Stigbrand T, 1973. Behaviour of intravenously injected 51CrCl3 in irradiated and nonirradiated mice. Acta Radiologica: Therapy, Physics, 12, 327-336. Fregert S and Rorsman H, 1964, Allergy to trivalent chromium. Archives of Dermatology, 90, 4-6. Fregert S and Rorsman H, 1966, Allergic reactions to trivalent chromium compounds. Archives of Dermatology, 93, 711-713. Freitas de Sousa Viana GF, Garcia KS and Menezes-Filho JA, 2011. Assessment of carcinogenic heavy metal levels in Brazilian cigarettes. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 181, 255- 265. Friedman J, Shabtaia F, Levya LS and Djaldettia M, 1987. Chromium chloride induces chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes via indirect action. Mutation Research Letters, 191, 207-210. Fristedt B, Lindqvist B, Schüetz A and Övrum P, 1965. Survival in a case of acute oral chromic acid poisoning with acute renal failure treated by haemodialysis. Acta Medica Scandinavica, 177, 153- 159. Fryzek JP, Mumma MT, McLaughlin JK, Henderson BE and Blot WJ, 2001. Cancer mortality in relation to environmental chromium exposure. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 43, 635-640. FSA (Food Standards Agency), 2006. Survey of metals in weaning foods and formulae for infants. Food Surveillance Information Sheet No. 17/06, 1-38. Gad SC, 1989. Acute and chronic systemic chromium toxicity. (erratum, 1990. Science of the Total Environment, 95, 295-296). Science of the Total Environment, 86, 149-157. Gambelunghe A, Piccinini R, Ambrogi M, Villarini M, Moretti M, Marchetti C, Abbritti G and Muzi G, 2003. Primary DNA damage in chrome-plating workers. Toxicology, 188, 187-195. Gammelgaard B, Jensen K and Steffansen B, 1999. In vitro metabolism and permeation studies in rat jejunum: Organic chromium compared to inorganic chromium. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 13, 82-88. Gao M, Levy LS, Braithwaite RA and Brown SS, 1993. Monitoring of total chromium in rat fluids and lymphocytes following intratracheal administration of soluble trivalent or hexavalent chromium compounds. Human and Experimental Toxicology, 12, 377-382. Gao M, Levy LS, Faux SP, Aw TC, Braithwaite RA and Brown SS, 1994. Use of molecular epidemiological techniques in a pilot study on workers exposed to chromium. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 51, 663-668. Garcia E, Cabrera C, Lorenzo ML, Lopez MC and Sanchez J, 2001. Estimation of chromium bioavailability from the diet by an in vitro method. Food Additives and Contaminants, 18, 601-606. Garcia E, Cabrera C, Lorenzo ML and Lopez MC, 2000. Chromium levels in spices and aromatic herbs. Science of the Total Environment, 247, 51-56. EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 141
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Chromium in food and drinking water
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4.2.2.1. Data collection on food (e
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Sampling year Number of samples Chr
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Number of analtycal results Samplin
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