efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water efsa-opinion-chromium-food-drinking-water
Chromium in food and drinking water Chen NSC, Tsai A and Dyer IA, 1973. Effect of chelating agents on chromium absorption in rats. Journal of Nutrition, 103, 1182-1186. Chiang CT, Hwang YH, Su CC, Tsai KY, Lian IB, Yuan TH and Chang TK, 2010. Elucidating the underlying causes of oral cancer through spatial clustering in high risk areas of Taiwan with a distinct gender ratio of incidence. Geospatial Health, 4, 230-242. Chopra A, Pereira G, Gomes T, Pereira J, Prabhu P, Krishnan S and Rao CV, 1996. A study of chromium and ethanol toxicity in female Wistar rats. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 53, 91-106. Chorvatovičová D, Ginter E, Kosinová A and Zloch Z, 1991. Effect of Vitamin-C and vitamin-e on toxicity and mutagenicity of hexavalent chromium in rat and guinea-pig. Mutation Research, 262, 41-46. Chorvatovičová D, Kováčiková Z, Šandula J and Navarová J, 1993. Protective effect of sulfoethylglucan against hexavalent chromium. Mutation Research, 302, 207-211. Chou TC, Chang HY, Chen CJ, Yu HS, Wu JD, Sheu SC and Shih TS, 2008. Effect of hand dermatitis on the total body burden of chromium after ferrous sulfate application in cement among cement workers. Contact Dermatitis, 59, 151-156. Chowdhury AR and Mitra C, 1995. Spermatogenic and steroidogenic impairment after chromium treatment in rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 33, 480-484. Cikrt M and Bencko V, 1979. Biliary excretion and distribution of 51Cr(III) and 51Cr(VI) in rats. Journal of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Microbiology and Immunology, 23, 241-246. Clemente GF, Ingrao G and Santaroni GP, 1982. The concentration of some trace elements in human milk from Italy. Science of the Total Environment, 24, 255-265. Clochesy JM, 1984. Chromium ingestion: A case report. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 10, 281-282. Clodfelder BJ and Vincent JB, 2005. The time-dependent transport of chromium in adult rats from the bloodstream to the urine. Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 10, 383-393. Clodfelder BJ, Emamaullee J, Hepburn DDD, Chakov NE, Nettles HS and Vincent JB, 2001. The trail of chromium(III) in vivo from the blood to the urine: the roles of transferring and chromodulin. Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 6, 608-617. Cocho JA, Cervilla JR, Rey-Goldar ML, Fdez-Lorenzo JR and Fraga JM, 1992. Chromium content in human milk, cow's milk, and infant formulas. Biological Trace Element Research, 32, 105-107. Cole P and Rodu B, 2005. Epidemiologic studies of chrome and cancer mortality: A series of metaanalyses. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 43, 225-231. Collins BJ, Stout MD, Levine KE, Kissling GE, Melnick RL, Fennell TR, Walden R, Abdo K, Pritchard JB, Fernando RA, Burka LT and Hooth MJ, 2010. Exposure to hexavalent chromium resulted in significantly higher tissue chromium burden compared with trivalent chromium following similar oral doses to male F344/N rats and female B6C3F1 mice. Toxicological Sciences, 118, 368-379. COM (Committee on Mutagenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment), 2004. Annual Report, UK, p. 133-170 Available online: http://cot.food.gov.uk/pdfs/comsection.pdf COMA (Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy), 1991. Dietary references values for food energy and nutrients for the United Kingdom. Department of Health Report 41, HMSO, London. p. 181-182. Conn LW, Webster HL and Johnson AH, 1932. Chromium toxicology absorption of chromium by the rat when milk containing chromium was fed. American Journal of Hygiene, 15, 760-765. EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 134
Chromium in food and drinking water Coogan TP, Motz J, Snyder CA, Squibb KS and Costa M, 1991b. Differential DNA-protein crosslinking in lymphocytes and liver following chronic drinking water exposure of rats to potassium chromate. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 109, 60-72. Coogan TP, Squibb KS, Motz J, Kinney PL and Costa M, 1991a. Distribution of chromium within cells of the blood. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 108, 157-166. Cook B, 2010. Hazardous Ranking System (HRS) Documentation Record. Region 6 NPL Coordinator, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Dallas). Available online: http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/docrec/pdoc1829.pdf Corbett GE, Finley BL, Paustenbach DJ and Kerger BD, 1997. Systemic uptake of chromium in human volunteers following dermal contact with hexavalent chromium (22 mg/L). Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 7, 179-189. Corbett GE, Dodge DG, O'Flaherty E, Liang J, Throop L, Liang J, Throop L, Finley BL and Kerger BD, 1998. In vitro reduction kinetics of hexavalent chromium in human blood. Environmental Research, 78, 7-11. Cornelis R, Caruso J, Crews H and Heumann KG, 2003. Handbook of elemental speciation: techniques and methodology. Wiley, Chichester. 670 pp. Coryell VH and Stearns DM 2006. Molecular analysis of hprt mutations induced by chromium picolinate in CHO AA8 cells. Mutation Research 610, 114-123. Costa M, Zhitkovich A, Taioli E and Toniolo P, 1993. Preliminary-report on a simple new assay for dna-protein cross-links as a biomarker of exposures experienced by welders. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 40, 217-222. Costa M, Zhitkovich A, Toniolo P, Taioli E, Popov T and Lukanova A, 1996. Monitoring human lymphocytic DNA-protein cross-links as biomarkers of biologically active doses of chromate. Environmental Health Perspectives, 104, Suppl 5, 917-919. Costa M, 1997. Toxicity and carcinogenicity of Cr(VI) in animal models and humans. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 27, 431-442. Costa M and Klein CB, 2006. Toxicity and carcinogenicity of chromium compounds in humans. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 36, 155-163. Cotton FA, Wilkinson G, Murillo CA and Bochmann M, 1999. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, sixth edition. Wiley-Interscience, New York. 1376 pp. Cubbada F, Giovannangeli S, Iosi F, Raggi A and Stacchini P, 2003. Chromium determination in foods by quadrupole inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry with ultrasonic nebulisation. Food Chemistry, 81, 463-468. Cupo DY and Wetterhahn KE, 1985. Binding of chromium to chromatin and DNA from liver and kidney of rats treated with sodium dichromate and chromium(III) chloride in vivo. Cancer Research, 45, 1146-1151. D’Ilio, Petrucci F, D’Amato M, Di Gregorio M, Senofonte O and Violante N, 2008. Method validation for determination of arsenic, cadmium, chromium and lead in milk by means of dynamic reaction cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta, 624, 59-67. Danieli PP, Serrani F, Primi R, Ponzetta MP, Ronchi B and Amici A, 2012. Cadmium, Lead, and Chromium in Large Game: A Local-Scale Exposure Assessment for Hunters Consuming Meat and Liver of Wild Boar. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 63, 612-627. Davis ML, Seaborn SD and Stoecker BJ, 1995. Effects of over-the-counter drugs on 51chromium retention and urinary excretion in rats. Nutrition Research, 15, 201-210. De Flora S, 1981. Study of 106 organic and inorganic compounds in the Salmonella/microsome test. Carcinogenesis, 2, 283-298. EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 135
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Chromium in <strong>food</strong> and <strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong><br />
Coogan TP, Motz J, Snyder CA, Squibb KS and Costa M, 1991b. Differential DNA-protein<br />
crosslinking in lymphocytes and liver following chronic <strong>drinking</strong> <strong>water</strong> exposure of rats to<br />
potassium chromate. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 109, 60-72.<br />
Coogan TP, Squibb KS, Motz J, Kinney PL and Costa M, 1991a. Distribution of <strong>chromium</strong> within<br />
cells of the blood. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 108, 157-166.<br />
Cook B, 2010. Hazardous Ranking System (HRS) Documentation Record. Region 6 NPL<br />
Coordinator, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Dallas). Available online:<br />
http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/docrec/pdoc1829.pdf<br />
Corbett GE, Finley BL, Paustenbach DJ and Kerger BD, 1997. Systemic uptake of <strong>chromium</strong> in<br />
human volunteers following dermal contact with hexavalent <strong>chromium</strong> (22 mg/L). Journal of<br />
Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 7, 179-189.<br />
Corbett GE, Dodge DG, O'Flaherty E, Liang J, Throop L, Liang J, Throop L, Finley BL and Kerger<br />
BD, 1998. In vitro reduction kinetics of hexavalent <strong>chromium</strong> in human blood. Environmental<br />
Research, 78, 7-11.<br />
Cornelis R, Caruso J, Crews H and Heumann KG, 2003. Handbook of elemental speciation:<br />
techniques and methodology. Wiley, Chichester. 670 pp.<br />
Coryell VH and Stearns DM 2006. Molecular analysis of hprt mutations induced by <strong>chromium</strong><br />
picolinate in CHO AA8 cells. Mutation Research 610, 114-123.<br />
Costa M, Zhitkovich A, Taioli E and Toniolo P, 1993. Preliminary-report on a simple new assay for<br />
dna-protein cross-links as a biomarker of exposures experienced by welders. Journal of Toxicology<br />
and Environmental Health, 40, 217-222.<br />
Costa M, Zhitkovich A, Toniolo P, Taioli E, Popov T and Lukanova A, 1996. Monitoring human<br />
lymphocytic DNA-protein cross-links as biomarkers of biologically active doses of chromate.<br />
Environmental Health Perspectives, 104, Suppl 5, 917-919.<br />
Costa M, 1997. Toxicity and carcinogenicity of Cr(VI) in animal models and humans. Critical<br />
Reviews in Toxicology, 27, 431-442.<br />
Costa M and Klein CB, 2006. Toxicity and carcinogenicity of <strong>chromium</strong> compounds in humans.<br />
Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 36, 155-163.<br />
Cotton FA, Wilkinson G, Murillo CA and Bochmann M, 1999. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, sixth<br />
edition. Wiley-Interscience, New York. 1376 pp.<br />
Cubbada F, Giovannangeli S, Iosi F, Raggi A and Stacchini P, 2003. Chromium determination in<br />
<strong>food</strong>s by quadrupole inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry with ultrasonic nebulisation.<br />
Food Chemistry, 81, 463-468.<br />
Cupo DY and Wetterhahn KE, 1985. Binding of <strong>chromium</strong> to chromatin and DNA from liver and<br />
kidney of rats treated with sodium dichromate and <strong>chromium</strong>(III) chloride in vivo. Cancer<br />
Research, 45, 1146-1151.<br />
D’Ilio, Petrucci F, D’Amato M, Di Gregorio M, Senofonte O and Violante N, 2008. Method<br />
validation for determination of arsenic, cadmium, <strong>chromium</strong> and lead in milk by means of dynamic<br />
reaction cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta, 624, 59-67.<br />
Danieli PP, Serrani F, Primi R, Ponzetta MP, Ronchi B and Amici A, 2012. Cadmium, Lead, and<br />
Chromium in Large Game: A Local-Scale Exposure Assessment for Hunters Consuming Meat and<br />
Liver of Wild Boar. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 63, 612-627.<br />
Davis ML, Seaborn SD and Stoecker BJ, 1995. Effects of over-the-counter drugs on 51<strong>chromium</strong><br />
retention and urinary excretion in rats. Nutrition Research, 15, 201-210.<br />
De Flora S, 1981. Study of 106 organic and inorganic compounds in the Salmonella/microsome test.<br />
Carcinogenesis, 2, 283-298.<br />
EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 135