Sea Turtle Recovery Action Plan for Barbados - WIDECAST

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CEP Technical Report No. 12 3.3 Over-utilization Dr. Wayne Hunte of the Bellairs Research Institute reported to the Western Atlantic Turtle Symposium (Hunte, 1984) that, since fishery catch statistics began to be compiled in the early 1960's, there had been no specific record-keeping for sea turtles. Turtles were included under "any other deep water species" on Fishery Division's Recording Forms, suggesting that their harvest was never a very large enterprise. It is not possible to ascertain what portion of turtles landed were brought to landing sites, nor what portion of those were recorded; however, landing data are likely to represent an acceptable subsample of the catch as a whole. Three points are noteworthy: (1) there was a continuous decline in turtle catch between 1963 (nearly 1300 lbs/landing site) and 1974 (
Barbados Sea Turtles … Persons wishing to export turtle shells or shell products from Barbados require documentation from the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Commerce (Barbados Export Promotion Corporation) and from the Ministry of Labour, Consumer Affairs and the Environment (Price Control Division). Permission from the Chief Fisheries Officer is also required. Present policy does not permit the exportation of turtle shells that originate in Barbados. Japanese Customs data indicate that 1,930 kg of "bekko" (hawksbill shell scutes) was imported from Barbados between 1970-1986 (Milliken and Tokunaga, 1987), and that a further 529 kg was imported in 1990 (Canin, 1991). It is unlikely that the population of hawksbills around Barbados could supply this amount of bekko and the data suggest that Barbados, a non-party to CITES [Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species], has been named as the port of export even though the shell did not actually originate from Barbados. This practice is not uncommon among dealers trying to evade CITES restrictions (Canin, 1991). The lateral and vertebral scutes from the carapaces of two adult hawksbills caught in Barbados (82 cm and 95.5 cm curved carapace length) yielded an average of 1.4 kg bekko (J. Horrocks, unpubl. data). This agrees with the calculated average yield of 1.34 kg bekko per hawksbill imported into Japan from the Caribbean region (Milliken and Tokunaga, 1987). Based on the Japanese Customs statistics cited above and the average yield of bekko per hawksbill, we can estimate that 1,440 turtles were killed between 1970 and 1986, and nearly 400 more in 1990, in order to supply the bekko exported (or allegedly exported) from Barbados to Japan. 3.4 Inadequate Regulatory Mechanisms It is illegal to take turtle eggs, to catch or attempt to catch turtles on the beach or within 100 yd (90 m) of the shore, or to buy, sell or possess any turtle of weight less than 30 lbs (13.6 kg) (section 4.21). If found guilty, offenders are punishable by confiscation of the turtle, eggs, and/or fishing gear and by a fine of Bds. $100 (US $50). The present legislation offers little deterrent since an "average" female is worth between Bds. $200-300 in meat alone (section 3.3). Confiscation of gear, such as boats, is a more serious deterrent, but since catching a female on the beach requires no gear that can be confiscated, the fine of Bds. $100 is totally insufficient to deter the widespread poaching of nesting females. Recognizing that present legislation is inadequate, new regulations are proposed in section 4.23. Improving local enforcement efforts is discussed in sections 4.22 and 4.616. 3.5 Other Natural or Man-made Factors Four additional sources of mortality should be mentioned. First, the illegal practice of dynamiting coral reefs for fish (section 4.141) kills an unknown number of turtles each year. Second, there are increasing reports of turtles being struck by speed boats and jet skis in the waters off the west and south coasts. Third, compaction of sand over nests, caused by heavy pedestrian beach use, prevents the emergence of hatchlings, and has caused up to 100% mortality in some nests (Horrocks and Scott, 1991). Fourth, nest flooding by salt and freshwater is a serious threat to the successful hatching of eggs in some areas (Horrocks and Willoughby, 1987). All sea turtle embryos require oxygen during their development and will drown if submerged in water for an extended period of time. Page 9
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