(bcls) programme - Singapore General Hospital

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Third Link : Early Defibrillation This procedure can frequently re-start the heart if carried out early. Studies have shown that early defibrillation is most likely to improve survival rates for out-ofhospital cardiac arrest patients. Every emergency vehicle transporting cardiac arrest patients should be equipped with a defibrillator. Defibrillation works best in the first few minutes after onset of cardiac arrest. If initiated too late, the heart will not respond to electrical therapy. For every minute of delay in delivering defibrillation following collapse, the survival rate decreases by 7 –10%. Fourth Link : Early Advanced Care Advanced Cardiac Life Support stabilises the resuscitated victim’s condition in the most critical phase. It consists of advanced airway management and administration of medication and is frequently carried out in the in-hospital environment. Module 3 The Heart 3.1 ANATOMY & FUNCTION The heart is a hollow, conical, muscular organ situated in the centre of the chest between the lungs and behind the sternum (breastbone). It is about the size of a clenched fist. The Heart in Relation to the Chest The Heart as a Pump Right pulmonary artery Left pulmonary artery Rib Heart Superior vena cava Left pulmonary veins Sternum Xiphoid process Inferior vena cava BCLS Programme It receives blood depleted of oxygen from all parts of the body and pumps it to the lungs. There oxygen is taken up and the oxygen-enriched blood returns to the heart to be distributed to all parts of the body. The coronary arteries are blood vessels that send oxygen-rich blood to the muscles of the heart. 4
3.2 Heart ATTACK Heart attack usually occurs when a blood clot suddenly and completely blocks an already diseased coronary artery. Coronary artery disease is the end-result of a gradual build-up of fatty deposits (cholesterol plaques) and blood cells in the inner lining of the coronary arterial wall, a process also known as “atherosclerosis”. Over a period of years, this leads to gradual narrowing of the lumen of the vessel, thereby reducing blood flow to heart muscle. Occasionally, the surface of a plaque may split or crack, and attract blood clots, which then cause complete obstruction of the lumen, resulting in “heart attacks”. Coronary Arteries Right Coronary Artery Left Circumflex Artery Left Coronary Artery Left Anterior Descending Artery Symptoms of Heart Attack How to recognize a Heart Attack • Chest discomfort or pain is the most common symptom. It usually has the following characteristics: – uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness, tightness, or pain. – usually located at the centre of the chest behind the breastbone. – may spread to either the shoulder, neck, lower jaw, or either arm and occasionally to the upper abdomen. – usually lasts longer than 20 minutes. • Other symptoms may include any or all of the following: – sweating – nausea (a feeling of wanting to vomit) – shortness of breath – weakness BCLS Programme 5
Page 1 and 2: BASIC CARDIAC LIFE SUPPORT (BCLS) P
Page 3 and 4: C o n t e n t s Module 1 INTRODUCTI
Page 5: Module 2 The Chain of Survival The
Page 9 and 10: • Major risk factors that can be
Page 11 and 12: Module 4 ADULT CARDIO-PULMONARY RES
Page 13 and 14: STEP 3 SHOUT FOR HELP & ACTIVATE EM
Page 15 and 16: • Place one hand on the victim’
Page 17 and 18: STEP 8 LOCATE HAND POSITION FOR CHE
Page 19 and 20: GUIDELINES FOR PROPER COMPRESSION D
Page 21 and 22: Module 5 ADULT RECOVERY POSITION Th
Page 23 and 24: Module 6 ADULT FOREIGN BODY AIRWAY
Page 25 and 26: STEP 3 • Place your arms around t
Page 27 and 28: STEP 3 • Open victim’s airway b
Page 29 and 30: Module 7 INFANT CARDIO-PULMONARY RE
Page 31 and 32: STEP 5 OPEN THE AIRWAY Perform a he
Page 33 and 34: STEP 8 LOCATE LANDMARK FOR CHEST CO
Page 35 and 36: STEP 9A PERFORM CHEST COMPRESSION
Page 37 and 38: Module 8 INFANT RECOVERY POSITION 8
Page 39 and 40: Module 9 INFANT FOREIGN BODY AIRWAY
Page 41 and 42: STEP 3 BACK BLOWS AND CHEST THRUSTS
Page 43 and 44: 9.3 RELIEF OF FBAO IN THE UNCONSCIO
Page 45 and 46: Module 10 APPLICATION OF POCKET MAS
Page 47 and 48: STEP 4 • Apply the rim of the mas
Page 49 and 50: Module 11 SUMMARY CHECKLIST ADULT O
Page 51 and 52: INFANT CPR STEPS D : Danger ACTION
Page 53 and 54: Notes BCLS Programme 51
Page 55 and 56: Notes BCLS Programme 53

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