CATALYTIC REFORMING Process,Catalysts and Reactors

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Introduction New gasoline specifications require: • Maintaining a high octane level • Meeting reduced sulfur specifications • Meeting reduced Aromatics and Benzene specifications Catalytic Reforming 6
Introduction Constraints from straight run gasoline: Initial fractionation of crude oils gives gasoline cuts with a low octane number ‣ Light gasoline (C5-C6) : RON between 60 and 70 ‣ Heavy gasoline (C7-C10) : RON between 30 and 50 Refiners have to considerably improve the quality of gasoline cuts to meet RON/MON specifications Catalytic Reforming 7
Page 1 and 2: Axens India Private Limited (Privat
Page 3 and 4: Introduction World context: Low sul
Page 5: Introduction Gasoline Pool specific
Page 9 and 10: Outline • Fundamentals of Catalyt
Page 11 and 12: Purpose of reformer Purpose of refo
Page 13 and 14: Chemical Reactions Catalytic Reform
Page 15 and 16: Desirable reactions with hydrogen p
Page 17 and 18: Desirable reactions with hydrogen p
Page 19 and 20: Adverse reactions • Hydrocraking
Page 21 and 22: Adverse reactions • Hydrogenolysi
Page 23 and 24: Adverse reactions • Alkylation -
Page 25 and 26: Adverse reactions • Coking - Resu
Page 27 and 28: Catalyst Distribution • Highly en
Page 29 and 30: Chemical reactions - The catalyst d
Page 31 and 32: Fixed bed reformer • The most fre
Page 33 and 34: Dualforming Texicap+ RG682 1 2 3 C
Page 35 and 36: Continuous Catalytic Regenerative R
Page 37 and 38: RegenC Combustion Gas from Dry Loop
Page 39 and 40: Processes Variables Catalytic Refor
Page 41 and 42: Process variables • Each of them
Page 43 and 44: Pressure • Pressure is the basic
Page 45 and 46: Temperature Catalytic Reforming 45
Page 47 and 48: Temperature • An increase of temp
Page 49 and 50: Space velocity • Weight hourly sp
Page 51 and 52: Hydrogen to hydrocarbon ratio Catal
Page 53 and 54: Hydrogen to hydrocarbon ratio • O
Page 55 and 56: Feed quality Chemical composition
Page 57 and 58:
Operating Parameters Summary • He
Page 59 and 60:
Catalyst The main characteristics o
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Catalyst • In the 90’s Procatal
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Catalyst • To improve the catalys
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Catalyst ‣Platinum (Pt) plus othe
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Stability • Normal causes for cat
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SUMMARY - EFFECT OF SECOND METAL
Page 71 and 72:
Pilot test results Low pressure pil
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Catalysts Poisons Catalytic Reformi
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Catalyst Contaminants (Contd…) Pe
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Typical Axial Fixed-Bed Reactors Ca
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Typical Radial CCR Reactor Feed Cat
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Typical Radial Fixed-Bed Reactors B
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Catalyst Sampler Refilling Sampling
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CATALYTIC REFORMING Process,Catalysts and Reactors

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