CATALYTIC REFORMING Process,Catalysts and Reactors

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Temperature • Most important and most used operating parameter with space velocity • Catalyst activity is directly related to reactor temperature. By simply raising or lowering reactor inlet temperatures, operators can raise or lower product quality and yields • It is commonly accepted to consider the weight average inlet temperature (WAIT) WAIT = ( ) wt of catalyst R x Ti + ( ) x Ti2.... + ( ) 1 1 wt Catalyst R2 Total wt of catalyst wt Catalyst R 4 x Ti 4 Where Ti1, Ti2, … are inlet temperature of reactors (wt of catalyst R1)… are weight of catalyst in reactors Catalytic Reforming 46
Temperature • An increase of temperature (i.e. WAIT) has the following effects: – Increases octane – Decreases the yield (of C5+ fraction) – Decreases the H2 purity. – Increases the coke deposit • A slight increase of temperature (WAIT) through the life of the catalyst makes up for this activity loss • Larger and temporary changes in temperature are required: – To change octane - at constant feed quality and quantity – To change feed quantity and still maintain octane – To change feed quality and still maintain octane Catalytic Reforming 47
Page 1 and 2: Axens India Private Limited (Privat
Page 3 and 4: Introduction World context: Low sul
Page 5 and 6: Introduction Gasoline Pool specific
Page 7 and 8: Introduction Constraints from strai
Page 9 and 10: Outline • Fundamentals of Catalyt
Page 11 and 12: Purpose of reformer Purpose of refo
Page 13 and 14: Chemical Reactions Catalytic Reform
Page 15 and 16: Desirable reactions with hydrogen p
Page 17 and 18: Desirable reactions with hydrogen p
Page 19 and 20: Adverse reactions • Hydrocraking
Page 21 and 22: Adverse reactions • Hydrogenolysi
Page 23 and 24: Adverse reactions • Alkylation -
Page 25 and 26: Adverse reactions • Coking - Resu
Page 27 and 28: Catalyst Distribution • Highly en
Page 29 and 30: Chemical reactions - The catalyst d
Page 31 and 32: Fixed bed reformer • The most fre
Page 33 and 34: Dualforming Texicap+ RG682 1 2 3 C
Page 35 and 36: Continuous Catalytic Regenerative R
Page 37 and 38: RegenC Combustion Gas from Dry Loop
Page 39 and 40: Processes Variables Catalytic Refor
Page 41 and 42: Process variables • Each of them
Page 43 and 44: Pressure • Pressure is the basic
Page 45: Temperature Catalytic Reforming 45
Page 49 and 50: Space velocity • Weight hourly sp
Page 51 and 52: Hydrogen to hydrocarbon ratio Catal
Page 53 and 54: Hydrogen to hydrocarbon ratio • O
Page 55 and 56: Feed quality Chemical composition
Page 57 and 58: Operating Parameters Summary • He
Page 59 and 60: Catalyst The main characteristics o
Page 61 and 62: Catalyst • In the 90’s Procatal
Page 63 and 64: Catalyst • To improve the catalys
Page 65 and 66: Catalyst ‣Platinum (Pt) plus othe
Page 67 and 68: Stability • Normal causes for cat
Page 69 and 70: SUMMARY - EFFECT OF SECOND METAL
Page 71 and 72: Pilot test results Low pressure pil
Page 73 and 74: Catalysts Poisons Catalytic Reformi
Page 75 and 76: Catalyst Contaminants (Contd…) Pe
Page 77 and 78: Typical Axial Fixed-Bed Reactors Ca
Page 79 and 80: Typical Radial CCR Reactor Feed Cat
Page 81 and 82: Typical Radial Fixed-Bed Reactors B
Page 83 and 84: Catalyst Sampler Refilling Sampling

CATALYTIC REFORMING Process,Catalysts and Reactors

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