CATALYTIC REFORMING Process,Catalysts and Reactors

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Desirable reactions with hydrogen production • Paraffin's dehydrocyclization – Multiple step reaction – Promoted by both acidic <strong>and</strong> metallic functions CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 CH CH CH 2 2 CH CH 3 CH CH 2 3 + H 2 – Kinetically favored by high temperature, , <strong>and</strong> low pressure – Dehydrogenation step becomes easier as paraffin molecular weight increases, but is competed by hydro cracking – At the selected operating conditions, much lower rate than that of dehydrogenation CH 3 CH C H 7 16 H C 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH CH 2 CH 3 H C 2 C H 7 14 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH Methylcyclohexane CH 2 CH 2 CH CH3 CH 3 HC CH CH CH CH C CH 3 + 3H 2 Catalytic Reforming 16
Desirable reactions with hydrogen production • Linear paraffin's isomerization – Promoted by the acidic function – Slightly exothermic – Fast – Thermodynamically dependant on temperature; pressure has no effect – Kinetically favored by high temperature; not affected by the hydrogen partial pressure C H 7 16 C H 7 16 Carbon atom C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 % Isoparaffin at 500°C 44 58 72 80 88 Catalytic Reforming 17
Page 1 and 2: Axens India Private Limited (Privat
Page 3 and 4: Introduction World context: Low sul
Page 5 and 6: Introduction Gasoline Pool specific
Page 7 and 8: Introduction Constraints from strai
Page 9 and 10: Outline • Fundamentals of Catalyt
Page 11 and 12: Purpose of reformer Purpose of refo
Page 13 and 14: Chemical Reactions Catalytic Reform
Page 15: Desirable reactions with hydrogen p
Page 19 and 20: Adverse reactions • Hydrocraking
Page 21 and 22: Adverse reactions • Hydrogenolysi
Page 23 and 24: Adverse reactions • Alkylation -
Page 25 and 26: Adverse reactions • Coking - Resu
Page 27 and 28: Catalyst Distribution • Highly en
Page 29 and 30: Chemical reactions - The catalyst d
Page 31 and 32: Fixed bed reformer • The most fre
Page 33 and 34: Dualforming Texicap+ RG682 1 2 3 C
Page 35 and 36: Continuous Catalytic Regenerative R
Page 37 and 38: RegenC Combustion Gas from Dry Loop
Page 39 and 40: Processes Variables Catalytic Refor
Page 41 and 42: Process variables • Each of them
Page 43 and 44: Pressure • Pressure is the basic
Page 45 and 46: Temperature Catalytic Reforming 45
Page 47 and 48: Temperature • An increase of temp
Page 49 and 50: Space velocity • Weight hourly sp
Page 51 and 52: Hydrogen to hydrocarbon ratio Catal
Page 53 and 54: Hydrogen to hydrocarbon ratio • O
Page 55 and 56: Feed quality Chemical composition
Page 57 and 58: Operating Parameters Summary • He
Page 59 and 60: Catalyst The main characteristics o
Page 61 and 62: Catalyst • In the 90’s Procatal
Page 63 and 64: Catalyst • To improve the catalys
Page 65 and 66: Catalyst ‣Platinum (Pt) plus othe
Page 67 and 68:
Stability • Normal causes for cat
Page 69 and 70:
SUMMARY - EFFECT OF SECOND METAL
Page 71 and 72:
Pilot test results Low pressure pil
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Catalysts Poisons Catalytic Reformi
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Catalyst Contaminants (Contd…) Pe
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Typical Axial Fixed-Bed Reactors Ca
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Typical Radial CCR Reactor Feed Cat
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Typical Radial Fixed-Bed Reactors B
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Catalyst Sampler Refilling Sampling
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CATALYTIC REFORMING Process,Catalysts and Reactors

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