Mise en page 1 - Solvay Institutes

R E P O R T

R E P O R T
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“For a new Foundation, to find such example of prudent
and princely endowment based on sympathy and personal
assistance by donors, one has to go back to the 15th Century,
at the time where the Medicis family made Florence the
most intellectual of cities in the world not only through the
power of money but also through the active collaboration
of the genius of its members.”
Sir William Pope, President of the
International Scientific Committee for
Chemistry of the Solvay Institutes
(1921-1936).
“The creation of these Institutes, which will keep alive the
great figure of Ernest Solvay in the memory of Researchers,
will appear more and more like one of the most important
events of the history of the development of Science.”
Jean Perrin, Nobel Prize for Physics.

The International Institutes for Physics and Chemistry, founded by Ernest Solvay, acknowledge
with gratitude the generous support of :
• the Solvay family,
• Solvay S.A.- N.V.,
• the Université Libre de Bruxelles,
• the Vrije Universiteit Brussel,
• the Belgian National Lottery,
• the Communauté Française de Belgique,
• the Foundation David and Alice Van Buuren,
• the Hôtel Métropole.

C O N T E N T S
A word from the Director 10
General Information 13
•Board of Directors 14
•Scientific Committee for Physics 16
•Scientific Committee for Chemistry 17
•Local Scientific Committee 18
•Honorary Members 19
23rd Solvay Conference on Physics “The Quantum Structure of Space and Time” 21
Signature Ceremony of Cooperation Agreement between the Solvay Institutes
and the two Universities of Brussels 41
Workshops, Symposia and Schools organized by the Institutes 49
•Workshop “Dark Matters” 51
•Modave Summer School in Mathematical Physics 59
Colloquia 65
•Pr. Pierre Ramond (Gainesville, Florida) “No sunsets for Neutrino Eyes” 66
•Dr Andrew Delano (University of Colorado) “The Einstein-Szilard
Refrigerator : History, Theory and Prototype” 67
Workshops and Conferences sponsored by the Institutes 69
•International Conference “Nonlinearity, Fluctuations, and Complexity” 71
•Magnetohydrodynamics Summer Program 2005 85
Seminars and Visitors 93
•Seminars 94
•Visitors 98
Research carried out in the groups of the Director and the Deputy Director 101
•Members 102
•Research Summary 104
•Research interests of new Faculty members 110
•List of publications 117
•Invited Talks 125
Other scientific report 131
•Michèle Sanglier 132
Appendix : Outreach 133
•Radio and Television interviews 134
•Newspapers 135
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A w o r d f r o m t h e D i r e c t o r
The year 2005 has been particularly important in
the life of the International Solvay Institutes for
Physics and Chemistry. It has been marked by two
prominent events: the signature of new cooperation
agreements between the Institutes, the
Université Libre de Bruxelles and the Vrije
Universiteit Brussel on the one hand; and the 23rd
Solvay Conference on Physics on the other hand.
From the very beginning, the activities of the
Institutes have been pursued in close collaboration
with the Free University (to become Free
Universities) of Brussels. This was the wish of
their founder, Ernest Solvay. The Institutes overwent
in the last years a difficult restructuring
period, in which the help of the Universities
played a critical role. It appeared therefore quite appropriate
to formalize the strengthened ties with the
Universities in written cooperation agreements. The signature
of these agreements took place at the Palace of the
Academies on June 22, 2005, in a ceremony where our
President Mr. Solvay, the Rectors of the Brussels Universities
and the Ministers for Research of the two Communities
honored us with speeches. Splendid lectures by Nobel Laureates
Gerard ’t Hooft (Physics 1999) and Kurt Wüthrich
(Chemistry 2002) closed the event.
The Solvay Institutes are renowned worldwide for the
legendary Solvay Conferences. The 23rd Solvay Conference
on Physics, entitled “The Quantum Structure of Space and
Time”, took place from December 1 through December 3. It
did not break with the tradition. Devoted to a fundamental
issue which is one of the major challenges of 21st century
physics, it gathered in Brussels most of the world lea-
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A w o r d f r o m t h e D i r e c t o r
ders in the field. The picture of the 23rd Conference will be
a bright addition to our exceptional picture gallery! The
success of the conference owes much to its chair, David
Gross (2004 Nobel Laureate in Physics), whom I am pleased
to heartily thank in the name of the Institutes.
Following the Solvay Conference in Physics, and in line
with the international year of physics, a public event
popularizing the scientific questions debated during the
23rd Conference was organized in partnership with the
European Commission, to which we are most grateful.
This “première” was a spectacular popular success that
contributed to increasing the visibility of the Institutes
within Belgium and Europe. It is definitely an experience
to be renewed!
These two central events, as well as the other scientific activities
pursued at the Institutes in 2005, are reviewed in this
annual report. The report covers also the research carried
out in the groups of the director and of the deputy director
during that same period.
The year 2005 has witnessed a welcome diminution of the
tension on the finances. The straight loan has now been
reduced to a more reasonable level, which allows the
launch of new initiatives (we will start to set up international
chairs in the near future). I would like to thank our treasurer,
Mr. Bingen, who has helped to follow strict management
rules. The loan is still a matter of concern since it
costs to the Institutes the equivalent of one postdoctoral
scientist per year in bank interests. The policy of budgetary
austerity will be carried on in the years to come, so that we
can fully benefit in a not-too-distant future from the yield
of the capital.
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A w o r d f r o m t h e D i r e c t o r
The task of completing the scientific committee for chemistry
has been achieved in 2005. The committee is now operational
and already working on the preparation of the
next Solvay Conference on Chemistry, the 21st one, which
will take place in 2007.
The success of our activities in 2005 reinforces my conviction
that the International Solvay Institutes have, more
than ever, a central role to play in supporting scientific
excellence at the world level. I look forward to the continued
success of the Institutes in 2006.
Finally, I would like to thank our sponsors, and in particular,
the Solvay family, for their generous support which made
the activities described in the report possible. I would also
like to thank the entire staff working at the Institutes for
their faithful dedication.
Marc Henneaux
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G e n e r a l I n f o r m a t i o n

I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e s f o r P h y s i c s
President of the Board of Directors: Mr Jacques Solvay
Vice-President of the Board of Directors: Mr Franz Bingen (VUB)
Director:
Mr Marc Henneaux (ULB)
Deputy Director:
Mr Franklin Lambert (VUB)
Administrative Assistants:
Ms Dominique Bogaerts
Ms Fabienne De Neyn
Ms Stéphanie Deprins
Ms Isabelle Juif
Accountant:
Ms Chantal Verrier
Postal Address : IIPC-Solvay, Campus Plaine ULB/CP 231, B-1050 Brussels
(Belgium)
Tel: + 32 2 650 54 23 • + 32 2 650 55 42 • Fax: + 32 2 650 50 28
Emails: dobogaer@ulb.ac.be, Isabelle.Juif@ulb.ac.be
Website : http://www.solvayinstitutes.be
Board of Directors
Members:
Mr Jacques Solvay,
President;
Professor Franz Bingen, Vice-President and Emeritus -
Professor VUB;
Baron Daniel Janssen,
President of the Board of
Directors of Solvay S.A;
Professor Franklin Lambert,
Deputy Director and
Professor VUB;
Professor René Lefever,
Professor ULB;
Professor Grégoire Nicolis,
Professor ULB;
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a n d C h e m i s t r y , f o u n d e d b y E . S o l v a y
Mr Jean-Marie Piret,
Professor Jean-Louis Vanherweghem,
Professor Irina Veretennicoff,
Attorney General of the
Supreme Court of Appeal and
Honorary Principal Private
Secretary to the King;
President of the
Administrative Board of ULB;
Professor VUB.
Honorary Member:
Baron Jaumotte,
Honorary Rector and
Honorary President ULB.
Guests :
Professor Albert Goldbeter,
Mr Pascal De Wit,
Professor Niceas Schamp,
Professor Alexander Sevrin,
Professor ULB and Scientific
Secretary of the Committee
for Chemistry;
Adviser Solvay S.A;
Secretary of The Royal Flemish
Academy for Science and the
Arts;
Professor VUB and Scientific
Secretary of the Committee
for Physics.
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I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e s f o r P h y s i c s
Scientific Committee for Physics
Chair :
Members (second term) :
(2004-2009)
Professor Fortunato Tito ARECCHI,
Università di Firenze and INOA, Italy;
Professor Claude COHEN-TANNOUDJI,
Nobel Prize 1997, Ecole Normale
Supérieure, Paris, France;
Professor Ludwig FADDEEV, V.A Steklov
Mathematical Institute, St-Petersburg,
Russia;
Professor Gerard ’t HOOFT,
Nobel Prize 1999, Spinoza Instituut,
Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Members (first term) :
(2004-2009)
Professor Jocelyn BELL BURNELL,
University of Bath, UK;
Professor David GROSS, Nobel Prize
2004, Kavli Institute, Santa Barbara, USA;
Professor Klaus VON KLITZING, Nobel
Prize 1985, Max-Planck-Institut,
Stuttgart, Germany;
Scientific Secretary :
Professor Pierre RAMOND, University
of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
Professor Alexander SEVRIN, Vrije
Universiteit Brussel.
Professor Herbert WALTHER, Max-
Planck-Institut, Munich, Germany.
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a n d C h e m i s t r y , f o u n d e d b y E . S o l v a y
Scientific Committee for Chemistry
Chair :
Professor Stuart RICE, University of
Chicago, USA.
Members (second term) : Professor Manfred EIGEN, Nobel Prize
1967, Max-Planck-Institut, Göttingen,
(2005-2010) Germany;
Professor Jean-Marie LEHN, Nobel
Prize 1987, Collège de France, Paris,
France;
Professor Mario J. MOLINA, Nobel Prize
1995, Massachussets Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, U.S.A.;
Professor Guy OURISSON, Centre de
Neurochimie, Strasbourg, France.
Members (first term) :
(2005-2010)
Professor Graham FLEMING, University
of Berkeley, U.S.A.;
Professor Harold W. KROTO, Nobel
Prize 1996, University of Sussex,
Brighton, United Kingdom;
Professor Henk N.W. LEKKERKERKER,
Utrecht Universiteit , The Nederlands;
Professor K.C. NICOLAOU, University
of California, San Diego, U.S.A.;
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I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e s f o r P h y s i c s
Members (first term) : Professor Kurt WÜTHRICH, Nobel Prize
2002, Institut Fédéral Suisse de
(2005-2010) Technologie, Zurich, Switzerland.
Scientific Secretary :
Professor Albert GOLDBETER,
Université Libre de Bruxelles.
Local Scientific Committee
Chair :
Professor Marc HENNEAUX (ULB).
Members :
Professor Pierre GASPARD (ULB);
Professor Paul GEERLINGS (VUB);
Professor Albert GOLDBETER (ULB);
Professor Franklin LAMBERT (VUB);
Professor René LEFEVER (ULB) ;
Professor Alexander SEVRIN (VUB).
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a n d C h e m i s t r y , f o u n d e d b y E . S o l v a y
Honorary members
Professor Anatole ABRAGAM, Collège
de France, Paris, France;
Professor Robert BROUT, Université
libre de Bruxelles, Belgium;
Professor François ENGLERT, Université
libre de Bruxelles, Belgium ;
Professor Ephraïm KATCHALSKY,
Weizmann Institute, Israel;
Professor I.M. KHALATNIKOFF, Landau
Institute of Theoretical Physics,
Moscow, Russia;
Professor William LIPSCOMB, Nobel
Prize 1976, Harvard University, U.S.A. ;
Professor V. MASLOV, Moscow State
University, Russia;
Professor Morikazu TODA, Tokyo
University of Education, Japan;
Professor Yuval NE’EMAN, Tel-Aviv
University, Israel;
Professor Victor A. SADOVNICHY,
Rector of Moscow State
University, Russia;
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I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e s f o r P h y s i c s
Honorary members
Professor Roald SAGDEEV, University of
Maryland, College Park, U.S.A.;
Professor E.C.G. SUDARSHAN,
University of Texas at Austin, U.S.A.
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T h e 2 3 r d S o l v a y C o n f e r e n c e o n P h y s i c s
B r u s s e l s , 1 - 3 D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 5

T h e 2 3 r d S o l v a y C o n f e r e n c e o n P h y s i c s
23 rd Solvay Conference on Physics
“The Quantum Structure
of Space and Time”
The 23rd Solvay Conference on Physics took place in
Brussels from December 1 through December 3, 2005. It
gathered in Brussels most of the world experts working on
one of the hottest topics in theoretical physics : that of
reconciling two pillars of modern physics, Einstein theory
of gravity and quantum mechanics.
Times have changed since 1911. There are now many more
conferences than there were then. Nevertherless, the peculiar
format of the Solvay Conferences, which privileges
intense discussions among a small number of invited participants,
makes them quite exceptional – in fact unique in
the world. The scientific success of the 23rd Solvay Conference
clearly demonstrates, if it was necessary, that the
need for such meetings remains today as vivid as ever.
The Solvay Conferences have always benefitted from the
support and encouragement of the Royal Family. His Royal
Highness Prince Philippe of Belgium attended the first session
of
the 23rd Conference, on history, and met some of the participants
at the coffee break.
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T h e 2 3 r d S o l v a y C o n f e r e n c e o n P h y s i c s
The next pages of this report cover the scientific background
of the meeting, the program, the list of participants,
some press articles as well as a brief description of
the public event that followed the Conference.
On December 1, a live interview of conference participants
and Nobel Laureates Murray Gell-Mann, David Gross and
Gerard ’t Hooft was conducted by CERN in the context of
their worldwide webcast “Beyond Einstein” that reached
thousands of students around the globe. (http://beyondeinstein.web.cern.ch/beyond-einstein/)
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T h e 2 3 r d S o l v a y C o n f e r e n c e o n P h y s i c s
“The Quantum Structure of
Space and Time”
S c i e n t i f i c b a c k g r o u n d
The central scientific issues under focus at the 23rd Solvay
Conference are :
Quantum gravity
Two major achievements of early 20th
century physics were the development of
quantum mechanics and the discovery
by Einstein of the theory
of general relativity. The former
describes the laws of physics at the
smallest scales while the latter is the classical
theory of gravity, which dominates physics at
the largest scales. Both theories have been
checked in numerous settings and with an
astonishing accuracy. In view of this, it is
highly surprising that both theories are
found to be mutually incompatible: all
attempts to quantize gravity along the lines that
proved successful for the other forces lead to insurmountable
difficulties (e.g. infinite probabilities).
Reconciling general relativity with quantum mechanics is a
challenge for the 21st century. A very promising avenue is
string theory, in which the fundamental quanta are not
point particles but extended objects. String theory realizes
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T h e 2 3 r d S o l v a y C o n f e r e n c e o n P h y s i c s
the old dream of Einstein of unifying all the forces and matter.
Other interesting approaches to quantum gravity exist.
All these indicate that our concepts of space and time
(including the very notion of spacetime dimension) will
have to be dramatically revised at the microscopic level.
Quantum mechanics will most likely also need important
revisions.
Black holes, cosmology & singularities
General relativity predicts singularities in the structure of
spacetime, i.e., places where the spacetime geometry is
infinitely distorted (infinite dilation
of time, infinite streching
or infinite squeezing of
spatial distances). This
occurs inside black
holes – objects
whose gravitational
attraction is so
strong that nothing,
not even light, can
escape from them –
and in the past evolution
of the universe itself
(“big bang”).
Singularities are clearly unphysical
objects. Their prediction by the theory indicates a limitation
of (non quantum) general relativity. It is expected that
singularities will be smoothed out, i.e., made regular, by
quantum effects. Studying singularities will therefore provide
important clues to quantum gravity and, in addition,
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T h e 2 3 r d S o l v a y C o n f e r e n c e o n P h y s i c s
will deepen our understanding of black holes as well as of
our universe in the very first moments of its history.
Mathematical aspects
Gravity and mathematics have had close and fruitful ties
since the Newtonian times. There are many indications
that quantum gravity will require new mathematics that
do not exist yet. The ties between theoretical physics and
mathematics will thus deepen further in the future and
continue to bring fundamental developments in both physics
and mathematics.
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T h e 2 3 r d S o l v a y C o n f e r e n c e o n P h y s i c s
Scientific programme
Wednesday, November 30th, 2005
Evening (7pm – 9pm) : Reception at the Brussels City
Hall
Thursday, December 1, 2005
Morning (8:45 am – 12 am):
In the presence of His Royal
Highness Prince Philippe of
Belgium.
“Opening”(9:00 am – 9:10 am)
M. HENNEAUX & D. GROSS
“History” (9:10 am – 10:00 am)
Chair : M. HENNEAUX
Rapporteur : P. GALISON
Coffee break(10:00 am – 10:30 am)
“Quantum Mechanics”
(10:30 am – 12:00 am)
Chair : D. GROSS
Rapporteur : J. HARTLE
Prepared comments : G. ’t HOOFT
& Discussions
Afternoon (2 pm – 5 pm) :
“Singularities”
Chair : G. HOROWITZ
Rapporteur : G. GIBBONS
Prepared Comments: N. TUROK,
A. ASHTEKAR, T. DAMOUR,
S. SHENKER, E. SILVERSTEIN.
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T h e 2 3 r d S o l v a y C o n f e r e n c e o n P h y s i c s
Rapporteur Talk & Discussions
(2:00 pm – 3:00 pm)
Coffee break (3:00 pm – 3:30 pm)
Discussions & Comments
(3:30 pm – 5:00 pm)
Evening :
Reception at the Solvays
Friday, December 2, 2005
Morning (9 am – 12 am) :
“Mathematical Structures”
Chair : H. OOGURI
Rapporteur : R. DIJKGRAAF
Prepared Comments :
M. ATIYAH, M. DOUGLAS,
R. KALLOSH, N. NEKRASOV,
H. NICOLAI, A. STROMINGER,
S.-T. YAU
Rapporteur Talk & Discussions
(9:00 am – 10:00 am)
Coffee break (10:00 am – 10:20 am)
Discussions & Comments
(10:30 pm – 12:00 pm)
Afternoon (2 pm – 5 pm) :
Social Activities
Evening :
Banquet at the Métropole
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T h e 2 3 r d S o l v a y C o n f e r e n c e o n P h y s i c s
Saturday, December 3, 2005
Morning (9 am – 12 am) :
“Emergent Spacetime”
Chair : J. HARVEY
Rapporteur : N. SEIBERG
Prepared Comments : T. BANKS,
I. KLEBANOV, J. MALDACENA,
A. POLYAKOV
RapporteurTalk & Discussions
(9:00 am – 10:00 am)
Coffee break (10:00 am – 10:30 am)
Discussions & Comments
(10:30 pm – 12:00 pm)
Afternoon (2 pm – 5 pm) :
“Cosmology”
Chair : S. SHENKER
Rapporteur : J. POLCHINSKI
Prepared Comments : T. BANKS,
A. GUTH, S. KACHRU, R. KALLOSH,
A. LINDE, P. STEINHARDT,
S. WEINBERG
Rapporteur Talk & Discussions
(2:00 pm – 3:00 pm)
Coffee break (3:00 pm – 3:20 pm)
Discussions & Comments
(3:30 pm – 5:00 pm)
Afternoon (5 pm – 5:30 pm) : “Concluding Remarks” D. GROSS
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T h e 2 3 r d S o l v a y C o n f e r e n c e o n P h y s i c s
Participants
First Name Name Institution
Nima ARKANI-HAMED Harvard University
Abhay ASHTEKAR Pennsylvania State University
Michael ATIYAH University of Edinburgh
Constantin BACHAS Ecole Normale Supérieure (Paris)
Tom BANKS Rutgers University
Lars BRINK Chalmers University of Technology
and Göteborg University
Robert BROUT ULB
Claudio BUNSTER Centro de Estudios Científicos
(Valdivia)
Curtis CALLAN Princeton Univesity
Thibault DAMOUR Institut des Hautes Etudes
Scientifiques (Paris)
Jan DE BOER University of Amsterdam
Bernard DE WIT University of Utrecht
Robbert DIJKGRAAF University of Amsterdam
Michael R. DOUGLAS Rutgers University
Georgi DVALI New York University
François ENGLERT ULB
Ludwig FADDEEV Steklov Institute of Mathematics,
St Petersburg
Pierre FAYET Ecole Normale Supérieure (Paris)
Willy FISCHLER University of Texas at Austin
Peter GALISON Harvard University
Murray GELL-MANN Santa Fe Institute
Gary W. GIBBONS University of Cambridge
Michael B. GREEN University of Cambridge
Brian R. GREENE Columbia University
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T h e 2 3 r d S o l v a y C o n f e r e n c e o n P h y s i c s
David GROSS Kavli Institute & University of
California at Santa Barbara
Alan GUTH Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
Jeffrey HARVEY Enrico Fermi Institute (Chicago)
Gary HOROWITZ University of California at
Santa Barbara
Bernard JULIA Ecole Normale Supérieure (Paris)
Shamit KACHRU Stanford University
Renata KALLOSH Stanford University
Elias KIRITSIS Ecole Polytechnique (Paris)
Igor KLEBANOV Princeton University
Andrei LINDE Stanford University
Dieter LÜST Max-Planck-Institut für Physik
(Munich)
Juan MALDACENA Institute for Advanced Study
(Princeton)
Nikita NEKRASOV Institut des Hautes Etudes
Scientifiques (Paris)
Hermann NICOLAI Max-Panck-Institut für
Gravitationsphysik (Potsdam)
Hirosi OOGURI California Institute of Technology
Joseph POLCHINSKI Kavli Institute & University of
California at Santa Barbara
Alexander POLYAKOV Princeton University
Eliezer RABINOVICI The Hebrew University
(Jerusalem)
Pierre RAMOND University of Florida at Gainesville
Lisa RANDALL Harvard University
Valery RUBAKOV Inst. for Nuclear Research
(Moscow)
John SCHWARZ California Institute of Technology
Nathan SEIBERG Institute for Advanced Study
(Princeton)
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T h e 2 3 r d S o l v a y C o n f e r e n c e o n P h y s i c s
Ashoke SEN Harish-Chandra Research Institute
(India)
Stephen SHENKER Stanford University
Eva SILVERSTEIN Stanford University
Paul J. STEINHARDT Princeton University
Andrew STROMINGER Harvard University
Gerard ’t HOOFT Spinoza Instituut Utrecht
Neil TUROK University of Cambridge
Gabriele VENEZIANO Collège de France (Paris)
Steven WEINBERG University of Texas at Austin
Frank WILCZEK Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
Paul WINDEY Université Pierre et Marie Curie
(Paris)
Shing-Tung YAU Harvard University
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T h e 2 3 r d S o l v a y C o n f e r e n c e o n P h y s i c s
Belgian auditors
First Name Last Name Institution
Riccardo ARGURIO ULB
Glenn BARNICH ULB
Ben CRAPS VUB
Frank FERRARI ULB
Jean-Marie FRERE ULB
Raymond GASTMANS KUL
Marc HENNEAUX ULB
Thomas HERTOG CERN
Laurent HOUART ULB
Franklin LAMBERT VUB
Christiane SCHOMBLOND ULB
Alexander SEVRIN VUB
Philippe SPINDEL UMH
Peter TINYAKOV ULB
Walter TROOST KUL
Jan TROOST ENS
Michel TYTGAT ULB
Antoine VAN PROEYEN KUL
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December 1, 2005 -
Le Monde (p.8)

T h e 2 3 r d S o l v a y C o n f e r e n c e o n P h y s i c s
February 2006 –
La Recherche (p. 11)
November 30, 2005 –
Le Soir (p. 17)
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T h e 2 3 r d S o l v a y C o n f e r e n c e o n P h y s i c s
The Solvay Conference public event
Sunday 4 December 2005
For the very first time in its history the Solvay Conference
has opened its doors to the public. Indeed, a half-day public
event has followed the 23rd Solvay Conference in Physics on
December 4, 2005.
During this afternoon, people had the possibility to follow
the talks given by the famous scientists Robbert Dijkgraaf
“Strings, Black Holes the End of Space and Time” and Brian
Greene “The Fabric of the Cosmos : Space, Time and the
Texture of Reality” , to meet the Nobel Prize laureates David
Gross (2004) and Gerard ’t Hooft (1999) as well as other participants
in the 2005 Solvay Conference: Thibault Damour
(IHES), Lisa Randall (Harvard University), Gabriele
Veneziano (Collège de France) and to ask them questions
about the Universe.
People could ask their questions in advance on the website
of the event.
The public event has been organised with the collaboration
of the European Commission and has taken place in the
“Charlemagne” building of the European Commission.
The public event has been a definite success, with about
one thousand participants.
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T h e 2 3 r d S o l v a y C o n f e r e n c e o n P h y s i c s
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T h e 2 3 r d S o l v a y C o n f e r e n c e o n P h y s i c s
Some comments sent by e-mail after the lectures by some
participants at the public event (we have received 166 comments
) :
• Many thanks for this extraordinary opportunity to
meet scientists moving apart the frontiers of the
most basic knowledge.
• Merci pour cette superbe initiative. Une façon très
concrète de rendre l'UE proche des citoyens, et de
stimuler l'intérêt pour la science. Bravo.
Participants to the
public event according
to categories
• I feel that the speakers brought the subject to life
very effectively, and I think the whole initiative
(popularising science,
February, 2006 – RTD info N r 48 p. 20
making it accessible to
"the people") is an
excellent idea.
• Zeer goed! Prachtig
initiatief om wetenschap
op een duidelijke en
begrijpbare manier naar
een groot publiek te
brengen.
• An excellent, engaging
and enjoyable event
which was well-organised.
The speakers and panel
were high calibre.
The topics were well
presented.
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S i g n a t u r e o f C o o p e r a t i o n A g r e e m e n t s
b e t w e e n t h e I n s t i t u t e s , t h e U L B a n d t h e V U B

S i g n a t u r e o f C o o p e r a t i o n A g r e e m e n t s
Signature of cooperation agreements
between the Institutes,
the U LB and the VUB.
An academic ceremony during which renewed cooperation
agreements between the International Solvay Institutes,
the Université Libre de Bruxelles, and the Vrije Universiteit
Brussel were signed, took place on June 22, 2005 at the
Palace of the Academy.
In these agreements, the Institutes and the Universities
recall their privileged links that originate from the philanthropy
of Ernest Solvay and reassert their common goal of
supporting and promoting excellence research in physics
and chemistry, in particular through the organization of
the “Solvay Conferences”. More practical aspects (office
space, subsidies, statute of personnel) are also dealt with.
The texts of the conventions can be consulted at the Solvay
Institutes.
-42-

e t w e e n t h e I n s t i t u t e s , t h e U L B a n d t h e V U B
We thank:
• Mr. Solvay, President of the Board of Directors of the Solvay
Institutes,
• Professor Pierre de Maret, Rector of the Université Libre de
Bruxelles,
• Professor Benjamin Van Camp, Rector of the Vrije
Universiteit Brussel,
•Mrs. Marie-Dominique Simonet, Vice-President of the
Government of the French Community and Minister for
Higher Education, Scientific Research and International
Relations of the French Community,
• Mrs. Fientje Moerman, Vice Minister-President of the
Flemish Government and Flemish Minister for Economy,
Enterprise, Science, Innovation and Foreign Trade,
who honoured us with speeches during the academic ceremony.
We are also most grateful to Professors Gerard ’t Hooft
(1999 Nobel Laureate in Physics) and Kurt Wüthrich (2002
Nobel Laureate in Chemistry) who gave superb lectures
describing some fascinating scientific challenges at the
frontiers of research.
Finally, our gratitude goes to Prof. Claude Truffin, who has
been instrumental in setting up the cooperation agreements
as director of the research department at ULB.
-43-

S i g n a t u r e o f C o o p e r a t i o n A g r e e m e n t s
Opening address delivered by the Director of
the Institutes, Marc Henneaux, at the academic
ceremony.
The mission of the International Institutes for Physics and
Chemistry, founded by Ernest Solvay, is to pursue and support
fundamental research in physics, chemistry and related
areas.
Excellence has characterized the Institutes from the first days
to the present time. The photograph of the 1911 Solvay
Conference in Physics, which still strikes the imagination
with its constellation of stars, is exhibited in many universities
around the globe and is reproduced in many science
textbooks.
Ilya Prigogine, Director for more than fourty years, was Nobel
Laureate in Chemistry. Our scientific committees are composed
of world leaders in our fields of research. We are proud to
count among our members the two Belgian Wolf Prizes.
From the very beginning, the activities of the Institutes have
been carried out in close collaboration with the universities
of Brussels. This was the will of the founder of the Institutes.
The creation of a scientific research institute combining the
flexibility offered by a generous endowment with the
research forces of the universities, is an astonishingly
modern idea. Many research institutes have been established
along a similar pattern. For instance, as recently as last
year, the formation by the private Kavli Foundation of seven
scientific institutes at leading universities in the United
States broke the news.
-44-

e t w e e n t h e I n s t i t u t e s , t h e U L B a n d t h e V U B
Ernest Solvay knew that a high-level research activity seeking
answers to the most fundamental questions was a prerequisite
for innovation and would have long range benefits
for humanity. As the physicist J.J. Thomson, 1906 Nobel
Laureate and participant in the second Solvay Conference in
Physics, said : “Research in pure science leads to revolutions,
and revolutions”, whether industrial or scientific, “are exceedingly
profitable things if you are on the winning side”.
With today’s collaboration conventions, the International
Solvay Institutes, the
U n i v e r s i t é L i b r e d e
Bruxelles and the Vrije
Universiteit Brussel reassert
their will to join forces
in supporting scientific
research. The signature of
these conventions aims at
being a contribution to
putting Belgium on what
Thomson called the “winning
side”.
We are grateful to the
Academies for their association
to this event,
which takes place in their
m a g n i f i c e n t “ T h r o n e
Room”.
-45-

S i g n a t u r e o f C o o p e r a t i o n A g r e e m e n t s
S i g n a t u r e
C e r e m o n y
J - L . Va n h e r w e g h e m
(President of the Board
of Directors, Université
Libre de Bruxelles), Mr
Solvay (President of the
Board of Directors of the
Solvay Institutes), E. Van
Gelder (President of the
Board of Directors, Vrije
Universiteit Brussel)
P. de Maret (Rector of
the Université Libre de
Bruxelles) , F. Bingen
(Vice-President of the
Board of Directors of the
Solvay Institutes), B. Van
Camp (Rector of the Vrije
Universiteit Brussel)
M. Moser (Vice-Rector
for Research, Université
Libre de Bruxelles) , M.
Henneaux (Director of
The Solvay Institutes) , J.
Cornelis (Vice-Rector for
Research, Vrije Universiteit
Brussel).
-46-

e t w e e n t h e I n s t i t u t e s , t h e U L B a n d t h e V U B
L e c t u r e s b y
Nobel Laureates
Gerard ’t Hooft
and
Kurt Wüthrich
Prof. Gerard ’t Hooft,
Nobel Prize in Physics
1999, “From Quarks to
the Quantization of Gravitation
– Challenges and
Obstacles in our Search
for the Fundamental
Forces”
Prof. Kurt Wüthrich,
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
2002, “From Structural
Biology to Structural
Genomics – New Challenges
for Physics and
Chemistry in the Postgenomic
Era”
-47-

S i g n a t u r e o f C o o p e r a t i o n A g r e e m e n t s
Academic Ceremony – Programme
16h00 – 16h05
16h05 – 16h10
16h10 – 16h15
16h15 – 16h20
16h20 – 16h25
16h25 – 16h30
16h30 – 17h10
17h10 – 17h50
17h50 – 18h00
18h00
Mr. Marc Henneaux, Director of the
Solvay Institutes
Mr. Solvay, President of the Solvay
Institutes
Mr. Pierre de Maret, Rector of the
Université Libre de Bruxelles
Mr. Benjamin Van Camp, Rector of the
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
Mrs. Marie-Dominique Simonet, Vice-
Minister-President and Minister for
Higher Education, Scientific Research
and International Relations of the
Government of the French-speaking
Community
Mrs. Fientje Moerman, Vice-Minister-
President of the Flemish Governement
and Flemish Minister for Economy,
Enterprise, Science, Innovation and
Foreign Trade
Prof. Gerard ’t Hooft, Nobel Prize in
Physics 1999, “From Quarks to the
Quantization of Gravitation – Challenges
and Obstacles in our Search for the
Fundamental Forces”
Prof. Kurt Wüthrich, Nobel Prize in
Chemistry 2002, “From Structural
Biology to Structural Genomics – New
Challenges for Physics and Chemistry in
the Post-genomic Era”
Signatures
Cocktail
-48-

W o r k s h o p s , S y m p o s i a a n d S c h o o l s
O r g a n i z e d b y t h e I n s t i t u t e s

W o r k s h o p " D a r k M a t t e r s "
1 8 - 2 0 M a y 2 0 0 5

W o r k s h o p " D a r k M a t t e r s " 1 8 - 2 0 M a y 2 0 0 5
Workshop "Dark matters"
18 - 20 May 2005
The aim of the workshop was to confront the cosmological
dark matter and dark energy problems to the
latest attempts to solve them, including new ideas on
dark matter and on modifications of gravity.
Organising Committee
Catherine De Clercq (IIHE, Brussels)
Alexander Sevrin (VUB, Brussels)
Peter Tinyakov (ULB, Brussels)
Michel Tytgat (ULB, Brussels)
Invited speakers
Jacob Bekenstein (The Hebrew U., Jerusalem)
Gilles Gerbier (DAPNIA, Saclay)
Alain Blanchard (Obs. Midi-Pyrénées)
Céline Boehm (CERN)
Philippe Brax (SPhT, Saclay)
Robert Brout (ULB)
Edmund Copeland (Sussex U., Brighton)
Cédric Deffayet (LPT, Orsay)
Alexander Dolgov (INFN, Ferrara)
Sergei Dubovsky (CERN)
Juan Garcia-Bellido (U.Autonoma, Madrid)
Gilles Gerbier (DAPNIA, Saclay)
Ofer Lahav (U. College London)
Markus Luty (Maryland U.)
Massimo Porrati (NYU, New York)
Riccardo Rattazzi (CERN)
Valery Rubakov (INR, Moscow)
Joe Silk (Oxford U.)
-52-

W o r k s h o p " D a r k M a t t e r s " 1 8 - 2 0 M a y 2 0 0 5
Programme
Morning Chair : Peter Tinyakov
Wednesday May 18,2005
9h30
O. Lahav (U. College London)
“ Concordance cosmological model
and variations ”
10h20
J. Silk (Oxford U., UK)
“ Dark matter I ”
11h10
Coffee break
11h40
O. Lahav (U. College London)
“ Redshift surveys as cosmological
laboratories ”
12h30
Lunch
Afternoon Chair : Catherine De Clercq
14h00
J. Silk (Oxford U., UK)
“ Dark matter II ”
14h50
A. Blanchard (Obs. Midi Pyrénées)
“ Deconstructing the concordance model”
15h40
Coffee break
16h00
G. Gerbier (DAPNIA, Saclay)
“ Dark matter: overview of direct
and indirect searches ”
16h50
C. Boehm (CERN) “ Recent development
related to the Dark Matter crisis ”
-53-

W o r k s h o p " D a r k M a t t e r s " 1 8 - 2 0 M a y 2 0 0 5
Programme
Morning Chair : Jean Orloff
Thursday May 19, 2005
9h00
J. Garcia Bellido (Autonoma, Madrid)
“ Status of Inflation I ”
9h50
A. Dolgov (INFN)
“ Cosmological Constant ”
10h40
Coffee break
11h10 V.A. Rubakov (INR) “ Modifying Gravity I ”
12h00 J. Garcia Bellido “ Status of Inflation II ”
12h50
Lunch
Afternoon Chair : Antoine Van Proeyen
14h00
Ph. Brax (SPhT, Saclay)
“ Surprises with scalar-tensor theories ”
14h50
E. Copeland (U. of Nottingham)
“ Cosmic F and D strings ”
15h40
Coffee break
16h00
W. de Boer (U. Karlsruhe) “ Indirect
Evidence for Dark Matter Annihilation
from the EGRET Excess of Diffuse Galactic
Gamma Rays ”
16h50
R. Brout (ULB) “ Everlasting Lambda”
20h00
Workshop banquet
-54-

W o r k s h o p " D a r k M a t t e r s " 1 8 - 2 0 M a y 2 0 0 5
Programme
Morning Chair : Frank Ferrari
Friday May 20, 2005
9h00
V.A. Rubakov (INR)
“ Modifying Gravity II ”
9h50
J. Bekenstein (Hebrew U.)
“ Relativistic MOND Gravitation ”
10h40
Coffee break
11h00
C. Deffayet (Orsay, France)
“ DGP gravity and Cosmology ”
11h50
M. Porrati (NYU)
“ Cosmological initial condition:
an effective action approach ”
12h40
Lunch
Afternoon Chair : Alexander Sevrin
14h00
M. Luty (Maryland U.)
“ Modified Gravity (MG) & ghosts ”
14h50
S. Dubovskiy (Cern, Switzerland)
“ Phases of MG ”
15h40
Coffee break
16h00
R. Rattazzi (CERN)
“ Modified Gravity (MG) & strong coupling ”
Closing
-55-

W o r k s h o p " D a r k M a t t e r s " 1 8 - 2 0 M a y 2 0 0 5
Participants
Name First Name Institution
ADAM Joke KULeuven
ANISIMOV Alexei Postdam - Germany
ARGURIO Riccardo ULB
ARNOULD Marcel ULB
BARET Bruny VUB
BARNICH Glenn ULB
BASTERO-GIL Mar Universidad de Granada - Spain
BEKENSTEIN Jacob The Hebrew U., Jerusalem
BELLIDO Juan-Garcia U.Autonoma, Madrid
BLANCHARD Alain Obs. Midi-Pyrénées
BOEHM Celine CERN
BORGOO Alex VUB
BOUATTA Nazim ULB
BOUCHER Vincent UCL
BOULANGER Nicolas ULB
BRAX Philippe SPhT, Saclay
BROUT Robert ULB
BRUERS Stijn KUL
CELI Alessio KUL
CNOCKAERT Sandrine ULB
COPELAND Edmund Univ. of Nottingham
COURTOY Aurore ULg
CRAPS Ben Univ. of Amsterdam
DE BOER Wim Univ. Karlsruhe
DE BUYL Sophie ULB
DE CLERCQ Catherine IIHE, Brussels
DEFFAYET Cedric LPT, Orsay, France
DELEPINE David Univ. of Guanajuato - Mexico
DESCHEPPER Dirk VUB
-56-

W o r k s h o p " D a r k M a t t e r s " 1 8 - 2 0 M a y 2 0 0 5
DOLGOV Alexander INFN, Ferrara
DUBOVSKY Sergei CERN
EVSLIN Jarah ULB
FAIRBAIRN Malcolm Stockholm Univ.
FAMEY Benoît ULB
FERRARI Frank ULB
FU-SIN Ling ULB
GENTILE Gianfranco SISSA - Italy
GERARD Jean-Marc UCL
GERBIER Gilles DAPNIA, Saclay
GOMBEROFF Andres CECS - Chile
GOMIS Joaquim Univ. de Barcelona
GOVAERTS Jan UCL
HENNEAUX Marc ULB
HERQUET Michel UCL
HUBERT Daan VUB
JANCART Sylvie ULB
JANSSEN Bert Univ. de Granada
JANSSENS Eric KULeuven
JORISSEN Alain ULB
KALININ Sergey CERN
KEURENTJES Arjan VUB
LAHAV Ofer U. College London
LEMONNE Jacques VUB
LOPEZ HONOREZ Laura ULB
LUTY Markus Maryland Univ.
MAHMOUD Tariq ULB
MARAGE Pierre ULB
MARTUCCI Luca KULeuven
MASSAR Serge ULB
MEESSEN Auguste UCL
NEVENS Stijn VUB
NEZRI Emmanuel ULB
ORLOFF Jean Univ. de Clermont-Ferrand
-57-

W o r k s h o p " D a r k M a t t e r s " 1 8 - 2 0 M a y 2 0 0 5
PASSERINI Filippo KULeuven
PELLICCIA Diego Univ. di Ferrara - Italy
PORRATI Massimo NYU, New-York
RATTAZZI Riccardo CERN
RIZZO Alfio VUB
ROLAND Benoît ULB
ROSSEEL Jan KULeuven
ROSSOME Annabelle UCL
RUBAKOV Valery INR, Moscow
SEVRIN Alexander VUB
SILK Joe Oxford Univ.
SMET Geert KULeuven
SPINDEL Philippe UMH
STERNHEIMER Daniel Univ. de Bourgogne
TEMURHAN Mine Univ. of Amsterdam
TINYAKOV Peter ULB
TROOST Walter KULeuven
TYTGAT Michel ULB
VAN DEN BERGH Joris KULeuven
VAN DEN BLEEKEN Dieter KULeuven
VAN ECK Sophie ULB
VAN PROEYEN Antoine KULeuven
VANLAER Pascal ULB
VIKMAN Alexander Univ. München - Germany
WIAUX Yves UCL
WIJNS Alexander VUB
WINITZKI Serge Univ. München - Germany
-58-

M o d a v e S u m m e r S c h o o l i n M a t h e m a t i c a l
P h y s i c s 1 9 - 2 5 J u n e 2 0 0 5

M o d a v e S u m m e r S c h o o l 1 9 - 2 5 J u n e 2 0 0 5
The first Modave Summer School in Mathematical Physics
has been organized from the 19th to the 25th of June 2005,
by young PhD students and Post-docs of the service de physique
théorique et mathématique of the ULB, the
Theoretical Particle Physics Group of the VUB, the service de
mécanique et gravitation of the Université de Mons-
Hainaut, from the IHES (Bures-sur-Yvette) and from the
Mathematical Institute of Oxford University. It benefitted
from the support of the International Solvay Institutes.
The aim of the school was to provide key tools useful for
advanced research in the theoretical description of the fundamental
interactions.
The summer school consisted of a series of courses: four
one-hour lectures in the morning and two hours at the end
of the afternoon. Participants were given the opportunity
to give a short presentation on a subject of general interest.
The atmosphere was informal and relaxed, so as to
encourage the participants to interact with the speakers.
Each course was supposed to begin with the basics, be synthetic
and self-contained. Reference books were also be placed
at the disposal of everyone. The major part of the afternoon
was left free, in order to allow spontaneous discussions
and/or meetings for questions and answers in
connection with the courses of the morning. Pastoral walks,
cultural visits were also possible in the afternoon.
-60-

M o d a v e S u m m e r S c h o o l 1 9 - 2 5 J u n e 2 0 0 5
Organising Committee
Xavier Bekaert (IHES)
Vincent Bouchard (Oxford)
Nicolas Boulanger (UMH)
Sandrine Cnockaert (ULB)
Sophie de Buyl (ULB)
Stéphane Detournay (UMH)
Stijn Nevens (VUB)
Alexander Wijns (VUB)
-61-

Participants
Joke Adam (KUL),
Glenn Barnich (ULB),
Xavier Bekaert (IHES),
Nazim Bouatta (ULB),
Vincent Bouchard (Oxford),
Nicolas Boulanger (UMH),
Fabien Buisseret (UMH),
Sandrine Cnockaert (ULB),
Laurent Claessens (UCL),
Geoffrey Compère (ULB),
Sophie de Buyl (ULB),
Stéphane Detournay (UMH),
Francis Dolan (Cambridge),
Johanna Erdmenger
(Humboldt U),
Jarah Evslin (ULB),
Wen Jiang (Oxford),
Serge Leclercq (UMH),
Vincent Mathieu (UMH),
Frank Meyer (Max- Planck
Institute for Physics),
Stijn Nevens(VUB),
Jeong-Hyuck Park (IHES),
Jan Rosseel (KUL),
Alexander Wijns (VUB),
Robert Wimmer (Hannover),
Martin Wolf (Hannover),
Fonger Ypma (Oxford).

M o d a v e S u m m e r S c h o o l 1 9 - 2 5 J u n e 2 0 0 5
Programme
- Beta function, Renormalisation and Quantum Field Theory
by Johanna Erdmenger and Glenn Barnich – (9h).
- Lie Algebras: representations and applications by Xavier
Bekaert, Nicolas Baker, Sophie de Buyl, Francis Dolan and
Jeong-Hyuck Park – ( 8h).
- CFT by Stephan Detournay – ( 4h).
- Complex Geometry, Calabi Yau by Vincent Bouchard – ( 4h).
- Yang-Mills and fiber bundles by Laurent Claessens – ( 3h).
- Twistor Geometry and Gauge Theory by Martin Wolf – ( 3h).
- Moyal Star product by Sandrine Cnockaert – ( 1h).
-63-

C O L L O Q U I A

C O L L O Q U I A
"No sunset for neutrino eyes"
Pr. Pierre Ramond (Florida University)
June 8, 2005
Abstract: This Colloquium has dealt with Neutrinos, the
most elusive constituents of the Universe, and of the
Scientists who hunt them. Their detection in the most
recent underground experiments have led to the conclusion
that different neutrinos “morph” into one another, leading
to yet another paradigm shift in our understanding of
the underlying theory of Nature. Neutrinos, the only messengers
from the Sun's inner core, traverse the Earth with
ease, and reassure us that the Sun is shining even at night.
-66-

C O L L O Q U I A
“The Einstein-Szilard refrigerator:
History,Theory and Prototype”
Dr.Andrew Delano (Boulder & Hewlett-Packard USA)
December 13, 2005
Abstract: While in Berlin in the 1920's, Albert Einstein and
one of his former student, Leo Szilard, invented and patented
a number of cooling systems that required no moving
parts and used only heat as an input. Dr. Delano will present
the history, the theory and his own prototype of the
so-called "Einstein refrigerator".
-67-

Workshops and Conferences sponsored by the Institutes

I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e “ N o n l i n e a r i t y ,
F l u c t u a t i o n s , a n d C o m p l e x i t y ” 1 6 - 1 9 M a r c h 2 0 0 5 .

I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e “ N o n l i n e a r i t y ,
With a celebration of the 65th
birthday of Grégoire NICOLIS
The aim of this International Conference supported in part
by the International Solvay Institutes was to establish the
state-of-the-art in our understanding of nonlinear phenomena
and complex systems on the basis of the physico-chemical
laws of thermodynamics, nonequilibrium statistical
mechanics, and the theory of stochastic processes. The
conference has gathered specialists on the random and
nonlinear aspects of nonequilibrium phenomena and complexity
in order to report on the most recent theoretical
and experimental results in the field and to discuss their
implications and applications.
Themes:
• Bifurcation and chaos
• Nonlinear dynamical systems
• Nonequilibrium fluctuations and Brownian motion
• Stochastic resonance
• Reaction-diffusion systems
• Low-dimensional systems, and heterogeneous catalysis
• Patterns, spatially extended systems
• Spatio-temporal chaos
• Complex systems, information, and biology
• Evolution of physico-chemical systems and climate
-72-

F l u c t u a t i o n s , a n d C o m p l e x i t y ” 1 6 - 1 9 M a r c h 2 0 0 5
Organising Committee:
F. Baras (Dijon, France)
P. Borckmans (Brussels, Belgium)
J. Bricmont (Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium)
A. DeWit (Brussels, Belgium)
P. Gaspard (Brussels, Belgium)
A. Goldbeter (Brussels, Belgium)
R. Lefever (Brussels, Belgium)
M. Malek Mansour (Brussels, Belgium)
M. Mareschal (Brussels, Belgium)
C. Van den Broeck (Brussels & Diepenbeek, Belgium)
-73-

I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e “ N o n l i n e a r i t y ,
Programme
Wednesday, March 16th 2005
Complexity
Chair : P. Gaspard
8h30 - 9h15
9h15-9h30
Registration
Welcome and opening address
9h30-10h00
G. Chaitin (New York, USA)
Irreducible complexity in pure
Mathematics
10h00-10h30
P. Schuster (Wien, Austria)
How Natures circumvents low
probabilities: The molecular basis of
information and complexity
10h30-11h00
Coffee break
11h00-11h30
T. Arecchi (Florence, Italy)
Feature binding and neuron
synchronization: Quantum aspect
11h30-12h00
E. Mosekilde (Lyngby, Denmark)
Oscillator clustering in a resource
distribution chain
12h00-12h30
J.L. Deneubourg (ULB, Belgium)
Decision-making in group-living
organisms
-74-

F l u c t u a t i o n s , a n d C o m p l e x i t y ” 1 6 - 1 9 M a r c h 2 0 0 5
Reaction-diffusion systems I
Chair : P. Borckmans
14h30-15h00
K. Showalter (Morgantown, U.S.A.)
Addressable media for modeling collective
behavior
15h00-15h30
J. Boissonade (Bordeaux, France)
Oscillatory dynamics in a chemome
chanical system: a first
theoretical approach
15h30-16h00
J.L. Hudson (Charlottesville, USA)
Emerging coherence and collective
dynamics in a population of chemical
oscillators
16h00-16h30
Coffee break
16h30-17h00
A. Mikhailov (Berlin, Germany)
Sudden onset of corrosion as a cooperative
critical phenomenon
17h00-17h30
T. Tél (Budapest, Hungary)
Reactivity in flowing media
17h30-18h00
K. Seki (Tsukuba, Japan)
Fractional reaction-diffusion equation
-75-

I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e “ N o n l i n e a r i t y ,
Thursday, March 17th 2005
Statistical mechanics
Chair : M. Mareschal
9h00-9h30
S. A. Rice (Chicago, USA)
Confined colloid suspensions
9h30-10h00
B. Matkowsky (Evanston, USA)
Dynamics in a rod model of solid flame
waves
10h00-10h30
J. Piasecki (Warsow, Poland)
Unusual dynamics in a 2D Lorentz model
10h30-11h00
Coffee break
11h00-11h30
Y. Pomeau (Paris, France)
Open questions in kinetic theory
11h30-12h00
J. Bricmont (Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium)
On the derivation of Fourier's law
12h00-12h30
J.P. Boon (ULB, Belgium)
Temporal diffusion
-76-

F l u c t u a t i o n s , a n d C o m p l e x i t y ” 1 6 - 1 9 M a r c h 2 0 0 5
Nonlinear dynamics
Chair : A. Goldbeter
14h30-15h00
M. G. Velarde (Madrid, Spain)
The surfing of electrons on a nonlinear
electrically conducting lattice
15h00-15h30
C. Baesens (Warwick, UK)
Transport properties in Frenkel-Kontorova
chains
15h30-16h00
Y. Elskens (Marseille, France)
Derivation of the Fokker-Planck equation
from strongly chaotic Hamiltonian
dynamics
16h00-16h30
Coffee break
16h30-17h00
T. Erneux (ULB, Belgium)
Nonlinear dynamics with delay
17h00-17h30
R. Klages (London, UK)
Active Brownian particles and
Nose-Hoover thermostats
-77-

I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e “ N o n l i n e a r i t y ,
Friday, March 18th 2005
Reaction-diffusion systems II
Chair : P. De Kepper
9h00-9h30
I. Epstein (Brandeis, USA)
Pattern formation in reactive
microemulsions
9h30-10h00
R. Kapral (Toronto, Canada)
Spiral waves in chaotic systems
10h00-10h30
S. K. Scott (Leeds, UK)
Pattern formation and wave propagation
in chemical systems
10h30-11h00
Coffee break
11h00-11h30
J.W. Turner (ULB, Belgium)
Limit cycles and Riemann surfaces
11h30-12h00
P. Coullet (Nice, France)
Poincaré ’s homoclinic tangle and spatial
complexity
-78-

F l u c t u a t i o n s , a n d C o m p l e x i t y ” 1 6 - 1 9 M a r c h 2 0 0 5
Quantum systems
Chair : S. A. Rice
14h30-15h00
H. L. Frisch (Albany, U.S.A)
Aharonov-Bohm effects in entangled
molecules
15h00-15h30
S. Tasaki (Tokyo, Japan)
C*-algebraic approach to nonequilibrium
phenomena in quantum junction systems
15h30-16h00
Coffee break
16h00-16h30
C. Maes (Leuven, Belgium)
Discovering quantum mechanics via the
Kac ring model
16h30-17h00
D. MacKernan (Dublin, Ireland)
Quantum classical dynamics: the role of
classical chaos
17h00-18h30
Poster session
19h30
Banquet
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I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e “ N o n l i n e a r i t y ,
Saturday, March 19th 2005
Mesoscopic systems
Chair : A. De Wit
9h00-9h30
F. Baras (Dijon, France)
Thermodynamics and reaction kinetics of
small particles in combustion synthesis
9h30-10h00
A. Provata (Athens, Greece)
Oscillatory dynamics in the ZGB model
with surface reconstruction
10h00-10h30
J. Bentz (Ames, IA, USA)
Reactants in a finite lattice: Non-nearestneighbor
effects
10h30-11h00
Coffee break
11h00-11h30
J. Kozak (Chicago, IL, U.S.A.)
Invariance relations in the d = 2 random
walk problem
11h30-11h45
Closing remarks
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F l u c t u a t i o n s , a n d C o m p l e x i t y ” 1 6 - 1 9 M a r c h 2 0 0 5
List of participants
E. ABAD ULB
A. ALTINOK ULB
D. ANDRIEUX ULB
C. ANTONOPOULOS University of Patras, Greece
F.T. ARECCHI Universita di Firenze & Instituto
Nazionale di Ottica Applicata, Italy
C. BAESENS University of Warwick,
United Kingdom
A. BARANOVSKY Institut Royal Météorologique de
Belgique
F. BARAS Université de Bourgogne, France
V. BASIOS ULB
J. BENTZ Iowa State University, U.S.A.
J. BOISSONADE Centre de recherche Paul Pascal,
France
J.P. BOON
ULB
P. BORCKMANS ULB
O. BOUIZI ULB
J. BRICMONT UCL
G.J. CHAITIN IBM Watson Research Center, U.S.A.
P. COLINET ULB
P. COULLET Institut Non Linéaire de Nice
Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis,
France
H. CROISIER ULg
D. DAEMS ULB
Y. DE DECKER ULB
P. DE KEPPER Centre de recherche Paul Pascal,
France
J.-L. DENEUBOURG ULB
B. DE VYLDER VUB
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I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e “ N o n l i n e a r i t y ,
A. DE WIT ULB
J. D’HERNONCOURT ULB
G. DUPONT ULB
K. EFTAXIAS University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Y. ELSKENS CNRS-Université de Provence, France
I. EPSTEIN Brandeis University, USA
T. ERNEUX ULB
H.L. FRISCH
State University of New York at
Albany, USA
G.L. FORTI
ULB
A. GARCIA CANTU ULB
P. GASPARD ULB
A. GOLDBETER ULB
E. GERRITSMA ULB
C. GERSHENSON VUB
T. GILBERT ULB
J. HALLOY ULB
M. HENNEAUX ULB
F. HOMBLE ULB
J.L. HUDSON University of Virginia, U.S.A.
C.S. IORIO
ULB
R. KAPRAL University of Toronto, Canada
K. KARAMANOS University of Athens, Greece
M. KAUFMAN ULB
R. KLAGES University of London, United
Kingdom
J.J. KOZAK
DePaul University, Chicago, U.S.A.
G. LEBON Ulg
R. LEFEVER ULB
J.-C. LELOUP ULB
D. LIMA ULB
D. MAC KERNAN Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
C. MAES KULeuven
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F l u c t u a t i o n s , a n d C o m p l e x i t y ” 1 6 - 1 9 M a r c h 2 0 0 5
M. MALEK-MANSOUR ULB
P. MANDEL ULB
M. MARESCHAL ULB
B.J. MATKOWSKY Northwestern University, U.S.A.
D. MELNIKOV ULB
S. METENS Université de Paris 7, France
A. MIKHAILOV Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-
Gesellschaft, Germany
D. MOREAU Institut Royal Météorologique de
Belgique, Belgium
E. MOSEKILDE Department of Physics, Lyngby,
Danemark
A. MYALDUN ULB
G. NICOLIS ULB
J. PIASECKI University of Warsaw, Poland
Y. POMEAU LPS – ENS, France
A. PROVATA Institute of Physical Chemistry,
Athens, Greece
S.A. RICE
University of Chicago, U.S.A.
L. RONGY ULB
C. ROUVAS-NICOLIS Institut Royal Météorologique de
Belgique, Belgium
B. SCHEID ULB
P. SCHUSTER Universität Wien, Austria
S. SCOTT University of Leeds, United Kingdom
K. SEKI National Institute of Advanced
Industrial Science and Technology,
Ibaraki, Japan
J. SERVANTIE ULB
V.M. SHEVTSOVA ULB
K. SHOWALTER West Virginia University, U.S.A.
P.C. SIMON
Institut Royal Météorologique de
Belgique
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I n t e r n a t i o n a l
C o n f e r e n c e
D. STRIER ULB
S. TASAKI Waseda University, Japan
T. TEL Eötvos University, Budapest, Hungary
R. THOMAS ULB
M. TLIDI ULB
J.W. TURNER ULB
C. VAN DEN BROECK Limburgs Universitair Centrum,
Belgium
S. VAN VAERENBERGH ULB
M. VELARDE Universidad Complutense de Madrid,
Spain
S. VILLAIN ULB
S. VISCARDY ULB
P. VRANCX VUB
J. WISEMBERG Institut Royal Météorologique de
Belgique
-84-

M a g n e t o h y d r o d y n a m i c s S u m m e r P r o g r a m 2 0 0 5
3 - 1 6 J u l y , B r u s s e l s

M a g n e t o h y d r o d y n a m i c s S u m m e r P r o g r a m 2 0 0 5
The International Solvay Institutes have partly supported a
pilot programme organised in the summer of 2005 by the
Brussels Plasma Physics research group.
This research program was devoted to magnetohydrodynamics
(MHD), the science that describes the coupling between
fluid mechanics and electromagnetism. Research in
MHD is intrinsically interdisciplinary. It is relevant to fields
as diverse as astrophysics, metallurgy, crystal growth or
nuclear fusion. The organisers have interest in various
domains of MHD. Their hope was, by launching this initiative,
to improve the exchanges between these various communities.
The main focus of the program was on theoretical,
modelling and numerical investigations of MHD phenomena.
However, experimental aspects of MHD research,
in particular their links with theory and modelling, perfectly
fitted the program.
Research projects
The originality of the organisation was that the participants
were expected to focus on a research project and on
scientific exchanges rather than attending conferences.
The research projects had to be defined in advance. For
each project, a local host was designated to help the participants
with both scientific and logistic questions. Each
participant received a complete file describing the projects
as well as the profiles of all the other participants at least
one month before the beginning of the summer program.
The hope was to stir up exchanges during the stay in
Brussels.
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M a g n e t o h y d r o d y n a m i c s S u m m e r P r o g r a m 2 0 0 5
In order to illustrate the variety of research projects proposed
by confirmed invited participants a non-exhaustive list
of subjects is reproduced below and depicted on the following
pages :
• Acceleration of particles in astrophysical plasmas
• Simulation of turbulent Hartmann flows and study of
free surface MHD
• Modelling of sheared and rotating MHD turbulence
• A New Finite Element Method for MHD problems
• Kinematic anisotropy of MHD turbulence in the nonlinear
regime
• Numerical simulation of turbulent flows in magnetic
fields related to the crystal growth applications
• MHD Simulations of Rotating Neutron Stars
• Reconstruction of velocity fields from magnetic field
measurements.
• Details of Energy Transfers in Forced MHD Turbulence.
• Shear layer instability in a parallel magnetic field
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M a g n e t o h y d r o d y n a m i c s S u m m e r P r o g r a m 2 0 0 5
Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is relevant in many physical and industrial systems. In nuclear fusion reactors
like ITER (top-left), its understanding is fundamental to predict the evolution of the plasma inside the
toroïdal chamber. For such reactors, MHD is also an essential ingredient in the design of the coolant blankets
which are necessary to absorb neutrons, generate tritium and transport heat away from the chamber. In all
applications, the magnetic fields present tend to induce a privileged direction which can induce severe anisotropy.
This is illustrated in the top-right figure in which a liquid-metal flow is subject to a strong external
magnetic field. The color contours represent the kinetic energy density within the flow. MHD has vast implications
also in astrophysics since stars and interstellar medium usually consist of hot ionized gas. In the bottom
figure, a large coronal loop is photographed. Within this loop, hot plasma is guided by the ambient
magnetic field generated by dynamo action within the star.
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M a g n e t o h y d r o d y n a m i c s S u m m e r P r o g r a m 2 0 0 5
Organising Committee
Prof. Daniele Carati
(ULB, Belgium)
Prof. Bernard Knaepen
(ULB, Belgium)
Prof. Stavros Kassinos
(University of Cyprus)
Scientific Committee
Dr. Gunter Gerbeth
Head of the Magnetohydrodynamics
Department,
Forschungszentrum Rossendorf,
Dresden, Germany
Prof. Parviz Moin
Director of the Center for
Turbulence Research,
Stanford University, USA
Dr. Sergei Molokov
Applied Mathematics Group
Leader, Coventry University, UK
Prof. Loukas Vlahos
Department of Physics,
Aristotle University of
Thessaloniki, Greece
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M a g n e t o h y d r o d y n a m i c s S u m m e r P r o g r a m 2 0 0 5
List of participants
Kaspar Arzner
Thomas Boeck
Daniele Carati
Olivier Debliquy
Gérard Degrez
Cornelia Giessler
Bhaskar Kamble
Stavros Kassinos
Bernard Knaepen
Dmitry Krasnov
Raphaël Laguerre
Jacques Léorat
Amina Mataoui
Owen Matthews
Sergei Molokov
René Moreau
Ignacio Mosqueira
Caroline Nore
Alban Pothérat
Janis Priede
Ioannis Sarris
Alexender Shishkin
Giorgio Sonnino
Nikolaos Stergioulas
Damian Strier
Bogdan Teaca
Andre Thess
Nicolas Troscompt
Nikolaos Tsakiris
David Vanden Abeele
Mahendra Verma
Anatoly Vorobev
Boris Weyssow
Oleg Zikanov
(Zurich, Switzerland)
(Ilmenau, Germany)
(ULB)
(ULB)
(ULB)
(Ilmenau, Germany)
(Kanpur, India)
(Nicosie, Chypre)
(ULB)
(Ilmenau, Germany)
(Paris, France)
(Paris, France)
(Alger, Algeria)
(Zurich, Switzerland)
(Coventry, UK)
(Grenoble, France)
(NASA Ames, USA)
(Paris, France)
(Ilmenau, Germany)
(Salaspils, Latvia)
(Volos, Greece)
(Kharkov, Ukraine)
(ULB)
(Thessalonique, Greece)
(ULB)
(University of Craiova, Visiting Student ULB)
(Ilmenau, Germany)
(Université de Paris-Orsay, Visiting Student ULB)
(Thessalonique, Greece)
(ULB)
(Kanpur, India)
(Dearborn, USA)
(ULB)
(Dearborn, USA)
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M a g n e t o h y d r o d y n a m i c s S u m m e r P r o g r a m 2 0 0 5
Programme
For the most part, the Summer Program was devoted to the
various research projects hosted and to informal discussions.
However, several specific events were also scheduled
and are listed below.
Monday July 4th 2005
Introductory Talk by Daniele Carati
Tuesday July 5th 2005
Round table on MHD channel flows
Thursday July 7th 2005
Student Session,
Cornelia Giessler (Ilmenau, Germany)
Electromagnetic Influence on Glass Melt Flow
Raphaël Laguerre (Paris, France)
Magneto-hydrodynamic approximation using a finite element
method
Owen Matthews (Zurich, Switzerland)
Magnetic effects on circumstellar accretion discs
Bogdan Teaca (University of Craiova, Visiting Student ULB)
Reversible versus irreversible effects in MHD turbulence
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M a g n e t o h y d r o d y n a m i c s S u m m e r P r o g r a m 2 0 0 5
Monday July 11th 2005
Round table on MHD phenomena in astrophysics
Wednesday July 13th 2005
Round table on Modelling of MHD turbulence
Wednesday July 13th & Thursday July 14th2005
Cost Action P17 - Working Group 1 "fundamentals" meeting.
Friday July 15th 2005
Final banquet
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S e m i n a r s a n d V i s i t o r s

S e m i n a r s a n d V i s i t o r s
The list includes the seminars organized by the
International Solvay Institutes as well the seminars, discussion
groups and journal clubs co-organized with the
“Service de Physique théorique” of the ULB, the “Theoretical
Particle Group” of the VUB and the “High Energy Physics
and Relativistic Field Theory Group” of the KUL.
S e m i n a r s
1. Workgroup on Mathur’s ideas – January 5 and 12, 2005.
2. Distribution of nonsupersymmetric vacua, Frederik
Denef (Rutgers University) – January 5, 2005.
3. LQG workshop: Ashtekar Variables, Joke Adam
(KULeuven) – January 12, 2005.
4. LQG workgroup: Quantisation in the Loop Program,
Geert Smet (KULeuven) – January 20, 2005.
5. Comments on BRST quantization of topological strings,
Ben Craps (Amsterdam) – January 20, 2005.
6. Stabilization of moduli by fluxes, Klaus Behrndt
(Munich) – January 27, 2005.
7. New operator-valued Relations in SL(2,R) WZNW model
and Zamolodchikov Relations in Liouville Theory,
Gaetano Bertoldi (Swansea) – January 27, 2005.
8. Black hole entropy, strings and higher curvature effects,
Thomas Mohaupt (Jena) – February 9, 2005.
9. New Results about the BMN correspondence from
planar plane-wave matrix theory, Thomas Fischbacher
(ULB) – February 9, 2005.
10. String theory with fluxes: towards realistic vacua,
Gianguido Dall’Agata (CERN) – February 16, 2005.
11. Non-relativistic string theory: introduction and classical
solutions, Filippo Passerini (KULeuven)–
February 16, 2005.
12. Non-rational conformal field theory and D-branes in
NS5-brane backgrounds, Jan Troost (ENS Paris)–
February 23, 2005.
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S e m i n a r s a n d V i s i t o r s
S e m i n a r s
13. Inflation and strings – The Next Generation, Ana
Achucarro (Leiden) – March 2, 2005.
14. Stability of Horova-Witten spacetimes, Kelly Stelle
(Imperial College, London) – March 2, 2005.
15. The spinorial geometry of supersymmetric back
grounds, Ulf Gran (King’s College, London) –
March 9, 2005.
16. N=4 Super Yang-Mills, Plane Wave Matrix Theory and
Integrable Spin Chains, Jan Plefka (Postdam) – March 9,2005.
17. Relaxation and unitarity in three-dimensional black
hole, Sergey N. Solodukhin (International University
Bremen) – March 16, 2005.
18. Some Applications of White Noise Theory To Quantum
Dynamics by Takeyuki Hida (Meijo University) –
March 22, 2005.
19. Loop Quantum Gravity: an outside view, Marija
Zamaklar (AEI Golm) – March 23, 2005.
20. Loop Quantum Gravity: an outside view, Kasper Peeters
(AEI Golm) – March 23, 2005.
21. Dirac on M-branes with fluxes, Dima Sorokin (Padova) –
April 6, 2005.
22. Francqui Lecture: Non-linear Realization for Space-time
Symmetries and Branes, Joaquim Gomis (Barcelona)
April 6/13/20/27, 2005.
23. Long lived massive superstrings and their decay proper
ties, Roberto Iengo (SISSA, Trieste) – April 13, 2005.
24. D-term Inflation, brane inflation and cosmic strings,
Anne Davis (Cambridge) – April 20, 2005.
25. On AdS/CFT bubbling for D5-D1 system, Pedro Silva
(Milano) – April 27, 2005.
26. Black holes and elementary strings states, Ashoke Sen
(Harish-Chandra Institute, Allahabad) – May 10/11/12, 2005.
27. Generalized Calabi-Yau manifolds from Supergravity
Backgrounds, Mariana Grana (ENS, Paris) – June 1, 2005.
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S e m i n a r s a n d V i s i t o r s
28. Non-critical Supergravity and Holography, Stanislav
Kuperstein (Tel-Aviv U.) – June 1, 2005.
29. No sunsets for Neutrino Eyes by Pierre Ramond
(University of Florida) – June 8, 2005.
30. Hidden symmetries and their non-linear realizations,
Sophie de Buyl (ULB) – June 15, 2005.
31. Background independence in VSFT: Chan-Paton’s and
Higgsing, Carlo Maccaferri (SISSA, Trieste) –
June 15, 2005.
32. Deformations of gauge theories from closed string
backgrounds, Marco Billo (Università di Torino) –
June 29, 2005.
33. A different picture for 4-dimensional spacetime from
intersecting branes, Tassilo Ott (KULeuven) –
July 6, 2005.
34. Supersymmetric grand unified theories and cosmology,
Mairi Sakellariadou (Athens) – July 6, 2005.
35. The Proof of the Dijkgraaf-Vafa Conjecture, Frank Ferrari
(ULB) – October 13, 2005.
36. Towards a classification of supersymmetric back
grounds : a spinorial geometry approach, Ulf Gran
(KULeuven) – October 20, 2005.
37. Contractions of sigma models and integrations of mas
sive modes, Maria A. Lledo – October 20, 2005.
38. Instantons from Quantum Mechanics to String
Theory, Andres Collinucci (KULeuven) – October 27, 2005.
39. Supersymmetric D-branes and calibrations on general
N=1 backgrounds, Luca Martucci (KUL) –
October 27, 2005.
40. On new Sasaki-Einstein supergravity geometries and
their dual quiver gauge theories, Stanislav Kuperstein
(ULB) – November 3, 2005.
41. Are There Timelike-Polarized Photons on the Rindler
Wedge ?, Jarah Evslin (ULB) – November 3, 2005.
S e m i n a r s
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S e m i n a r s a n d V i s i t o r s
S e m i n a r s
42. S-duality and Axion-Dilaton String Cosmology, Juan
Maharana (Inst. of Physics, Bhubaneswar) –
November 10, 2005.
43. Smooth supergravity billiards, Ksenya Rulik (Università
di Torino) – November 10, 2005.
44. Path integral quantization of non-Lagrangian
dynamics, Simon Lyakhovich (Tomsk) –
November 14, 2005.
45. Parent Theories, BRST quantization and the unfolded
form of higher spin dynamics, Maxim Grigoriev
(Lebedev Institute, Moscow) – November 17, 2005.
46. Twistor Strings and Supergravity, Mohab Abou Zeid
(VUB) – November 17, 2005.
47. Local functional equation of the non-linear sigma
model. Geometry and renormalization in D=4, Andrea
Quadri (Milano University) – November 24, 2005.
48. A Higgs mechanism for gravity, Ingo Kirsch ( Harvard) –
November 24, 2005.
49. On new Sasaki-Einstein supergravity geometries and
their dual quiver gauge theories, Stanislav Kuperstein
(ULB) – December 8, 2005.
50. New Developments in Pure Spinor String Theory:
Partition Functions and Applications, Pietro Antonio
Grassi (Cern) – December 8, 2005.
51. Interactions and BRST cohomology, Sandrine Cnockaert
(ULB) – December 15, 2005.
52. D-branes in BTZ black holes backgrounds and strict
deformation quantization, Stephane Detournay (UMH) –
December 15, 2005.
53. Constant Fayet Iliopoulos terms from N=2 supergravity,
Mboyo Esole (University of Leiden) – December 22, 2005.
54. High energy string scattering in the group theoretic
approach, Nicolas Moeller (Sissa, Trieste) –
December 22, 2005.
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S e m i n a r s a n d V i s i t o r s
Many scientists came to Brussels to participate in our
workshops, symposia and 23rd Solvay Conference, or to give
a seminar. The lists are given in the previous corresponding
sections. (p. 30-97)
V i s i t o r s
i n 2 0 0 5
Cooperation agreements
In the context of the cooperation agreements signed by the
International Solvay Institutes with the Centro de Estudios
Cientificos (Valdivia, Chile) and with the Lebedev Physical
Institute in Moscow, the following scientists visited the
Institutes.
Date
February 6-14, 2005
July 9 – 18, 2005
Visitors
Pr. Andres Gomberoff,
Centro de Estudios Cientificos,
Valdivia, Chile.
September 19 – 24, 2005
October 19 –
November 18, 2005
Pr. Jorge Zanelli,
Centro de Estudios Cientificos,
Valdivia, Chile.
Pr. Maxim Grigoriev,
Lebedev Physical Institute,
Moscow, Russia.
The joint work that resulted from these collaborations has
led to published articles or preprints:
1. A. Gomberoff, M. Henneaux, C. Teitelboim – Decay of the
Cosmological Constant : Equivalence of Quantum
Tunneling and Thermal Activation in Two spacetime
Dimensions – Phys. Rev. D71:063509,2005 – [hep-th/0501152].
2. M. Banados, G. Barnich, G. Compère, A. Gomberoff –
Three Dimensional Origin of Goedel Spacetimes and
Black holes – e-Print Archive: hep-th/0512105.
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S e m i n a r s a n d V i s i t o r s
V i s i t o r s
i n 2 0 0 5
3. G. Barnich, N. Bouatta, M. Grigoriev – Surface Charges
and Dynamical Killing Tensors for Higher Spin Gauge
Fields in constant Curvature Spaces – JHEP 0510:010,
2005 – [hep-th/0507138].
4. G. Barnich, G. Bonelli, M. Grigoriev – From BRST to
Light-Cone Description of Higher Spin Gauge Fields –
e-Print Archive: hep-th/0502232.
5. G. Barnich, M. Grigoriev – BRST Extension of the Non-
Linear Unfolded Formalism – e-Print Archive: hepth/0504119.
In the context of the cooperation agreement with the
Meijo University at Nagoya (Japan), the following scientists
visited the Institutes :
March 20 – 25, 2005
Pr. T. Hida and Dr T. Shimizu,
Meijo University at Nagoya, Japan.
Pr. Si Si,
Faculty of Information
Science and Technology, Aichi
Prefectural University, Japan.
Other visitors
June 9 – 13, 2005
Pr Lars Brink, Chalmers University
of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
September 2 – 30, 2005 Dr. R. Conte, Service de Physique de
l’Etat Condensé, Saclay, France.
November 2005
Pr. L. Faddeev, Steklov Math.
Institute, St Petersburg, Russia.
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R e s e a r c h c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e g r o u p s
o f t h e D i r e c t o r a n d o f t h e D e p u t y D i r e c t o r

R e s e a r c h c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e g r o u p s
The groups of the Director and of the Deputy Director
are respectively affiliated with the ULB (“Physique
théorique et mathématique”) and the VUB (“Theoretische
Natuurkunde”).
Their scientific activities have been supported by
research funds from the FNRS, the FWO, the IISN (convention
4.4505.86), the “Interuniversity Attraction Poles
Programme – Belgian Science Policy” and the European
Commission FP6 programme MRTN-CT-2004-005104.
The VUB group has been reinforced in 2005 with the recruit
of Professor Ben Craps, from the University of Amsterdam.
MEMBERS
Permanent members:
Riccardo Argurio (FNRS/ULB)
Glenn Barnich (FNRS/ULB)
Ben Craps (VUB)
Frank Ferrari (ULB)
Marc Henneaux (ULB)
Laurent Houart (FNRS/ULB)
Franklin Lambert (VUB)
Micheline Musette (FWO/VUB)
Christiane Schomblond (ULB)
Alexander Sevrin (VUB)
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o f t h e D i r e c t o r a n d o f t h e D e p u t y D i r e c t o r
Postdoctoral members:
Mohab Abou Zeid (PAI-IUAP/VUB)
Thomas Durt (FWO/VUB)
Jarah Evslin (PAI-IUAP/ULB)
Thomas Fischbacher (DAAD/ULB)
Arjan Keurentjes (FWO/VUB)
Stanislav Kuperstein (PAI-IUAP/ULB)
I. Loris (FWO/VUB)
Carlo Maccaferri (PAI-IUAP/ULB)
Louis Paulot (IISN/ULB)
Mine Temürhan (PAI-IUAP/VUB)
Alexander Volkov (VUB)
Doctoral Students:
Nazim Bouatta (ULB)
Sandrine Cnockaert (ULB)
S. Colin (VUB)
Geoffrey Compère (ULB)
Sophie de Buyl (ULB)
F. Melakessou (VUB)
Stijn Nevens (VUB)
Daniel Persson (ULB)
C. Verhoeven (VUB)
Nassiba Tabti (ULB)
Vincent Wens (ULB)
Alexander Wijns (VUB)
Robert Brout (ULB) and François Englert (ULB), Honorary
Members of the Institutes since March 2004 and 2004 Wolf
Prizes for Physics, collaborate with the groups.
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R e s e a r c h c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e g r o u p s
Research Summary
Research in mathematical physics (i.e., theoretical physics
with a strong mathematical content) has continued to be
pursued along two main, inter-connected, directions: one is
the investigation of Einstein’s theory of gravity and its
generalizations (supergravity, string theory and M-theory);
the other is the study of a variety of topics related to nonlinear
dynamical systems, ranging from completely integrable
classical systems and quantum integrable lattices to
non-integrable complex systems.
Gravitation
Of all the fundamental forces (electromagnetism, gravitation,
weak and strong nuclear forces), gravity remains the
most mysterious. In spite of its remarkable successes,
Einstein’s general theory of relativity, which has led to an
unprecedented geometrizatrion of physics, is an unfinished
revolution. The group has a long-standing interest
in quantum gravity, quantum field theory, string theory
and M-theory, black holes, cosmology, the cosmological constant
problem (“dark energy”) and the novel mathematical
structures underlying these questions.
A question which has been a central focus of interest in
2005 is the following.
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o f t h e D i r e c t o r a n d o f t h e D e p u t y D i r e c t o r
String theory offers the best hope to marry consistently
Einstein theory of gravity with quantum mechanics.
However, we still have a very poor understanding of what
string theory actually is. In particular, we do not know
what its fundamental equations are (comparable to, say,
the Maxwell equations for electromagnetism or the
Einstein equations for gravity). Our understanding is based
on perturbative arguments, supplemented by the remarkable
insight provided by the dualities (which have led to
“M-theory”). It is generally believed that progress in this
area will be made if one correctly identifies the fundamental
symmetries underlying string theory.
It has long been suspected that infinite-dimensional Kac-
Moody algebras of Lorentzian type (beyond the affine case)
should play an important role in this context. The evidence
came from the unanticipated emergence of large symme-
Hidden symmetries of
theories containing gravity
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try groups in the toroidal dimensional compactification of
supergravity theories (which describe the low energy limit
of string models) as well as from the structure of the string
duality groups.
Recently, a new impulse to the subject has been provided
by the study of the so-called BKL limit of gravitational theories
in the vicinity of a spacelike singularity, which has
revealed that the dynamics of the gravitational field is
equivalent, at each spatial point, to the motion of a billiard
ball in a region of hyperbolic space with remarkable regularity
properties. This billiard region turns out, in fact, to be
the fundamental Weyl chamber of a Lorentzian Kac-Moody
algebra of the type mentioned above.
The infinite-dimensional Kac-Moody “groups” that emerge
for M-theory are E10 or E11. These infinite-dimensional
structures are still poorly understood mathematically and
open fascinating connections with frontier-research in
algebra and group theory.
We have continued our investigations in this area. In particular,
we have analyzed the various spacetime signatures
that can occur within the Weyl orbit that contains the
Minkowskian signature. We have also studied how fermions
and supersymmetry enter the picture.
When trying to make the E10 or E11 symmetry manifest, one
inevitably encounters higher spin massless fields and dualities
between them. The vigorous study of these structures,
launched in the last years, has been pursued.
***
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Further topics investigated in the general area of gravitation
theory, quantum field theory and string theory are:
• supersymmetric gauge theories,
• D-branes and effective actions,
• black holes in Goedel universes,
• duality of Einstein gravity,
• the cosmological constant problem and dark energy,
where new results have been reported in the publications
listed below.
Nonlinear dynamics, solitons and integrability.
Solitons and strange attractors are the two major discoveries
which deeply changed our understanding of the
behaviour of nonlinear systems with many degrees of freedom.
Solitons arise in integrable nonlinear systems with an
infinite number of degrees of freedom. Their study has led
to a longterm investigation of a large variety of integrable
systems, ranging from soliton PDE’s (continuous systems)
to integrable lattices (semi-discrete and discrete systems)
and cellular automata (ultra-discrete systems).
The 2005 research activity in this area has been concentrated
on the following topics.
Integrable models in 2+1 dimensions.
Integrability, as it is understood today in soliton theory, is
a phenomenon which occurs only in 2+1 dimensional dynamical
systems and in their numerous lower dimensional
reductions. The investigation of integrable models in 2+1
dimensions has therefore become a major endavour in current
mathematical physics.
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• One such fundamental model is the ubiquitous Hirota
bilinear lattice equation (HBLE), which has recently
attracted considerable attention. Yet, the theory of
this equation is still for from complete. One of the main
problems is that the traditional Zakharov-Shabat
approach breaks the natural symmetry between the 2
spatial dimensions, treating one of
them as an inner
degree of freedom.
We tackled this problem by developping a manifestly 3-
dimensional approach to HBLE, based on Maillet-
Nijhoff’s local Yang-Baxter equation.
• As far as continuous soliton models are concerned, we
extended our previous analysis of soliton resonances
and instabilities in 1+1 dimensional integrable systems
to 2+1 dimensional counterparts, such as the KP and CKP
equations.
• Within the classical and continuous context we also
developed a truly algorithmic procedure for the
construction of the subsequent members of the infinite
dimensional KP and the m KP hierarchies, based on the
use of two classes of generalized Bell polynomials. This
approach provides new insight into the tau-function
formulation of Sato theory.
• In the framework of our ongoing study of discrete 2+1
dimensional soliton systems, and their reductions, we
continued our systematic construction and classifica
tion of discrete Painlevé equations and related integrable
mappings, by means of various techniques. We studied,
in particular, the origin of integrable mappings in
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the general framework of the Hirota-Miwa equation
(associated with an infinite dimensional symmetry
algebra of Kac-Moody type).
• We applied the acquired expertise in discretizing continuous
integrable systems, and in the related technique
of ultra-discretization, to the study of particular biological
models, the dynamics of which can be analyzed by
means of appropriate cellular automata.
Quantum integrability
The importance of HBLE, as a fundamental integrable
model in 2+1 dimensions, is not limited to classical soliton
theory. The same system emerges in the form of the
thermodynamic Bethe-ansatz equations for particular
quantum integrable models.
An unsolved problem in this context is
to obtain a proof of the famous Zamolodchikov-conjecture.
We recently managed to establish such a proof in some previously
unsolved cases.
The group also continued to develop some topics of the
2004 research programme related to quantum information,
and more particularly to the study of entangled
quantum states, and to their application to quantum
cloning and quantum cryptography. This work led to the
realization of the s.c. optimal economic phase-covariant
qubit cloner by nuclear magnetic resonance techniques.
The research activity of the two groups in 2005 has resulted
in 42 publications and 16 preprints as indicated in the pu-
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blication list given below.
Research interests of new
Faculty members
The research groups of the Director (ULB) and the Deputy
Director (VUB) have recently been strengthened by the
recruit of Frank Ferrari (from the Ecole Normale Supérieure
de Paris) and Ben Craps (from the University of
Amsterdam). An important element in the decision of
Professors Craps and Ferrari to come to Brussels was the
attractive presence of the International Solvay Institutes.
The following pages describe the research of these new
Faculty members.
Research interests - Ben Craps
A recurrent theme in modern physics is that intuition from
everyday experience tends to fail when applied to more
extreme circumstances. Quantum mechanics says that in
the world of the very small, it is fundamentally impossible
to know both the position and the velocity of a particle.
Special relativity implies that in the world of the very fast,
moving clocks run slower and moving objects are shorter.
While counter-intuitive, many predictions of these theories
have been experimentally confirmed beyond serious
doubt.
Another cornerstone of 20th century physics is the theory
of general relativity. In special relativity, the notions of
space and time had been combined in a concept called
“space-time”. General relativity adds to this that space-
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time can be curved, and that the gravitational
force is precisely due to the curvature
of space-time. While this theory has celebrated
spectacular observational confirmation,
it has also predicted signatures of its
own incompleteness: space-time singularities.
Space-time singularities are regions of infinite
curvature. The theory predicts that they
are present inside black holes, for the existence
of which there exists strong observational
evidence, and at the “Big Bang”, the beginning of our
universe. Near space-time singularities, the equations of
general relativity do not make sense. Physically, the theory
cannot predict what happens to a particle that reaches the
singularity. A related question is whether time should be
thought of as beginning at the Big Bang, or whether it
makes sense to talk about space and time before the Big
Bang. These questions are beyond the scope of general relativity.
Another sign of the incompleteness of general relativity is
that it is not straightforward to combine it with quantum
mechanics. The techniques that have proven so useful in
particle physics now lead to results that are only useful
when one studies space-time on distance scales large compared
to the Planck length, the intrinsic length scale of
quantum gravity. To study space-time on the smallest
length scales, which are relevant for the physics of the Big
Bang and black hole singularities, a more complete theory
is needed.
At the moment, string theory is the best-developed candi-
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date for a theory that combines
general relativity
with quantum mechanics.
While this is still a theory
under construction, which
has not enjoyed experimental
confirmation yet, it
has led to deep connections
between the enigmatic
gravitational force and better-understood
theories of
the type that underlie particle
physics. These connections
are known under the name “holography”. This, among
many other things, gives hope that string theory is the right
framework to study the short-distance structure of spacetime,
and in particular the fundamental questions associated
with space-time singularities.
Our recent and ongoing work studies concrete, simplified
models of space-time singularities, using holography within
the framework of string theory. Our preliminary results
suggest that, at least in a particular model, the notion of
space itself breaks down near a “Big Bang” singularity. The
fundamental laws of physics in this model are those of a
quantum theory of large matrices. Far away from the Big
Bang, the fundamental theory allows an excellent approximate
description in terms of particles moving in a spacetime,
which reproduces (the model’s version of) physics as
we know it. However, very close to the Big Bang, the approximation
that would lead to a space-time description is not
valid, and one has to use the fundamental description to do
computations. The hope is that those computations will be
tractable in our simplified models, and that they may even-
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Research interests - Frank Ferrari
The year 2005 was the “World Year of Physics.” It marked the
hundredth anniversary of Einstein’s “miraculous year,”
during which he shaped XXth century physics in five papers
that changed our physical understanding of nature.
Einstein’s 1905 papers dealt with the existence of atoms,
the relativity of space and time, and the quantum nature of
light. Most of the theoretical efforts in the following
decades were devoted to the elaboration of these ideas. The
true nature of classical space-time was uncovered by
Einstein himself in 1915. A consistent perturbative quantum
theory
of light was constructed in the late 40s. Its generalizations,
the non-abelian gauge theories, form the basis of the
Standard Model of Particle Physics. In return for the
construction and use of their perturbative quantization in
the 70s, the 1999 and 2004 Nobel Prizes in Physics were
awarded to European and American scientists.
My general interests are in keeping with this line of
research, which aims at understanding the basic laws of
nature governing at the same time the fundamental interactions
between elementary particles and the cosmological
evolution of the Universe as a whole. Fundamental questions
remain to be answered, related to the construction of
a consistent quantum theory of gravity and of the other
forces, and to the understanding of the associated strongly
coupled, highly non-linear, physics.
This research provides the basis for understanding the origin
of the Universe and the observed structure of our
world, which strongly depends on such details as the
masses of elementary particles or the precise strength of
the fundamental interactions.
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My main objects of study are quantum field theories and
string theories. Quantum field theory (QFT) is the framework
that unifies quantum mechanics and special relativity.
Gauge theories, which are QFTs with a local symmetry,
are known to describe three (the electromagnetic, weak
and strong forces) of the four fundamental interactions
between elementary particles. String theory is the framework
that unifies QFT and general relativity, and is thus a
unified theory of quantum gravity and of the gauge interactions.
Quantum field theories are very well understood
when the strength of the interactions is weak (see the
Nobel Prizes in Physics 1999 and 2004). However, when the
couplings are strong, only a few tools are available to analyse
the theories, and, in four dimensions, these tools apply
mainly to supersymmetric models.
The study of supersymmetric gauge theories is an extremely
fruitful subject. It yields exact (non-perturbative)
results in four dimensional theories for which the structure
of the interactions are governed by the same Principle that
applies for the strong, weak and electromagnetic forces.
These results rely on a very large set of advanced theoretical
techniques, and many were obtained by using the
mathematical structure of string theory. For example, it is
possible to determine the exact spectrum of stable particles
in a large set of interesting theories; the phase diagrams,
including all the quantum corrections, can be computed;
and many relations between seemingly disconnected
theories can be demonstrated (“dualities”). Recently,
Dijkgraaf and Vafa have proposed a very powerful conjecture
that allows to derive all the above mentioned results
in a unifying way. This conjecture has its roots in a very
deep correspondence in string theory, called “holography,”
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that relates gauge theories in d dimensions and string
theories in d + 1 dimensions. It has also many non-trivial
consequences in algebraic geometry, making a link between
singularities in algebraic varieties and non-commutative
algebras. The main highlight of my research over the
last couple of years has been to provide a full proof of the
Dijkgraaf-Vafa conjecture, based on earlier work by
Cachazo, Douglas, Seiberg and Witten.
The fact that the beautiful mathematics mentioned above
apply only to supersymmetric models is a fundamental
issue, because there is a great deal of very important nonsupersymmetric
physics that is entirely in the realm of
strong coupling. The most prominent problem is to understand
the permanent confinement of quarks into hadrons
(like the proton and the neutron). The force that is responsible
for this confinement is so strong that the associated
energy field actually accounts for more than 90% of the
mass of ordinary matter. Our best hope to understand this
energy field is to use the holographic correspondence with
a five dimensional string theory. Since this is a theory of
quantum gravity, we see that the physics of the strong
interactions and the physics of quantum gravity (including
black holes, the nature of space-time singularities, etc. . . )
are equivalent, even though the precise form of the correspondence
is very subtle.
This is a spectacular unification of ideas and concepts, with
powerful consequences. Unfortunately, our present
understanding of strongly coupled non-supersymmetric
theories remains limited by two main drawbacks: string
theories are tractable in general only in weakly curved backgrounds,
when a classical treatment based on Einstein’s
equations and its generalizations make sense; and a holo-
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graphic description of cosmological backgrounds is not
known. These limitations have prevented us from obtaining
the solution to genuinely non-supersymmetric gauge
theories, as well as from understanding space-like singularities
that occur in many cosmological scenarios like the
Big-Bang. These are very deep and fascinating open problems,
on which we may hope to make significant progresses
in years to come.
dW = 0
∮Rdz ∈ 2iπZ
Interaction between D-branes. The same string diagram (upper inset) can be interpreted either as a
tree diagram for a closed string (left inset) or as a one-loop diagram for an open string (right inset).
The closed string interpretation yields a description in terms of a theory of quantum gravity. There
are fluxes in space-time that generate a non-trivial potential W. The open string interpretation
yields in principle an equivalent description in terms of a quantum gauge theory.
A notable result obtained recently [F. Ferrari, hep-th/0602249] was to show that the extremization
of the potential W in the gravity theory was equivalent to a set of Dirac-like quantization conditions
in the gauge theory, proving a conjecture by Dijkgraaf and Vafa which is equivalent to the
open/closed string duality in a special case.
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Publications 2005
Research groups of the Director and of the Deputy-Director
1. R. Auzzi, S. Bolognesi, J. Evslin – Monopoles Can be
Confined by 0, 1 or 2 Vortices – JHEP 0502:046, 2005 -
[hep-th/0411074].
2. G. Barnich, N. Bouatta, M. Grigoriev – Surface Charges
and Dynamical Killing Tensors for Higher Spin Gauge
Fields in constant Curvature Spaces – JHEP 0510:010,
2005 – [hep-th/0507138].
3. G. Barnich, G. Compère – Generalized Smarr relation for
Kerr AdS Black holes from improved conservation laws
– Phys. Rev. D71: 044016, 2005 – [gr-qc/0412029].
4. G. Barnich, G. Compère – Conserved Charges and
Thermodynamics of the Spinning Gödel Black Hole –
Phys. Rev. Lett. 95: 031302, 2005 – [hep-th/0501102].
5. G. Barnich, M. Grigoriev – Hamiltonian BRST and
Batalin-Vilkovisky formalisms for second quantization
of gauge theories – Commun. Math. 254, 581-601, 2005 -
[hep-th/0310083].
6. G. Barnich, M. Grigoriev, A. Semikhatov, I. Tipunin –
Parent field theory and unfolding in BRST first quanti
zed terms – Commun. Math. 260, 147-181, 2005 - [hepth/0406192].
7. X. Bekaert, N. Boulanger, S. Cnockaert - No Self-
Interaction for two-column massless fields. – JMP 46:
012303, 2005 – [hep-th/0407102].
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R e s e a r c h c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e g r o u p s
8. S. Cnockaert, M. Henneaux – Lovelock Terms and BRST
Cohomology – Class. Quant. Grav. 22: 2797-2810, 2005 –
[hep-th/0504169].
9. S. Colin, J. Corbett, T. Durt, D. Gross – About SIC POVM’s
and discrete Wigner distributions – J. Opt. B, Quantum
Semiclass. Opt. (2005) 7, S778-S785.
10. R. Conte, M. Musette and C. Verhoeven – Explicit integra
tion of Hénon-Heiles Hamiltonians – J. Nonlinear Math.
Phys. (2005) 12, 212-227.
11. R. Conte, M. Musette and C. Verhoeven – Completeness
of the cubic and quartic Hénon-Heiles Hamiltonian –
Theor. Marth. Phys. (2005) 144, 888-858.
12. R. Conte, M. Musette and C. Verhoeven – Hamiltonians
with two degrees of freedom admitting a singlevalued
general solution – Analysis in Theory and Applic. (2005)
21, 188-200.
13. T. Damour, M. Henneaux, H. Nicolai – Billiard Dynamics
of Einstein-Mater Systems Near a Spacelike Singularity –
Proceedings of « School on Quantum Gravity »
(Valdivia, Chile, Jan. 2002) – A. Gomberoff et D. Marolf
eds, Springer (New York: 2005).
14. S. de Buyl, L. Houart, N. Tabti – Dualities and Signatures
of G++ Invariant Theories – JHEP 0506 : 084, 2005 –
[hep-th/0505199].
15. S. de Buyl, M. Henneaux, L. Paulot – Hidden Symmetries
and Dirac Fermions – Class. Quant. Grav. 22: 3595-3622,
2005 – [hep-th/0506009].
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16. T. Durt, J. Fiurasek and N. Cerf – Economical quantum
cloning in any dimension – Phys. Rev. A (2005) 72,
052322-052340.
17. T. Durt – A new expression for mutually unbiased bases
in prime power dimensions – J. Phys. A (2005) 38, 5267-5283.
18. F. Englert - Broken Symmetry and Yang-Mills theory,
Contribution to 'Fifty years of Yang Mills theory', editor
G.'t Hooft, World Scientific (2005) - [hep-th/0406162].
20. J. Evslin – A Correction to the RR Tadpole Cancellation
Condition – Prepared for the II Southeastern European
Workshop, Challenges Beyond the Standard Model –
BW2005 Workshop:36, 2005.
21. J. Evslin and H. Sati – M-Theory, Type II String Theory and
Refinements of Twisted K-Theory – Prepared for the
Miniworkshop: Gerbes, Twisted K-Theory and Conformal
Field Theory – Mathematisches Forschungsinstitut
Oberwolfach Report No. 38/2005:7, 2005.
22. F. Ferrari – Super Yang-Mills, Matrix Models and
Geometric Transitions – Comptes Rendus de l’Académie
des Sciences de Paris (Physique) 6 : 219-230, 2005 –
[hep-th/0410169].
23. A. Fuster, M. Henneaux, A. Maas – BRST-Antifield
Quantization : A Short Review – Int. J. Geom. Meth. Mod.
Phys. 2, 939-963, 2005 – [hep-th/0506098].
19. F. Englert, M. Henneaux and L. Houart – From Very-
Extended to Overextended Gravity And M-Theories –
JHEP 0502: 070, 2005 - [hep-th/0412184].
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24. A. Gomberoff, M. Henneaux, C. Teitelboim – Decay of the
Cosmological Constant : Equivalence of Quantum
Tunneling and Thermal Activation in Two spacetime
Dimensions – Phys. Rev. D71:063509, 2005 –
[hep-th/0501152].
25. B. Grammaticos, A. Ramani, J. Satsuma, R. Willox and A.S.
Carstea – Reductions of integrable lattices – J. Nonlinear
Math. Phys. (2005) 12, Sup. 1, 363-371.
26. M. Henneaux – Le mystère de l’énergie sombre de
l’Univers – Bull. Cl. Sc. Acad. Roy. Belg., 6e série Tome XV,
305-317, 2005 (publié en 2005).
27. M. Henneaux, C. Teitelboim – Duality in Linearized
Gravity – Phys. Rev. D71: 024018, 2005 – [gr-qc/0408101].
28. Jiangfeng Du, T. Durt, Ping Zou, Hui Li, L. Kwek, C.H. Lo
and A. Ekert – Experimental quantum cloning with prior
partial information – Phys. Rev. Lett. (2005) 94, 040505.
29. A. Keurentjes, P. Koerber, S. Nevens, A. Sevrin, A. Wijns -
Towards an Effective Action for D-Branes - Fortschritte
der Physik 53, 599, 2005.
30. F. Lambert, J. Springael – “From soliton equations to
their zero-curvature formulation” in Bilinear Integrable
Systems : from Classical to Quantum, Continuous to
Discrete - Eds L. Faddeev, P. van Moerbeke and F. Lambert,
Nato Science Series II (2005) 201, Springer -Verlag.
31. F. Lambert – “Albert Einstein”- Nouvelle Biographie
Nationale extrait du tome 8, Bruxelles 2005, Académie
Royale de Belgique.
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32. L. Paulot – Selfduality of D=2 Reduction of Gravity
Coupled to a Sigma-Model – Phys. Lett. B609, 367-371,
2005 – [hep-th/0412157].
33. A. Ramani, R. Willox, B. Grammaticos, A.S. Carstea and
J. Satsuma – Limits and degeneracies of discrete Painlevé
equations : a sequel – Physica A (2005) 347, 1-16.
34. A. Sevrin – Prospects from Strings and Branes - in the
proceedings of the 39th Rencontres de Moriond on
Electroweak Interactions and Unified Theories, 2005.
35. C. Verhoeven, M. Musette, R. Conte – On reduction of
some KdV-type systems and their link to the quartic
Hénon-Heiles Hamiltonian, in Bilinear Integrable
Systems : from Classical to Quantum, Continuous to
Discrete – Eds L. Faddeev, P. van Moerbeke and F.
Lambert, Nato Science Series II (2005) 201, Springer -
Verlag.
36. A. Volkov – Noncommutative Hypergeometry –
Commun. Math. Phys. (2005) 258, 257-273.
37. R. Willox, B. Grammaticos and A. Ramani – A study of the
antisymmetric QRT mappings – J. Phys. A (2005)
38, 5227-5236.
38. R. Willox – On a generalized Tzitzeica equation –
Glasgow Math Journal (2005) 47 A, 221-231.
39. R. Willox – Special function solutions for integrable non
linear PDE’s – Proceedings of the 5th East Asia PDE
Conference, Gakkotosho – Int Series – Math. Sciences
and Appl. (2005) 22, 91-106.
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40. R. Willox, J. Satsuma – Discrete integrable systems –
Proceedings of the 2003 CIMPA Winterschool on
Discrete Integrable Systems, Pondicherry (India) -
Springer Lecture Notes in Physics (2005) 644.
41. R. Willox and J. Hietarinta – On the bilinear forms of
Painlevé’s 4th equation in Bilinear Integrable Systems :
from Classical to Quantum, Continuous to Discrete –
Eds. L. Faddeev, P. van Moerbeke and F. Lambert, Nato
Science Series II (2005) 201, Springer-Verlag.
42. F. Lambert – De banden tussen Albert Einstein en België
– Nederlands Tijdschrift v. Natuurkunde (2005)
11, pp 350-353.
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Preprints
43. M. Abou-Zeid, C. Hull - A chiral perturbation expansion –
e-Print Archive: hep-th/0511189.
44. M. Banados, G. Barnich, G. Compère, A. Gomberoff –
Three Dimensional Origin of Goedel Spacetimes and
Black holes – e-Print Archive: hep-th/0512105.
45. G. Barnich, G. Bonelli, M. Grigoriev – From BRST to Light-
Cone Description of Higher Spin Gauge Fields – e-Print
Archive: hep-th/0502232.
46. G. Barnich, M. Grigoriev – BRST Extension of the Non-
Linear Unfolded Formalism – e-Print Archive: hepth/0504119.
47. X. Bekaert, S. Cnockaert, C. Iazeolla, M.A. Vasiliev –
Nonlinear Higher Spin Theories in Various Dimensions –
e-Print Archive: hep-th/0503128.
48. X. Bekaert, N. Boulanger, S. Cnockaert – Spin Three
Gauge Theory Revisited – e-Print Archive :
hep-th/0508048.
49. S. Bolognesi, J. Evslin – Stable Versus Unstable Vortices in
SQCD – e-Print Archive : hep-th/0506174.
50. N. Boulanger, S. Cnockaert, S. Leclercq – Parity Violating
Vertices For Spin-3 Gauge Fields – e-Print archive :
hep-th/0509118.
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51. P. Bouwknegt, J. Evslin, B. Jurco, V. Mathai, H. Sati – Flux
Compactifications of Projective Spaces and the
S-Duality Puzzle – e-Print archive : hep-th/0501110.
52. R. Brout – From Inflation to Dark Energy – e-Print
archive: gr-qc/0508019.
53. S. de Buyl, M. Henneaux, L. Paulot – Extended E8
Invariance of 11-Dimensional Supergravity – e-Print
archive : hep-th/05012292.
54. J. Evslin, M. Fairbairn – Photon Mixing in Domain Walls
and the Cosmic Coincidence Problem – e-Print archive:
hep-ph/0507020.
55. J. Evslin – Killing Horizons – e-Print archive:
hep-th/0512160.
56. L. Houart – Kac-Moody Algebras in Gravity and M-theories
– e-Print archive: hep-th/0511009.
57. A. Keurentjes - Poincare-duality and G+++ algebras –
e-Print archive : hep-th/0510212.
58. F. Lambert, S. Colin, J. Springael and R. Willox – An elementary
method for the construction of hierarchies of
soliton equations – VUB preprint 2005.
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o f t h e D i r e c t o r a n d o f t h e D e p u t y D i r e c t o r
Invited Talks at
conferences, seminars.
1) January 5- 14, 2005 : Glenn Barnich, “Introduction to
higher spin gauge theories” – CECS Summer
Workshop 2005, Valdivia, Chile.
2) January 9-23, 2005 : Marc Henneaux, “Non Linear
Realizations of E(10) and 11-Dimensional
Supergravity” – CECS Summer Workshop 2005,
Valdivia, Chile.
3) January 2005 : R. Willox, “Special function solutions
for integrable nonlinear PDE’s” – invited contribution
to the 5th East Asia PDE Conference, Osaka, Japan.
4) January 2005 : T. Durt, “Applications of the generalized
Pauli group in prime, prime power and non-prime
dimensions” – 3rd Asia-Pacific Workshop on Quantum
Information Science, Singapore.
5) January 14- 21, 2005 : Glenn Barnich, “Introduction to
higher spin gauge theories” – Universidad Catholica
de Santiago, Chile.
6) February 17, 2005 : Marc Henneaux, “Le mystère de
l’énergie sombre de l’univers, le plus grand défi de la
théorie d’Einstein” – Public lecture given to the
“Cercle d’Astronomie de Belgique”, Uccle, Belgium.
7) February 19, 2005 : Marc Henneaux, “Théorie de la
Gravitation, de Newton à Einstein” – Public lecture
given at Altaïr, ULB, Belgium.
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R e s e a r c h c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e g r o u p s
8) February 2005 : C. Verhoeven, “Exotic collisions of
solitons in 1 and 2 space dimensions “ - International
workshop « Solitons, boomerons and isochronous
solutions to nonlinear systems » organized for
Francesco Calogero’s 70th birthday, Roma, Italy.
9) February 2005 : T. Durt, “A new solution for the Mean
King’s problem” – Seminar Université de Paris VII, France.
10) March 2005 : T. Durt, “Galois fields and quantum
information” – Seminar at Macquarie University,
Sydney, Australia.
11) March 8, 2005 : Marc Henneaux , “Cosmological
Billiards and Hidden Symmetries of Supergravities” –
XIIIe Rencontres “Strings in Argentina”, IAFE,
Buenos Aires, Argentina.
12) March 10, 2005 : Frank Ferrari, “Three aspects of
strongly coupled gauge theories” – Workshop on
Nonperturbative Gauge Dynamics, SISSA, Trieste, Italy.
13) March 17, 2005 : Laurent Houart, “Kac-Moody algebras
in M-theories” – Universidad Autonoma de Madrid,Spain.
14) March 18, 2005 : Laurent Houart, “Kac-Moody algebras
in M-theories” – Universidad de Oviedo, Spain.
15) March 19, 2005 : Laurent Houart, “Kac-Moody algebras
in M-theories” – Universidad de Barcelona, Spain.
16) April 11-16, 2005 : François Englert, “Extended Gravity
and M-Theories” – International Conference on
Theoritical Physics, Lebedev Institute, Moscow, Russia.
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o f t h e D i r e c t o r a n d o f t h e D e p u t y D i r e c t o r
17) April 17-22, 2005 : Glenn Barnich, “Conserved charges
and thermodynamics for higher dimensional black
holes in non trivial backgrounds” and “Introduction
to free higher spin gauge fields from the BRST point of
view” – Università di Milano, Italy.
18) May 2005 : F. Lambert, “Albert Einstein et la Belgique”
– Association Royale des ingénieurs de Belgique, Bruxelles.
19) May 11, 2005 : Marc Henneaux, “From Platonic Solids to
infinite Coxeter group and Lorentzian Kac-Moody
Algebras : the Road to uncover the symmetries of
gravity ?” – Universiteit Utrecht, the Netherlands.
20) May 12, 2005 : Frank Ferrari, “A review of some aspects
of the gauge theory /matrix model correspondence” –
University of Swansea, Swansea, United Kingdom.
21) May 30, 2005: Alexander Sevrin, “Effective Actions for
D-branes” - Conference “Gravity, Strings and Branes” ,
KULeuven, Belgium.
22) May 31, 2005 : Marc Henneaux, “Non linear realizations
of E(10) and M-theory : a progress report” – Conference
“Gravity, Strings and Branes”, KULeuven, Belgium.
23) May 2005 : T. Durt, “Applications of the generalized
Pauli group in prime, prime power and non-prime
dimensions” – ICSSUR Conference, Université de
Besançon, Besançon, France.
24) July 18-22, 2005 : Marc Henneaux, “Hidden
Symmetries of Gravitational Theories” – Conference
“Le Siècle d’Albert Einstein” – Paris, Palais de l’UNESCO.
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R e s e a r c h c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e g r o u p s
26) August 16, 2005 : Jarah Evslin, "Geometric Models of
dimensional Reduction"- Mini-Workshop : Gerbes,
Twisted K-Theory and Conformal Field Theory,
Oberwolfach-Walke, Germany.
27) August 26, 2005 : Marc Henneaux, “Duality and
Higher Spin Gauge Fields” – Conference on
“ Supersymmetry, Gauge Theories and Quantum
Gravity”, U.N.A.M., Mexico City, Mexico.
28) September 22, 2005 : Marc Henneaux, “Relativité, cent
ans après : à l’aube d’une nouvelle révolution ? » -
l’Europe de la Science au XVIIIe siècle et aujourd’hui,
Seneffe, Belgium.
29) October 20, 2005 : Glenn Barnich, “Qu’est-ce que la
relativité générale ?” - Cercle astronomique de
Bruxelles, Belgium.
30) October 26, 2005 : Ben Craps, “The big bang: a string
theory perspective” – Universiteit van Amsterdam, the
Netherlands.
31) October 2005 : I. Loris, “Empirical mode decompositions”
– Applied Math. Seminar of Princeton University, U.S.A.
32) November 4, 2005 : Arjan Keurentjes, "Time-like T-
duality and triple extended algebra's" - University of
Chicago, U.S.A.
25) August 15, 2005 : Jarah Evslin, "Charges in M-theory"-
Mini-Workshop : Gerbes, Twisted K-Theory and
Conformal Field Theory, Oberwolfach-Walke,
Germany.
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o f t h e D i r e c t o r a n d o f t h e D e p u t y D i r e c t o r
33) November 7-9, 2005 : Ben Craps, “The big bang:
a string theory perspective” - Niels Bohr Institutet,
Denmark.
34) November 10, 2005 : Mohad Abou Zeid, “Twistor
Strings and Supergravity “ - Universidad de Granada,
Spain.
35) November 10, 2005: C. Joachain, Marc Henneaux and
P. Gaspard, “1905: Annus Mirabilis” d’Einstein -
public lectures given at the SIIE, ULB, Belgium.
36) November 10, 2005: Arjan Keurentjes, "Time-like T-
duality and triple extended algebra's" - University of
Berkeley, U.S.A.
37) November 17, 2005: Mohab Abou Zeid, “Twistor
Strings and Supergravity” - KULeuven, Belgium.
38) November 21-24, 2005: Ben Craps, “The big bang: a
string theory perspective” - ETH, Zurich, Switzerland.
39) November 2005 : T. Durt, “Applications of the generali
zed Pauli group in prime and prime power ” – TQMFA
2005 Conference “New trends in quantum mechanics :
fundamental aspects and applications”,
Palermo, Italy.
40) November 2005 : S. Colin, “Superselection rules in
Bohm-Bell theories” – TQMFA Conference “New trends
in quantum mechanics : fundamental aspects and
applications”, Palermo, Italy.
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R e s e a r c h c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e g r o u p s
41) December 7, 2005 : A. Sevrin, “De Quantumeigenschappen
van Ruimte en Tijd” – Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie
van Wetenschappen en Kunsten, Centrum voor
Europese Cultuur, Belgium.
42) December 2005 : T. Durt, “Applications of the
eneralized Pauli group in prime and prime power” –
CATS 2005 Conference on Advances in Theoretical
Sciences, Putrajaya, Malaysia.
43) December 2005 : T. Durt, “Four qubit Wigner tomography”
Seminar at the National University of Singapore,
Singapore.
44) December 2005 : C. Verhoeven, “Soliton resonances for
the KP and CKP equations” – Seminar at the Math.
Dept of the University of Kent at Canterbury, United
Kingdom.
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O t h e r s c i e n t i f i c r e p o r t

Research interests - Michèle Sanglier
Cellule de Modélisation de la Complexité en Sciences Sociales
1. Development of a decision tool based on
the ISIS model (Interregional Socio-
Industrial System)
ISIS is offering a way of representing medium
term regional dynamics; and experimenting
policy simulations in a dynamical and spatial
framework. This model is a “dynamization”
and “spatialization” of the input-output problematic.
The economic relationships, aggregated
in twelve activities, are simulated with
a non-linear dynamic model for multi-regional
economic analysis. The goals are to spatialise
the inter-industrial exchanges on a discrete network of
locations; to endogenise the spatial production structure and
trade structure and to endogenise the production dynamics,
capacity formation in each location and the changes of production
technology. This tool allows to explore national and regional
consequences of for examples: deficit spending policies, of
employment policies and of infrastructural changes in transportation
and communications networks.
2. Methodology of the performance analysis of firms
Detailed analysis of firms of the pharmaceutical and chemical
sectors, benchmarking based on indicators like productivity
growth,productivity level and research intensity. Study of scenarii
concerning business plans and analysis of impacts of merge.
3. Macroeconomic model of the GDP per head
This model has been applied to 25 OECD countries in order to
analyse the trend growth of the economy of these countries
and the level of synchronization of their business cycles.
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A p p e n d i x : O u t r e a c h
R a d i o , T e l e v i s i o n & N e w s p a p e r s

R a d i o a n d T e l e v i s i o n I n t e r v i e w s
Marc Henneaux, Nicolas Cerf and Philippe Emplit :
April 18, 2005
RTBF 1 télévision : “ Einstein “.
Marc Henneaux :
November 30, 2005
La Première RTBF Radio : page “ Sciences “
de Sophie Brems.
December 1, 2005
Radio Nostalgie
Franklin Lambert :
January 26, 2005
Radio Campus : “ Einstein et la Belgique “.
April 12, 2005
Radio 1 (VRT) “Ernest Solvay” in het programma
“De grooste Belg” door Wim Vandenbussche
April 15, 2005
RTBF radio : “ Einstein et la Belgique “.
Alexander Sevrin :
December 1, 2005
Radio 1 (VRT) : “ de Wandelgangen “ over de
Solvay Conferentie door Kathleen Bracke.
December 4, 2005 :
VTM (televisie) : “Royalty”.
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N e w s p a p e r s
January 6, 2005 – De Tijd (p.11)
January 14, 2005 – Le Soir (p.18)
February 10, 2005 – La Libre Belgique (p. 34)
February 16, 2005 – Knack (p.52-59)
February 2005 – Science Connection (p.45)
February 2005 – Revue SSTC (p. 42)
March 3, 2005 – Le Soir (p.16)
April 12, 2005 - La Libre Belgique (p. 40-41)
January 2006 – Sciences et Vie (p. 15)
February 2006 – Nature Physics (p. 73-74)
February 2006 – RTD info (magazine on
European Research) n° 48 (p.12-15)
Chapter : 23rd Solvay Conference (p34-37)
December 1, 2005 - Le Monde
November 30, 2005 – Le Soir
February 2006 – La Recherche
April 15, 2005 – Le Soir (p. 18)
July 1, 2005 – Le Soir (p.19)
July 2005 – Espace de Libertés (p. 30)
September 13, 2005 – Le Soir (p.19)
November 23, 2005 – La Libre Belgique
November , 2005 – Nederlands tijdschrift
voor Natuurkunde (p. 350-351)
December 1, 2005 – La Libre Belgique (p. 2-3)
December 1, 2005 – De Standaard
December 2, 2005 – La Libre Belgique
(p. 1 Libre 2)
December 15, 2005 – La Libre Belgique
(p. 28-29)
December 21, 2005 – Knack (p. 74-77)
December 6, 2005 – La Libre Belgique (p. 3)
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January 6, 2005 – De Tijd (p.11))

January 14, 2005 – Le Soir (p.18)
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February 10, 2005 – La Libre Belgique (p. 34)

February 16, 2005 – Knack (p.52-59)

N e w s p a p e r s
February 2005 – Science Connection (p.45)

N e w s p a p e r s
February 2005 – Science Connection (p.45)

N e w s p a p e r s

March 3, 2005 – Le Soir (p.16)
February 2005 – Revue SSTC (p. 42)
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April 12, 2005 - La Libre Belgique (p. 40-41)

N e w s p a p e r s
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N e w s p a p e r s
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N e w s p a p e r s
April 15, 2005 – Le Soir (p. 18)
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N e w s p a p e r s
July 1, 2005 –
Le Soir (p.19)
-155-

July 2005 – Espace de Libertés (p. 30)

September 13, 2005 – Le Soir (p.19)
November 23, 2005 – La Libre Belgique

November , 2005 – Nederlands tijdschrift voor Natuurkunde (p. 350-351)

December 1, 2005 – La Libre Belgique (p. 2-3)

N e w s p a p e r s
December 2, 2005 – La Libre Belgique (p. 1 Libre 2)
December 1, 2005 – De Standaard
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December 15, 2005 – La Libre Belgique (p. 28-29)

December 21, 2005 – Knack (p. 74-77)

N e w s p a p e r s
December 6, 2005 – La Libre Belgique (p. 3)
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N e w s p a p e r s
January 2006 – Sciences et Vie (p. 15)
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February 2006 – Nature Physics (p. 73-74)
N e w s p a p e r s
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N e w s p a p e r s
-173-

February 2006 – RTD info (magazine on European Research) n° 48 (p.12-15)
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