Trends in global CO2 emissions - edgar - Europa
Trends in global CO2 emissions - edgar - Europa
Trends in global CO2 emissions - edgar - Europa
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TWO<br />
Figure 2.5<br />
CO 2 <strong>emissions</strong> per capita from fossil fuel use and cement production <strong>in</strong> top 5 emitters<br />
25<br />
20<br />
15<br />
10<br />
5<br />
tonnes CO 2<br />
per capita<br />
Industrialised countries (Annex I)<br />
United States<br />
Russian Federation<br />
European Union (EU27)<br />
Annex I range<br />
Develop<strong>in</strong>g countries<br />
Ch<strong>in</strong>a<br />
India<br />
0<br />
1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014<br />
Uncerta<strong>in</strong>ty<br />
Source: EDGAR 4.2 (1970-2008); UNPD, 2010<br />
Annex I range (grey dashed l<strong>in</strong>es): <strong>in</strong>dicates the m<strong>in</strong>imum and maximum per capita values spanned by major <strong>in</strong>dustrialised countries as listed <strong>in</strong> Figure 2.2.<br />
Uncerta<strong>in</strong>ty marg<strong>in</strong>s: 5% for the United States, EU27 and India; 10% for the Russian Federation and Ch<strong>in</strong>a (see Section A1.3)<br />
<strong>in</strong> which the EU saw a 3% decrease <strong>in</strong> <strong>emissions</strong>.<br />
However, the sectoral shares of, notably, the<br />
manufactur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>dustry and transport are quite different<br />
(IEA, 2011b). Due to its rapid economic development,<br />
Ch<strong>in</strong>a, the world’s most populous country, is now well<br />
with<strong>in</strong> the 6 to 19 tonnes/person range spanned by the<br />
largest <strong>in</strong>dustrialised countries (Annex I countries under<br />
the Kyoto Protocol, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the United States (which did<br />
not ratify the protocol)). In 2011, the United States was<br />
one of the largest CO 2<br />
-emitt<strong>in</strong>g countries ,<br />
with 17.3 tonnes<br />
per capita. Although per capita <strong>emissions</strong> <strong>in</strong> India have<br />
doubled s<strong>in</strong>ce 1990, it is clear that with 1.6 tonnes <strong>in</strong> 2011<br />
the country’s per capita <strong>emissions</strong> are still much lower<br />
than those <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustrialised countries.<br />
When compar<strong>in</strong>g CO 2<br />
trends between countries over a<br />
decade or more, also trends <strong>in</strong> population numbers should<br />
be taken <strong>in</strong>to account, s<strong>in</strong>ce population growth rates differ<br />
considerably, also between Annex I countries, with the<br />
highest growth s<strong>in</strong>ce 1990 seen <strong>in</strong> Australia (+32% between<br />
1990 and 2011) and <strong>in</strong> the United States and Canada (both<br />
+24%). The population of the EU and Japan, however,<br />
<strong>in</strong>creased much less (by 7% and 3%, respectively) and<br />
Russia saw a decl<strong>in</strong>e of 4% (see Table A1.2).<br />
2.4 Gas flar<strong>in</strong>g <strong>emissions</strong> and<br />
hydraulic fractur<strong>in</strong>g technology<br />
When natural gas is co-produced dur<strong>in</strong>g conventional or<br />
unconventional oil production and cannot be marketed,<br />
this ‘associated’ gas is either vented or flared. Vent<strong>in</strong>g or<br />
flar<strong>in</strong>g occurs <strong>in</strong> areas that are remote from market<br />
demand and from gas transport <strong>in</strong>frastructure. Both<br />
practices lead to the <strong>emissions</strong> of greenhouse gases:<br />
methane from vent<strong>in</strong>g and CO 2<br />
from flar<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
The <strong>global</strong> CO 2<br />
<strong>emissions</strong> of about 250 million tonnes<br />
from flar<strong>in</strong>g of unused gas dur<strong>in</strong>g oil production –<br />
comparable <strong>in</strong> magnitude with total CO 2<br />
<strong>emissions</strong> <strong>in</strong> a<br />
medium-sized country such as Spa<strong>in</strong> – did not<br />
significantly change <strong>in</strong> 2011, after a steady decrease by<br />
about a quarter s<strong>in</strong>ce 2003. The estimates on natural gas<br />
flar<strong>in</strong>g were derived from DMSP-OLS and MODIS satellite<br />
measurements, analysed by the US National Oceanic and<br />
Atmospheric Adm<strong>in</strong>istration (NOAA) and supported by<br />
the Global Gas Flar<strong>in</strong>g Reduction Partnership (GGFR), a<br />
public-private partnership which is led by the World Bank.<br />
The night-time lights from gas flares observed by the<br />
satellites provide an estimate of the amounts of gas<br />
flared, when related to reported flar<strong>in</strong>g volumes available<br />
from the GGFR Partnership (Elvidge et al., 2009a).<br />
Countries with the largest satellite-observed flar<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>emissions</strong> are Russia and Nigeria, with shares of total<br />
flar<strong>in</strong>g <strong>emissions</strong> of about one quarter and one tenth,<br />
respectively. These two countries contributed also most<br />
to the <strong>global</strong> emission decrease over the last decade,<br />
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