Trends in global CO2 emissions - edgar - Europa
Trends in global CO2 emissions - edgar - Europa
Trends in global CO2 emissions - edgar - Europa
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TWO<br />
Figure 2.4<br />
CO 2 <strong>emissions</strong> per unit of GDP from fossil fuel use and cement production<br />
Ukra<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Ch<strong>in</strong>a<br />
Russian Federation<br />
Saudi Arabia<br />
South Africa<br />
Australia<br />
Poland<br />
India<br />
Iran<br />
Indonesia<br />
Canada<br />
South Korea<br />
Thailand<br />
United States<br />
Taiwan<br />
Japan<br />
Mexico<br />
Germany<br />
EU27<br />
Netherlands<br />
Italy<br />
Spa<strong>in</strong><br />
United K<strong>in</strong>gdom<br />
Brazil<br />
France<br />
Industrialised countries<br />
(Annex I)<br />
1990<br />
2000<br />
2011<br />
Develop<strong>in</strong>g countries<br />
1990<br />
2000<br />
2011<br />
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400<br />
tonne CO 2<br />
/ USD 2005<br />
(PPP adjusted)<br />
Source of GDP data: World Bank, 2012; IMF, 2012.<br />
CO 2<br />
<strong>emissions</strong> per unit of GDP <strong>in</strong> 1990, 2000 and 2011, <strong>in</strong> the top 25 CO 2<br />
-emitt<strong>in</strong>g countries<br />
The trends <strong>in</strong> CO 2<br />
<strong>emissions</strong> per <strong>in</strong>habitant of the top 5<br />
emitt<strong>in</strong>g countries are shown <strong>in</strong> Figure 2.5. These trends<br />
reflect a number of factors <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the large economic<br />
development <strong>in</strong> Ch<strong>in</strong>a, structural changes <strong>in</strong> national and<br />
<strong>global</strong> economies, the impacts of major economic<br />
downturns <strong>in</strong> the Russian Federation <strong>in</strong> the early 1990s<br />
and <strong>in</strong> the United States <strong>in</strong> 2008 and 2009, and the<br />
impact of climate and energy policies. Factors that also<br />
have contributed to the emission decrease <strong>in</strong> the United<br />
States, s<strong>in</strong>ce 2007, are high oil prices with a relatively<br />
large impact on retail prices due to low fuel taxes and an<br />
<strong>in</strong>creased share of natural gas <strong>in</strong> total national fossil fuel<br />
consumption of 3 percentage po<strong>in</strong>ts s<strong>in</strong>ce 2007 (EIA,<br />
2012a,b). The EU saw a smoother decrease <strong>in</strong> <strong>emissions</strong><br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g the recession years, among other th<strong>in</strong>gs, because<br />
of the high fuel taxes, which dampened the impact on<br />
retail prices of strong <strong>in</strong>ternational variations <strong>in</strong> oil prices.<br />
The two dashed l<strong>in</strong>es <strong>in</strong> Figure 2.5 represent the range of<br />
CO 2<br />
<strong>emissions</strong> per capita (m<strong>in</strong>imum and maximum)<br />
spanned by the major <strong>in</strong>dustrialised countries (the Annex<br />
I countries listed <strong>in</strong> Figure 2.2), the highest levels be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
those <strong>in</strong> Australia and the United States, and the lowest<br />
those <strong>in</strong> France.<br />
In 2011, Ch<strong>in</strong>a’s average per capita CO 2<br />
<strong>emissions</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>creased by 9% to 7.2 tonnes CO 2<br />
. Tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to account an<br />
uncerta<strong>in</strong>ty marg<strong>in</strong> of 10%, this is similar to the European<br />
Union’s 2011 per capita <strong>emissions</strong> of 7.5 tonnes, the year<br />
14 | <strong>Trends</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>global</strong> CO 2<br />
<strong>emissions</strong>; 2012 Report