Ocular rosacea Crotoxin for paralysis of extraocular muscles ...

Toscano DA, et al.
observed excellent reproducibility of retinal thickness measurements
with mean difference among measurements of about 1 µm (6) .
Other SDOCT were also analyzed as RTVue which the RNFL thickness
reproducibility showed the ICC ranged between 0.91 and 0.97 for
the healthy group (60 eyes) and 0.86 and 0.97 for the glaucomatous
group (76 eyes) (7) . Using the SD SLO/OCT OTI the lowest ICC was 0.961
at 3 o’clock in the normal group (98 eyes) and 0.951 at 4 o’clock in the
glaucoma group (79 eyes) (9) .
Bendschneider et al., analyzed the RNFL thickness in 170 healthy
patients using the SDOCT Spectralis ® and observed that the RNFL
thickness was significantly associated with age (1.9 µm decline in
mean total RNFL thickness per age decade), axial length (total RNFL
decrease of -4.79 mm per every increasing 1-mm-axial length) and
optic disc area (with a total RNFL increase of 6.28 mm for every
1-mm 2 -increase in disc area). The total RNFL thickness in the study
population was 97.2 ± 9.7 µm, which is comparable to our study
(96.25 µm ± 10.28) (10) .
Recently, Wu et al., reported the reproducibility of Spectralis in
45 normal patients and 33 glaucoma patients. Their ICCs ranged
from 0.977 (temporal) to 0.990 (global and inferior-nasal sector) in
normal eyes, and from 0.983 (temporal) to 0.997 (inferior quadrant)
in glaucomatous eyes. CVs ranged from 1.45% (overall global) to
2.59% (temporal quadrant) for normal participants and ranged from
1.74% (overall global) to 3.22% (temporal quadrant) for glaucoma
patients (16) . There were some differences between this study and the
present study: they analyzed the RNFL thickness using more than
four quadrants (overall global - 360 degrees), for 4 quadrants (superior,
inferior, nasal, and temporal), and then for 4 additional sectors:
superior-temporal (TS, 45 to 90 degrees), superior-nasal (NS, 90 to
135 degrees), inferior-nasal (NI, 225 to 270 degrees), and inferior-
-temporal (TI, 270 to 315 degrees); the number of participants was
smaller than ours; the subjects had different types of glaucoma,
in cluding pseudoexfoliation glaucoma; and they used the TruTrack
image alignment software (i.e., the eye tracking system). Probably
because of all these facts theirs ICC and COV were better than the
present study, especially because of the tracking system.
Evaluating the impact of Spectralis ® self-acting eye tracking
system and retest software on the reproducibility of RNFL thickness
measurements in glaucomatous and healthy eyes it was observed
that the reproducibility can be improved by using the eye tracker,
and this gain was significantly higher in glaucomatous than in healthy
eyes. In healthy subjects, COVs for RNFL thickness measurements
without using the system ranged from 3.5% to 7.4% and with the eye
tracker and retest protocol ranged from 1.0% to 2.5%. In glaucoma
patients measurements without the eye tracker ranged from 5.8%
to 10.5% and with the system ranged from 1.6% to 3.8%. The improvement
in reproducibility was significantly higher in glaucomatous
than in healthy eyes (17) . Our study showed COV ranged from 4.65%
to 11.44% in the glaucomatous group similar to the previous study
without using the eye tracker system. Despite not using the eye
tracking system, our study showed an excellent reproducibility of
RNFL thickness in normal and glaucomatous eyes. It is necessary
to emphasize that the patients included in the present study had
moderate to advanced glaucoma with difficult to fixation on one or
both eyes and it may have contributed to the high COV.
CONCLUSION
The Spectralis ® spectral domain OCT equipped showed excellent
reproducibility with regards to RNFL thickness measurements in normal
and in moderate to advanced glaucoma patients.
REFERENCES
1. Sehi M, Grewal DS, Sheets CW, Greenfield DS. Diagnostic ability of Fourier-domain
vs time-domain optical coherence tomography for glaucoma detection. Am J Ophthalmol.
2009;148(4):597-605.
2. Sommer A, Miller NR, Pollack I, Maumenee AE, George T. The nerve fiber layer in the
diagnosis of glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1977;95(12):2149-56.
3. Huang D, Swanson EA, Lin CP, Schuman JS, Stinson WG, Chang W, et al. Optical coherence
tomography. Science. 1991;254(5035):1178-81.
4. Chen TC, Cense B, Pierce MC, Nassif N, Park BH, Yun SH, et al. Spectral domain optical
coherence tomography: ultra-high speed, ultra-high resolution ophthalmic imaging.
Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123(12): 1715-20.
5. Nassif N, Cense B, Park B, Pierce M, Yun S, Bouma B, et al. In vivo high-resolution
video-rate spectral-domain optical coherence tomography of the human retina and
optic nerve. Opt Express. 2004;12(3):367-76.
6. Menke MN, Dabov S, Knecht P, Sturm V. Reproducibility of retinal thickness measurements
in healthy subjects using spectralis optical coherence tomography. Am J
Oph thalmol. 2009;147(3):467-72.
7. Gonzalez-Garcia AO, Vizzeri G, Bowd C, Medeiros FA, Zangwill LM, Weinreb RN. Reproducibility
of RTVue retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and optic disc measurements
and agreement with Stratus optical coherence tomography measurements. Am J
Ophthalmol. 2009;147(6):1067-74, 1074 e1.
8. Leung CK, Ye C, Weinreb RN, Cheung CY, Qiu Q, Liu S, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer
imaging with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography a study on diagnostic
agreement with Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(2):267-74.
9. Lee SH, Kim SH, Kim TW, Park KH, Kim DM. Reproducibility of retinal nerve fiber thickness
measurements using the test-retest function of spectral OCT/SLO in normal and
glaucomatous eyes. J Glaucoma. 2010;19(9):637-42.
10. Bendschneider D, Tornow RP, Horn FK, Laemmer R, Roessler CW, Juenemann AG, et
al. Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Normals Measured by Spectral Domain OCT.
J Glaucoma. 2010;19(7):475-82.
11. Tan BB, Natividad M, Chua KC. Comparison of retinal nerve fiber layer measurement
between 2 spectral domain OCT instruments. J Glaucoma. 2012;21(4):266-73.
12. Blumenthal EZ, Williams JM, Weinreb RN, Girkin CA, Berry CC, Zangwill LM. Reproducibility
of nerve fiber layer thickness measurements by use of optical coherence
to mography. Ophthalmology. 2000;107(12):2278-82.
13. Budenz DL, Fredette MJ, Feuer WJ, Anderson DR. Reproducibility of peripapillary
retinal nerve fiber thickness measurements with stratus OCT in glaucomatous eyes.
Ophthalmology. 2008;115(4):661-6. e4.
14. Budenz DL, Chang RT, Huang X, Knighton RW, Tielsch JM. Reproducibility of retinal
nerve fiber thickness measurements using the stratus OCT in normal and glaucomatous
eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46(7):2440-3.
15. Paunescu LA, Schuman JS, Price LL, Stark PC, Beaton S, Ishikawa H, et al. Reproducibility
of nerve fiber thickness, macular thickness, and optic nerve head measurements
using StratusOCT. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45(6):1716-24.
16. Wu H, de Boer JF, Chen TC. Reproducibility of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness
mea surements using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. J Glaucoma.
2011;20(8):470-6.
17. Langenegger SJ, Funk J, Toteberg-Harms M. Reproducibility of retinal nerve fiber
layer thickness measurements using the eye tracker and the retest function of
Spectralis SD-OCT in glaucomatous and healthy control eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis
Sci. 2011;52(6):3338-44.
Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(5):320-3
323