water and sanitation.qxd - LGRC DILG 10

WATER AND SANITATION 

Writer 

Reginald Indon 

Editors 

Chay Florentino-Hofileña 

Giselle Baretto-Lapitan 

Project Management 

Amihan Perez 

Ateneo Center for Social Policy and Public Affairs (ACSPPA) 

Technical and Editorial Team 

Rene "Bong' Garrucho, LGSP 

Mags Maglana, LGSP 

Abdul Jim Hassan, LGSP 

Rizal Barandino, LGSP 

Myn Garcia, LGSP 

Philippine Center for Water and Sanitation - International Training Network Foundation (PCWS-ITNF) 

Art Direction, Cover Design & Layout 

Jet Hermida 

Photography 

Gil Nartea

WATSAN 

WATER AND SANITATION SERVICES FOR ALL

Water And Sanitation Services For All 

Service Delivery with Impact: Resource Books for Local Government 

Copyright @2003 Philippines-Canada Local Government Support Program (LGSP) 

All rights reserved 

The Philippines-Canada Local Government Support Program encourages the 

use, translation, adaptation and copying of this material for non-commercial 

use, with appropriate credit given to LGSP. 

Although reasonable care has been taken in the preparation of this book, the 

publisher and/or contributor and/or editor can not accept any liability for any 

consequence arising from the use thereof or from any information 

contained herein. 

ISBN 971-8597-03-4 

Printed and bound in Manila, Philippines 

Published by: 

Philippines-Canada Local Government Support Program (LGSP) 

Unit 1507 Jollibee Plaza 

Emerald Ave., 1600 Pasig City, Philippines 

Tel. Nos. (632) 637-3511 to 13 

www.lgsp.org.ph 

Ateneo Center for Social Policy and Public Affairs (ACSPPA) 

ACSPPA, Fr. Arrupe Road, Social Development Complex 

Ateneo de Manila University, Loyola Heights, 1108 Quezon City 

This project was undertaken with the financial support of the Government of 

Canada provided through the Canadian International Development Agency 

(CIDA).

A JOINT PROJECT OF 

Department of the Interior 

and Local Government (DILG) 

National Economic and 

Development Authority (NEDA) 

Canadian International 

Development Agency 

IMPLEMENTED BY 

Agriteam Canada 

www.agriteam.ca 

Federation of Canadian 

Municipalities (FCM) 

www.fcm.ca

CONTENTS 

FOREWORD 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

PREFACE 

ACRONYMS 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

INTRODUCTION 

CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION 

Key Concepts 

Advantages and Benefits of Adequate and Safe Watsan Services 

Water and Sanitation Situation 

International and National Targets 

Existing Environment 

Guiding Principles for LGUs 

CHAPTER 2: LGU MANDATES IN WATSAN PROVISION 

Water Supply Provision and Sanitation and Drainage Provisions 

National Policy on Urban Sewerage and Sanitation of 1994 

NEDA Board Resolution No. 5 (series of 1998) 

NEDA Board Resolution No. 6 (series of 1996) 

CHAPTER 3: IMPLEMENTATION & POLICY ISSUES AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES 

Implementation and Policy Issues 

Adequate Water and Sanitation for All: Guiding Principles 

CHAPTER 4: GOOD PRACTICES IN WATSAN PROVISION 

Community-Managed Approach Cases 

Social Privatization Approach Case 

Privatization Approach Case 

i 

iii 

v 

vii 

ix 

1 

7 

7 

9 

9 

11 

12 

16 

21 

21 

23 

25 

29 

33 

33 

36 

57 

58 

70 

75 

SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKs FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

CONTENTS 

CHAPTER 5: REFERENCES AND TOOLS 

Potential Sites for Study Tours 

References 

ENDNOTES 

ANNEX: 

Water Supply Technology Options 

Sanitation Technology Options 

Sustainability of Community-Based Rural Water Supply Organizations 

Directory 

79 

79 

83 

87 

89 

89 

93 

107 

113 


FOREWORD 

The Department of the Interior and Local Government is pleased to acknowledge the latest 

publication of the Philippines Canada Local Government Support Program (LGSP), Service 

Delivery with Impact: Resource Books for Local Government; a series of books on eight (8) 

service delivery areas, which include Shelter, Water and Sanitation, Health, Agriculture, Local Economic 

Development, Solid Waste Management, Watershed and Coastal Resource Management. 

One of the biggest challenges in promoting responsive and efficient local governance is to be able to 

meaningfully deliver quality public services to communities as mandated in the Local Government Code. 

Faced with continued high incidence of poverty, it is imperative to strengthen the role of LGUs in service 

delivery as they explore new approaches for improving their performance. 

Strategies and mechanisms for effective service delivery must take into consideration issues of poverty 

reduction, people’s participation, the promotion of gender equality, environmental sustainability and 

economic and social equity for more long- term results. There is also a need to acquire knowledge, create 

new structures, and undertake innovative programs that are more responsive to the needs of the 

communities and develop linkages and partnerships within and between communities as part of an 

integrated approach to providing relevant and sustainable services to their constituencies. 

Service Delivery with Impact: Resource Books for Local Government offer local government units and 

their partners easy-to-use, comprehensive resource material with which to take up this challenge. By 

providing LGUs with practical technologies, tested models and replicable exemplary practices, Service 

Delivery with Impact encourages LGUs to be innovative, proactive and creative in addressing the real 

problems and issues in providing and enhancing services, taking into account increased community 

participation and strategic private sector/civil society organizational partnerships. We hope that in using 

these resource books, LGUs will be better equipped with new ideas, tools and inspiration to make a 

SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKs FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT 

I

FOREWORD 

difference by expanding their knowledge and selection of replicable choices in delivering basic services 

with increased impact. 

The DILG, therefore, congratulates the Philippines-Canada Local Government Support Program (LGSP) 

for this milestone in its continuing efforts to promote efficient, responsive, transparent and accountable 

governance. 

HON. JOSE D. LINA, JR. 

Secretary 

Department of the Interior and Local Government 

II 



This publication is the result of the collaboration of the following individuals and institutions that 

support the improvement of the delivery of water and sanitation services by local governments 

to their constituents 

The Local Government Support Program led by Alix Yule, Marion Maceda Villanueva and Rene “Bong” 

Garrucho for providing the necessary direction and support 

Rory Villaluna, Lyn Capistrano, Carmelo Gendrano and other staff of PCWS-ITNF for undertaking the 

research and roundtable discussion and preparing the technical report which was the main reference 

for this resource book; and for assisting in the review of the manuscript 

Participants to the Roundtable Discussion on Water and Sanitation held last August 7, 2002 in Davao 

City. Their expertise and animated exchange of opinions helped shape the technical report on which 

this publication is based: 

Mayor Gregorio Facula of Braulio Dujali; Florencio Leray, Arthur Moralde, Mel Villacin, and Alejandro C. 

Sumiling of Quezon, Bukidnon; Rolando A. Balago of Misamis Oriental, Lorena Navallasca of Iloilo; Dr. 

Jarvis Punsalan of Capiz; Delia Guinto of Carmona and Ellen Pascua of DILG 

Sarah Coll-Black of CIDA; Lizette Cardenas of SWAPP; Ratan Budhathoki of NEWAH; Ruben P. Cajigas of 

Leaf Foundation and Cherry B. Al-ag of OIDCI 

LGSP Manager Victor A. Ozarraga and Program Officers Victor C. Alfaro, Aser Realubit, and Abduljim Hassan 


III


Rizal Barandino for providing feedback that helped ensure that the resource book offers information 

that is practical and applicable to LGU needs and requirements 

Reginald Indon for effective rendering of the technical reports 

Chay Florentino Hofilena and Giselle Baretto-Lapitan for the excellent editorial work 

Amihan Perez and the Ateneo Center for Social Policy and Public Affairs for their efficient coordination 

and management of the project 

Mags Z. Maglana for providing overall content supervision and coordinating with the technical writer 

Myn Garcia for providing technical and creative direction and overall supervision of the design, layout 

and production 

Sef Carandang, Russell Fariñas, Gigi Barazon and the rest of the LGSP administrative staff for providing 

support 

IV 


PREFACE 

Service Delivery with Impact: Resource Books for Local Government are the product of a series 

of roundtable discussions, critical review of tested models and technologies, and case analyses 

of replicable exemplary practices in the Philippines conducted by the Philippines-Canada Local 

Government Support Program (LGSP) in eight (8) service sectors that local government units (LGUs) are 

mandated to deliver. These include Shelter, Water and Sanitation, Health, Agriculture, Local Economic 

Development, Solid Waste Management, Watershed and Coastal Resource Management. 

The devolution of powers as mandated in the Local Government Code has been a core pillar of 

decentralization in the Philippines. Yet despite opportunities for LGUs to make a meaningful difference 

in the lives of the people by maximizing these devolved powers, issues related to poverty persist and 

improvements in effective and efficient service delivery remain a challenge. 

With LGSP’s work in support of over 200 LGUs for the past several years came the recognition of the need 

to enhance capacities in service delivery, specifically to clarify the understanding and optimize the role 

of local government units in providing improved services. This gap presented the motivation for LGSP 

to develop these resource books for LGUs. 

Not a “how to manual,” Service Delivery with Impact features strategies and a myriad of proven 

approaches designed to offer innovative ways for local governments to increase their capacities to better 

deliver quality services to their constituencies. 

Each resource book focuses on highlighting the important areas of skills and knowledge that contribute 

to improved services. Service Delivery with Impact provides practical insights on how LGUs can apply 

guiding principles, tested and appropriate technology, and lessons learned from exemplary cases to their 

organization and in partnership with their communities. 


V

PREFACE 

This series of resource books hopes to serve as a helpful and comprehensive reference to inspire and 

enable LGUs to significantly contribute to improving the quality of life of their constituency through 

responsive and efficient governance. 

Philippines-Canada Local Government Support Program (LGSP) 

VI 


ACRONYMS 

ADB 

AusAID 

BWSA 

BWSI 

CARWASA 

CDF 

DANIDA 

DFWSA 

DWSDC 

JBIC 

KfW 

LGSP 

LGU 

LWUA 

MWSS 

NEDA 

NGO 

O&M 

ODA 

PCWS-ITNF 

PSP 

RWSA 

SSF 

SZOPAD 

UN 

USAID 

USC-WRC 

WATSAN 

WB 

Asian Development Bank 

Australian Agency for International Development 

Barangay Waterworks and Sanitation Association 

Bayan Water Services, Inc. 

Casay Rural Water and Sanitation Association 

Countryside Development Fund 

Danish International Development Agency 

Doña Flavia Water and Sanitation Association 

Darangan Water Service Development Cooperative 

Japanese Bank for International Cooperation 

Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) The German Development Bank 

Local Government Support Program 

Local Government Unit 

Local Water Utilities Authority 

Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System 

National Economic and Development Authority 

Non-Government Organization 

Operation and Maintenance 

Overseas Development Assistance 

Philippine Center for Water and Sanitation – International Training Network Foundation 

Private Sector Participation 

Rural Waterworks and Sanitation Association 

SZOPAD Social Fund 

Special Zone of Peace and Development 

United Nations 

United States Agency for International Development 

University of San Carlos Water Resource Center 

Water and Sanitation 

World Bank 


VII


THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION 

Access to safe water and sanitation is essential not only for human survival, but also to improve the lives 

of people, particularly the poor. Safe water and sanitation are necessary building blocks in the 

development of healthier and more productive communities. 

Yet access to safe water and sanitation services continues to be a major concern among many Filipinos. 

Philippine statistics, for instance, show that only 67 percent of the urban population and 87 percent of 

the rural population has access to water, while only 69 percent of the population nationwide has 

sanitation facilities. The problem is directly linked to issues and problems related to the policy, 

institutional, technical, financial, socio-cultural, and economic environments. 

MEETING THE CHALLENGE 

The challenge posed to LGUs is to enhance and re-imagine their involvement in water and sanitation 

service delivery. As will be shown in this Resource Book, LGU experiences in water and sanitation 

projects—particularly those which have used the community-managed and socially privatized 

institutional arrangements—show tremendous promise in terms of project success and sustainability. 

Such LGU efforts eventually achieved capital development and water-sanitation service efficiency, 

but also encouraged the growth of strong local democracy and institution building. 

The experiences of community-managed systems (in Doña Flavia, Casay and New Bulatukan) and of a 

socially-privatized system (in Darangan) reveal that these two institutional arrangements are fast 

emerging as alternative and viable models of community-based water systems, compared to the 

traditional models of government-controlled or private corporation-controlled water systems. 


IX


Community management and social privatization do not mean lesser government involvement. On the 

contrary, government agencies and LGUs, in particular, will continue to play a vital role in providing a 

favorable policy climate for greater community participation in WATSAN service delivery, and in 

ensuring sustained institutional support for the organizations involved. 

THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES 

Certain guiding principles help enhance project implementation. In the experience of water and 

sanitation advocates and practitioners and as articulated by the Philippine Center for Water and 

Sanitation-International Training Network Foundation (PCWS-ITNF), these include (1) ensuring 

sustainability of potable water supply and sanitation services, (2) effective implementation of water and 

sanitation projects, (3) developing a culture of Operation and Maintenance (O&M), and (4) ensuring the 

formation of viable institutional arrangements. 

In practice, these guiding principles involve using appropriate technologies, ensuring community 

participation, and transparent and conscientious resource and project management during project 

implementation. It likewise involves investing in social preparation, institution building, and capabilitybuilding 

in order to guarantee project continuity and sustainability. 

By adhering to these implementing guide principles, LGUs stand to benefit from enhanced community 

access to safe, efficient, and affordable water and sanitation systems; lower project and O&M costs; and 

expanded government-private sector-civil society collaboration. 

X 


INTRODUCTION 

INFORMATION: A BASIC TOOL FOR LGUS 

The Philippines-Canada Local Government Support Program has put together this resource book in 

response to the need to develop and disseminate knowledge on the importance of water and sanitation 

and the issues and problems surrounding this sector. This resource book is a collection of ideas, 

practical technologies, tested models, and good practices related to water and sanitation service 

delivery that can be systematically disseminated and used by LGUs and their partners. 

Although this resource book focuses on ways of improving water and sanitation service delivery, it likewise 

tackles issues relating to poverty levels, gender promotion, people participation, and economic and social 

equity and how these themes are connected to water and sanitation service delivery. 

This resource book was developed in collaboration with the Philippine Center for Water and 

Sanitation–International Training Network Foundation (PCWS-ITNF). The PCWS-ITNF is a non-government 

organization concerned with public information, research, community organizing, advocacy, and 

training for the awareness, appreciation, protection, and conservation of Philippine water resources. It 

aims to heighten awareness among public and private institutions on development issues affecting water 

and sanitation policy reforms and water resource management. 


1

INTRODUCTION 

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THIS BOOK 

The specific objective of the book is to provide local government officials and those helping LGUs develop 

capacity in service delivery with: 

1. An overview of the policy environment governing the water and sanitation sector; 

2. Ideas on sustainable and cost-effective technologies, models, and practices related to water 

and sanitation; 

3. An understanding of the tremendous impact of water and sanitation projects on poverty 

reduction and community development, and; 

4. A vision of the evolving and critical role of local government units in providing water and 

sanitation services. 

A companion book published by the Philippines-Canada Local Government Support Program (LGSP), 

titled “Resource Finder: Financial and Technical Assistance for LGUs,”provides additional information on 

the different types of assistance that LGUs can access from government agencies, government financing 

institutions, ODA, and civil society organizations. Water and sanitation is among the service areas covered 

by the Resource Finder. 

PARTS OF THE RESOURCE BOOK 

Chapter 1: Overview of the Water and Sanitation Situation. This chapter discusses the situation of 

the water and sanitation sector in the global and national arena. It introduces LGUs to the challenges 

at hand, while highlighting key concepts, the importance of water and sanitation services, their 

potential impacts on communities, and guiding principles for LGUs. 

2 SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKs FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

INTRODUCTION 

Chapter 2: LGU Mandates in WatSan Provision. This chapter contains the mandates for LGUs 

concerning water and sanitation service delivery and the fundamental role of LGUs as catalysts for 

development and social change. 

Chapter 3: Implementation & Policy Issues and Guiding Principles. This section discusses the 

different issues and recommendations related to water and sanitation projects. It provides LGUs a 

general idea about the various factors and elements that hinder the development of water and 

sanitation services. This section also presents the key elements needed to facilitate the success of 

water and sanitation projects. 

Chapter 4: Good Practices in WatSan Provision. This portion features the experience of five (5) 

water and sanitation projects. The chapter explores two emerging approaches to water and sanitation 

service delivery—community-managed water systems and the social privatization approach—and 

looks into the nuances between these two systems. This chapter shows how these approaches engage 

communities and promote direct access to water and sanitation. Apparently, these systems also nearly 

match the financial and technological capacity level of LGUs. This chapter also explores a case involving 

water service provision using the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) model as a variant of privatization. 

These and the other potential sites identified in Chapter 5 can be visited by interested parties should 

they want to directly verify and further learn from the cited experiences. 

Chapter 5: References and Tools. This chapter presents other potential sites for possible study tours, 

listing some of the models and approaches to water and sanitation service delivery (i.e., barangay water 

and sanitation associations, water service development cooperatives, private sector participation 

through concession arrangement, and Design-Build-Lease models, government-owned and controlled 

water districts, among others). This chapter also identifies materials and tools that can be used by LGUs 

and other users as reference. 


3

INTRODUCTION 

The annex section of this resource book provides illustrated options for water supply and sanitation 

technologies and discusses what works and what does not in terms of sustaining community rural water 

supply organizations. A section also provides contact details pertaining to the different water districts 

and private water firms operating in the country as well as NGOs and other organizations that provide 

support to the water sector. 

SUGGESTED USES OF THIS RESOURCE BOOK 

LGUs are encouraged to review Chapters 1, 2, and 3 in order to adequately understand: (1) the basic 

components related to water and sanitation service delivery, (2) the mandated roles of LGUs as 

prescribed by existing legislation and government regulations, (3) the issues and problems surrounding 

water and sanitation, and (4) the suggested guiding principles involved in implementing water and 

sanitation projects. This information is handy when LGUs shape and deliberate on the emphasis of their 

water and sanitation programs. 

LGUs can also use this resource book to expand their list of choices (e.g., technology, financing options, 

management style, institutional arrangement) on how they can provide, or improve, water and 

sanitation services in their locality. 

LGUs are urged to review Chapters 4 and 5 in order to gain insights or inspiration from the experiences 

of other LGUs that have implemented their own water and sanitation projects. Further, these chapters 

provide an appreciation of the emerging new role of LGUs vis-à-vis the growing popularity of communitymanaged 

and socially privatized water and sanitation systems. This knowledge will help LGUs in 

designing, allocating resources for, and implementing specific water and sanitation projects. 


Overview of the Water and 

Sanitation Situation1

Overview of the WaTSAN Situation CHAPTER 

1 

❙ KEY CONCEPTS 

◗ WATER AND SANITATION 

Water supply refers to the supply of water for domestic, municipal, 

industrial, and commercial uses 1 . Sanitation, meanwhile, involves proper 

containment and processing of human waste and wastewater until these 

are safe enough for release into the environment. 

Water and sanitation are universally considered basic human needs, and 

form part of the broader water sector, which includes irrigation, 

hydropower, drainage, and flood control. 

◗ WATER SUPPLY SERVICE 

Water supply can be categorized into three levels: Level I (point source), 

Level II (communal faucet system or standpost), and Level III (waterworks 

system or individual household connections). 

Level I system refers to a protected well or a developed spring with an 

outlet but without a distribution system. This is generally adaptable for rural 

areas where the houses are thinly scattered. This system normally services 

an average of 15 households. 

Water supply n. 

refers to the supply of 

water for domestic, 

municipal, industrial, 

and commercial uses. 

Sanitation n. involves 

proper containment 

and processing of 

human waste and 

wastewater until these 

are safe enough for 

release into the 

environment. 


7

1 WATER AND SANITATION 

Level II system consists of a source, a reservoir, a piped distribution network, and communal faucets. 

Usually, one faucet serves four to six households and is generally suited for rural and urban fringe 

areas where houses are clustered densely. 

Level III system is composed of a source, a reservoir, a piped distribution network, and household 

taps. It is generally suited for densely populated urban areas. 

◗ TYPES OF TOILET FACILITIES 

Type I facilities require a small amount of water to wash excreta into the receiving space or pit (e.g., 

pour-flush toilets). A non-water carriage toilet facility does not require water to wash excreta into 

the receiving space or pit (e.g., ventilated improved pit latrine, sanitary pit privy). 

Type II facilities are water carriage type facilities, having a pour-flush or flush-type toilet facility 

and a septic vault/tank as the disposal facility. 

Type III facilities are water carriage facilities with pour-flush type toilet facilities connected to septic 

tanks, sewerage system, or treatment plants 

◗ LEVELS OF TOILET USE 

Toilet use can be classified as communal, public, school, or household use. Two or more households 

share communal toilets. Public toilet facilities are intended for public use, and are located in 

markets, bus stations, etc. School toilet facilities are located in schools and are essentially for the 

use of students. Individual households use household toilet facilities. 

8 


Overview of the Water and Sanitation Situation 1 

❙ ADVANTAGES AND BENEFITS 

OF ADEQUATE AND SAFE WATSAN SERVICES 

Safe water and sanitation are vital to human existence, and serve as fundamental economic 

resources upon which survival and livelihood depend. Access to safe and affordable supply of 

drinking water is universally recognized as a basic human need for the present generation and a 

precondition for the development and care of the next. 

Without adequate and appropriate water and sanitation facilities, diseases can easily spread 

through water contamination. Thus, improved water and sanitation services can lead to significant 

and tangible improvements in people’s well-being and way of life. Access to water supply and 

sanitation services often results in lesser water-borne and water-washed diseases. People can be 

more productive as more time can be spent at work and at school. The reduction in incidence of 

diarrhea or other diseases caused by contaminated water, considerably improves health and 

nutrition. 

Furthermore, better health results in improved self-worth and status, especially among women. 

An efficient and dependable water supply brings about higher levels of industry confidence in the 

quality and supply of such a vital resource. Standards of urban infrastructure—including housing— 

are likewise enhanced, while resources for leisure, recreation, and tourism are significantly 

improved. 

❙ WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION 

Yet access to water and sanitation services continues to be a major concern not only among 

Filipinos, but also worldwide, especially among the poorer sectors. This problem is directly linked 

to issues and problems related to the policy, institutional, technical, financial, socio-cultural, and 

economic environments. 


9


In the Philippines, 

only 67 % of the 

urban population 

and 87 % of the 

rural population 

has access to 

water, while only 

69 % of the 

population 

nationwide has 

sanitation 

facilities. 

According to statistics, an estimated 2.9 billion people lack access to adequate 

sanitation services while 1.2 billion people in the world lack access to safe water. 

As a result, more than 3.3 million people die every year from diarrheal diseases. 

At any one time, 1.5 million people suffer from parasitic worm infections 

caused by human excreta and solid wastes in the environment. Thousands of 

children under the age of four die every year due to diarrhea, the highest 

number of cases said to be found in Africa. 

In the Philippines, only 67 percent of the urban population and 87 percent of 

the rural population has access to water, while only 69 percent of the 

population nationwide has sanitation facilities. In Metro Manila, about 900,000 

or 7.67% of the population have access to safe sanitation facilities. 2 The 

situation is attributed to many Filipinos not owning land and therefore being 

unable to provide for their own toilets. 

In addition, access to sanitation is especially lacking because of the following 

factors: 

Lack of political will 

Low prestige and recognition 

Ineffective promotion and low public awareness 

Poor policy at all levels 

Poor institutional frameworks 

Inadequate and poorly used resources 

Neglect of consumer preferences 

Inappropriate approaches 

10 



❙ INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL TARGETS 

Given the enormous challenge of providing and improving water and sanitation services, the UN 

Millennium Goals seek to reduce by half the number of those without access to safe water supply 

and sanitation by the year 2015. A worldwide movement called Vision 21 was also created to give 

priority to hygiene and sanitation and in sharing the management of water resources. There is also 

the WASH Campaign, a global alliance for making safe water, sanitation, and hygiene a reality for 

all. WASH is a global effort of the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council, launched at 

the International Conference on Freshwater in December 2001. The campaign aims to: (1) raise 

consciousness about sanitation and hygiene, (2) gain the commitment of political, social, and opinion 

leaders around the world and, (3) ultimately bring about the structural and behavioral changes that 

will provide a permanent solution to this preventable international crisis. 

The Philippine government, meanwhile, expects to increase water supply coverage to 93 percent 

in rural areas, 90 percent in Metro Manila, and 87 percent in the other urban areas. For sanitation, 

the target is to cover close to 76 percent of the country’s total population. 

To achieve these targets, the national government has determined a course of action that is firmly 

established in the Medium Term Development Plan for 1999-2004 Policies and Strategies. These 

are to: 

1. Create an independent authority that will formulate national policies on water resources 

management, regulation, utilization, planning and conservation. 

2. Pursue sustainable development and management of water resources. 

3. Promote an integrated approach to link social and economic development with the protection 

of natural resources and ecosystems. 

4. Provide a favorable environment for LGUs, with assistance from the Department of the Interior 

and Local Government, and private sector participation (PSP) in the provision of water supply 

and sanitation services. 


11


5. Pursue private sector participation in providing water supply and sanitation facilities, especially 

in other urban areas. 

6. Enhance information campaign and training in proper waste disposal and ecological and 

environmental preservation with special emphasis on women’s participation. 

7. Develop and provide incentives for contiguous water districts to amalgamate into single 

business entities. 

8. Harness the resources of the private sector in improving water services and sewerage facilities 

in Metro Manila and other urban areas. 

9. Adopt a holistic approach to water resources development. 

10. Develop standards for regulation of service efficiency. 

11. Pursue the enactment of an independent authority. 

12. Encourage the development of sewerage and sanitation facilities. 

13. Encourage the reuse and recycling of water and the harvesting and impounding of rainwater. 

14. Pursue the preservation of the environment. 

15. Continue the improvement of financial and technical evaluations of water districts to address 

water services sustainability. 

16. Support the creation of river basin authorities to effect integrated water resources management. 

17. Pursue and strengthen the strict enforcement of water-related laws, rules and regulations, and 

adopt stiff and proportionate penalties for violators. 

❙ EXISTING ENVIRONMENT 

◗ INSTITUTIONAL 

The major government units responsible for regulating the water sector in the country are the 

Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS), Local Water Utilities Administration 

(LWUA), National Water Resources Board (NWRB), and local government units. These government 

units monitor and regulate the water tariffs (i.e., water rates) charged by private sector water 

districts and concessionaires. 

12 



The MWSS has a regulatory office specifically mandated to ensure that the terms and conditions 

under which private concessionaries operate are strictly followed. The LWUA oversees the water 

districts. The NWRB issues the water permits and regulates non-water district water providers. 

Other government units also responsible for economic regulation of water resources at the 

national level are the following: 

1. Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) for general administration and 

institution-building support to local government units. 

2. Presidential Task Force for Water Resources Development and Management - This agency, 

under the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), is the oversight body for 

efficient water use and sourcing. 

3. Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) for pollution control. 

4. Department of Health (DOH) for water quality regulation and setting standards on testing, 

treatment, and surveillance 

5. Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) for setting technical standards for 

engineering surveys, design and operation, and maintenance. 

6. Department of Budget and Management (DBM) for budget releases and allocation planning. 

7. National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) for overall planning and policy 

coordination and formulation. 

8. Department of Finance (DOF) for the management of financial resources. 

For sanitation, the NEDA is involved in coordination and planning. The DOH is mainly concerned 

with policy formulation and provides hygiene education and toilet bowls through specific projects. 

At the local level, the Municipal/City Health Officers are the health promoters and also help 

oversee water quality. Meanwhile, the DENR concerns itself with the protection of bodies of 

water and the environment. 


13


Although there are various government agencies involved in the water and sanitation sector, 

there is often a lack of coordination in planning and policy formulation. In turn, this has resulted 

in the implementation of lopsided and incongruent development initiatives. 

Until now, many areas in the country have no access to water. And in some areas where water and 

sanitation services are available, the quality of service is far from satisfactory. The problem is 

linked to revenue losses of service providers caused by the poor collection of water payments and 

increasing cost of water leakages and pilferages. Revenue losses have limited the capacity of 

service providers to finance service expansion and improvements. 

Further compounding the problem is the lack of reliable data on the water and sanitation situation 

in the country, which prevents development planners and decision-makers from formulating 

appropriate solutions to the problems. In addition, the wide range of agencies in the sector 

(resulting in duplication of functions and fragmented planning) often causes the slow and weak 

enforcement of water and sanitation policies, laws, rules, and regulations. 

In a nutshell, the water and sanitation sector is weighed down by a lack of leadership and 

institutional efficiency. 

◗ PLANNING AND POLICY 

There exists enough legislation and government policies that govern the water and sanitation sector 

but these are not being sufficiently implemented. These include, but are not limited to, the 

following: 

1991 Local Government Code 

Water Code and Sanitation Code of the Philippines 

1988-2000 Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 

NEDA Board Resolution Number 4, 5, and 6 (series of 1994) 

14 



Amended Build-Operate-Transfer Law (Republic Act 7718) 

ICC Policy Papers and Medium-Term Development Plan 1999-2004. 

(The LGU mandates are further taken up in Chapter 2 of this resource book.) 

The task ahead is to translate these policies into concrete action and practices, especially at the local 

and community levels. It is also important to develop policies and action plans that regard water 

as a limited resource that must be conserved and managed efficiently. Because water supply is very 

limited, all its competing uses (drinking, irrigation, industrial, and commercial) have their own 

economic value. The challenge is to find a way to efficiently conserve and manage water, and to 

strike a balance among the competing uses of water. 

Chapter 4 of this resource book will show how some local government units have taken the 

initiative to develop water and sanitation projects in their areas. 

◗ FINANCING 

Funding is a major factor affecting the water and sanitation sector, as will be shown in Chapter 4. 

Traditionally, funding for water and sanitation projects have come from any or a combination of 

the following sources: 

National government subsidies 

Internal cash generation of national government entities (LWUA) 

Public and private financial institutions (government and commercial banks) 

ODA grants and loans 

Investments from international sources (ADB, JBIC, and WB) 

Private sector investments 

Proceeds from the Countryside Development Fund 

Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) and internally generated revenues of local government units 


15


This is not to say that funding has always been available. In fact, fund scarcity is a major problem, 

especially since the sector has to compete for financial market resources and has not always been 

given the highest priority by the previous and current administrations. 

In 1993 to 1998, for instance, only two percent of the national government infrastructure program 

was allocated to water resources. This was further subdivided for irrigation, water supply, sewerage, 

sanitation, flood control, drainage, and other infrastructure projects. 

Financing can come from external or internal sources. External sources include loans (e.g., from the 

LWUA), Countryside Development Funds of national legislators, grants, and national government 

programs. Internal sources, meanwhile, include LGU resources, Internal Revenue Allotment and Social 

Development Funds, LGU manpower, material stocks and equipment, and community resources. 3 

❙ GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR LGUS 

LGU interventions for water and sanitation may involve the following: (1) construction of new systems, 

(2) rehabilitation of existing systems, (3) upgrade or expansion, (4) multiple sources and systems 

and (5) the “do-nothing” option. 

It will be helpful to take note of the Dublin Principles when LGUs prepare their responses to local 

water and sanitation challenges. Basically, the Dublin Principles states that water and sanitation 

service provision should be comprehensive, that existing autonomous institutions should be 

tapped as project partners, and that water resources should be treated as an economic resource. 

(More of the Dublin Principles is discussed in Chapter 3.) 

Informed by Philippine and global experiences in community-based water and sanitation service 

provision, the Philippine Center for Water and Sanitation recommends four guiding principles for 

LGUs: 

16 



1. Ensure sustainability of potable water supply and sanitation 

services. Ensuring sustainability means using appropriate technology, 

fostering community participation, and ensuring transparent and 

conscientious resource and project management. 

Guiding Principles 

for LGUs 

2. Effectively implement water and sanitation projects. Effective 

implementation means applying these sustainability factors (i.e., 

appropriate technology, community participation, transparent and 

conscientious management) during specific stages of the project cycle. 

3. Develop a culture of operation and maintenance. Often, too much 

emphasis is given to the actual construction of a water and sanitation 

facility. Yet very little attention is given to operation and maintenance— 

an equally important factor to consider in ensuring the sustainability 

of water and sanitation projects. This principle requires that the 

community-beneficiary is not only willing to accept responsibility for 

operating and maintaining the water and sanitation facility, but also 

capable of handling the task and challenge of running such a facility. 

1. Ensure sustainability of 

potable water supply 

and sanitation services 

2. Efficiently implement 

water and sanitation 

projects 

3. Develop a culture of 

operation and 

maintenance 

4. Employ viable 

institutional 

arrangements 

4. Employ viable institutional arrangements. There are different options 

that an LGU can explore and take regarding institutional arrangements 

for water and sanitation. However, this Resource Book particularly 

highlights two options in water and sanitation systems provision: privatization and communitymanaged 

models. This is because there seem to be a growing interest among LGUs in these 

models, even if the latter has not been identified as a management model by the NEDA. 

Although there can be many types of privatization, the most well known is the corporate 

privatization model. The Magdalena case study illustrates this type of privatization model. 


17


There is another approach to privatization that seems to be a reaction to corporate privatization, 

yet distinct from community-managed models—social privatization. Social privatization involves 

running public services as an enterprise but with an orientation to plow profits back in pursuit of 

social objectives. Darangan, featured in Chapter 4, is an example of this approach. 

Community management has become the leading concept for implementing water supply 

systems in rural areas in developing countries. The idea that communities themselves should 

operate and maintain water supply systems came partly from an eroded belief in the idea that only 

central governments can secure the service requirements of their populations, and partly from the 

positive belief that communities possess the skills and motivation to meet their own essential needs. 

The cases of Doña Flavia, Casay and New Bulatukan featured in Chapter 4, are examples of 

community-managed systems. 

18 


LGU MANDATES in 

provision 

watsan2

LGU MANDATES in watsan provision 

CHAPTER 

2 

❙ WATER SUPPLY PROVISION 

AND SANITATION AND DRAINAGE PROVISIONS 

◗ LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE 

Excerpts from the Local Government Code, R.A. 7160 – An Act Providing for Local Government 

Code 1991 (Approved by President Corazon Aquino, October 10, 1991) 

CHAPTER 2. General Powers and Attributes of Local Government Units 

SEC. 17. Basic Services and Facilities. 

(a) Local government units shall endeavor to be self-reliant and shall continue exercising the 

powers and discharging the duties and functions currently vested upon them. They shall also 

discharge the functions and responsibilities of national agencies and offices devolved to them 

pursuant to this Code. Local government units shall likewise exercise such other powers and 

discharge other functions and responsibilities as necessary, appropriate or incidental to efficient 

and effective provision of the basic services and facilities enumerated herein. 

(b) Such basic services and facilities include, but are not limited to, the following: 

Barangay 

(iii) Services and facilities related to general hygiene and sanitation, beautification, and solid 

waste collection; 

(v) Maintenance of… water supply systems; 


21


Municipality 

(vi) Services and facilities related to general hygiene and sanitation; 

(viii) Infrastructure facilities intended primarily to service the needs of the residents of the 

municipality and which are funded out of municipal funds, including, but not limited to … 

communal irrigation, small water impounding projects and other similar projects; artesian wells, 

spring development, rainwater collectors, and water supply system;… drainage, and sewerage 

and flood control;…. 

Province 

(vii) Infrastructure facilities intended to service the needs of the residents of the province and which 

are funded out of provincial funds including, but not limited to… inter-municipal waterworks, 

and irrigation systems… drainage and sewerage, flood control,… 

City 

All the services and facilities of the municipality and province… 

◗ LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE IRR 

Excerpts from the Rules and Regulations Implementing the Local Government Code of 1991 

(Approved by President Corazon Aquino, February 6, 1992) 

Basic Services and Facilities 

Art. 25. Responsibility for Delivery of Basic Services and Facilities. The LGUs shall, in addition to their 

existing functions and responsibilities, provide basic services and facilities devolved to them 

covering, but not limited to, the following: 

Barangay 

(c) Services and facilities related to general hygiene and sanitation, beautification, and solid waste 

collection; 

22 


LGU MANDATES in watsan provision 2 

(e) Maintenance of… water supply systems;… 

Municipality 

(f) Provision of… services or facilities related to general hygiene and sanitation; 

(g) Construction and maintenance of infrastructure facilities funded by the municipality to serve 

the needs of the residents including, but not limited to: 

(4) Communal irrigation, small water impounding projects and other similar projects; 

(6) Artesian wells, spring development, rainwater collectors and water supply systems 

(7) … sewerage and flood control; 

Province 

(g) Construction and maintenance of infrastructure facilities funded by the province to serve the 

needs of the residents including, but not limited to: 

(2) Inter-municipal waterworks… and irrigation systems… drainage and sewerage, flood control…. 

City 

All services and facilities provided by the municipality and the province. 

❙ NATIONAL POLICY ON 

URBAN SEWERAGE AND SANITATION OF 1994 

◗ NEDA BOARD RESOLUTION NO. 5, SERIES OF 1994 

Approving the recommendations of the Infrastructure Committee (INFRACOM) on the National 

Policy, Strategy and Action Plan for Urban Sewerage (Liquid Waste) and Sanitation 

Be it resolved, as it is hereby resolved to approve as the same is hereby approved and confirmed 

the following recommendations of the INFRACOM: 


23


A. NATIONAL POLICY 

1. Provision of improved sewerage/sanitation services in urban areas shall be considered a high 

priority. 

2. On-site sanitation facilities for all urban households/establishments readily adaptable to further 

sewerage systems shall be required. 

3. All new subdivisions/housing developments shall provide simplified or conventional sewerage 

system/sanitation facilities. 

4. Conventional or low-cost sewerage for central business districts and for potentially highincome 

residential areas where economically and financially viable shall be provided. 

5. Treatment of industrial as well as collected city/municipality wastewaters to established 

standards set forth by the DENR prior to disposal into the drainage system shall be acquired. 

6. Provision of services shall be based on consumer demand and willingness to pay. 

B. NATIONAL STRATEGY 

1. A sanitation/sewerage program and a Central Sanitation/Sewerage Program Support Office (CPSO) 

to coordinate sub-sector activities at the national level and to assist LGUs to plan and manage 

sanitation/sewerage programs at the community level shall be established. 

2. External sources of assistance shall be explored and provided as may be appropriate to enable 

Municipal Development Fund (MDF) facility or other financing sources to extend loans to LGUs 

for sanitation and sewerage projects. 

3. LGUs shall primarily be the implementers of the sanitation/sewerage programs with the national 

government providing assistance to develop their capacities in the following areas: community 

participation, sub-sector planning, program management, regulation of development, selection 

of technologies, financial management, constructions supervision, O & M, monitoring and 

reporting. 

24 



❙ NEDA BOARD RESOLUTION NO. 5, S. 1998 

◗ DELINEATION OF AGENCY RESPONSIBILITIES 

RULE 3 

DEFINITION OF TERMS 

Article 5. Definition of Terms. For purposes of these Implementing Rules and Regulations, the 

following terms shall be construed to mean as follows: 

a. Levels of Service. Based on NEDA Board Resolution No. 12 (series of 1995), approving the 

common definition of terms relative to water supply, sewerage and on-site sanitation, levels of 

service are defined as follows: 

Level I (point source) – a protected well or a developed spring with an outlet but without a 

distribution system; generally adaptable for rural areas where the houses are thinly scattered. 

A level I facility normally serves an average of 15 households. 

Level II (communal faucet system or stand posts) – a system composed of a source, a reservoir, 

a piped distribution network, and communal faucets. Usually, one faucet serves four to six 

households. It is generally suited for rural and urban fringe areas where houses are clustered 

densely to justify a simple piped system. 

Level III (waterworks system or individual house connections) – a system with source, a reservoir, 

a piped distribution network, and household taps. It is generally suited for densely populated 

urban areas. 

b. A financially viable water supply system refers to a system wherein its revenues can cover for 

all costs related to capital and operation and maintenance, including providing for reasonable 

reserves for future expansion. For those systems managed by water districts, a financially 


25


viable system is one that is able to generate revenues directly from user payments sufficient to 

cover all costs. For LGU-managed systems, capital and operations maintenance costs shall be 

covered through a combination of user fees, general municipal taxes and other incomes 

available to the LGUs. 

RULE 4 

ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNIT 

Article 6. General. The Local Government Code of 1991 mandates the decentralization and 

devolution of authority to LGUs in providing for certain basic services, which include safe potable 

water. At the local level, the LGUs are responsible for providing reliable water supply to their 

constituents, whether these are in the form of levels I, II or III systems, depending on the expressed 

demand by the community for these services. LGUs may both directly provide and finance these 

services, or involve the private sector to participate in both provision and financing through 

concession, management or service contracts. 

Article 7. Financing and Cost Recovery. In financing water supply investments, the LGUs may tap their 

Internal Revenue Allotment and/or locally generated revenues, or leverage these resources to borrow 

from government and private financial institutions. The amount that an LGU can borrow, including 

the required equity, is dependent on its current and expected revenue performance, as well as the 

amount of user charges and equity contributions from the community shall be a local decision of 

the LGUs concerned. 

For any national government grant that may be provided for the development of level I systems, 

the LGU and beneficiaries concerned shall be required to provide any remaining amount as equity 

to the investment. No subsidies from the national government shall be provided for levels II and 

III systems. 

In providing for Level III service, the LGUs may opt to form a water district or an LGU company, provide 

a franchise to a private party or participate in a joint venture with a private party. Except in areas 

26 



with water districts, LGUs shall maintain overall responsibility for ensuring consumer satisfaction 

through the exercise of institutional and/or contractual regulatory powers over local water utilities, 

in collaboration with other national regulatory agencies, and by instituting a system of public 

performance audit. 

Cost recovery through user payments shall be encouraged for both capital and operation and 

maintenance costs. However, at the minimum, user payments shall be required to cover the 

operation and maintenance costs in all service levels. For LGU-owned, operated and/or guaranteed 

systems, any shortfall in revenues required for loan repayment shall be financed by the LGU from 

its Internal Revenue Allotment and/or locally-generated revenues, following a process of negotiation 

between the LGU and the beneficiaries concerned on the level of user payments. 

For systems managed by local water districts, full cost recovery, through user charges, is required 

by LWUA. 

In areas where there are existing local water districts, LGUs may finance rehabilitation works 

and/or expansion of the existing water works system on the following conditions: 

a. The local water district concerned is not in LWUA’s current program of assistance, that is, it is not 

included in any loan of LWUA with a financing institution, and 

b. Endorsement by the local water district concerned should have been secured. 

In the event that the local water district is servicing a loan from LWUA, the local water district shall 

seek clearance from LWUA prior to entering into an agreement with the LGU concerned on any 

program of system expansion. 

Article 8. Management of Systems. LGUs shall adopt commercial principles in the operation and 

management of water utilities in order to provide cost-effective and reliable services to consumers, 

whether management of the system is a direct responsibility of the LGU or is contracted out by the 

LGU to the private sector. An LGU may also consider amalgamating or consolidating its system with 


27


that of its neighboring LGUs in order to benefit from economies of scale that could expand water 

supply services to consumers at the lowest possible cost. 

For the operation and management of Levels I and II systems, the LGUs shall initiate the formation 

of Barangay and Rural Waterworks and Sanitation Associations (BWSAs/RWSAs), respectively, 

through a participatory approach involving consultation with all stakeholders (Article 20) and assist 

in their registration with the appropriate authorities (Article 21). Upon request, LGUs may accredit 

duly registered RWSAs/BWSAs in order to enable them to avail of financial assistance from local 

governments. LGUs shall have overall supervision of RWSAs and BWSAs. 

Article 9. Project Planning and Development. Provinces and cities/municipalities shall be required 

to prepare, and update on an annual basis, provincial and city/municipal sector plans that are 

consistent with a national sector plan. These sector plans shall be integrated into the local 

investment programs. Water supply projects shall be identified from the local investment program. 

A financing program of foreign and nationally/locally-generated resources, including private 

sector resources, shall support the local investment program. 

Article 10. Approval and Award of Contracts. The LGUs shall be required to conduct public bidding, 

in accordance with the provisions of Law, including Presidential Decree No. 1594, as amended, 

Executive Order No. 164, Executive Order No. 302 and other applicable laws, and shall have the final 

authority to approve and award contracts for water supply and sanitation projects within their 

jurisdictions. 

Article 11. Application for Water Rights. LGUs of the concerned water utility shall apply for water rights 

from the National Water Resources Board prior to implementing a project that would require 

extraction of water. 

Article 12. Public Performance Audit. The LGUs shall establish a system of public performance 

audit for public and private water utilities focusing on critical performance indicators. Upon 

28 



request of the LGUs, DILG may provide technical assistance for the purpose, in coordination with 

appropriate national government agencies. 

❙ NEDA BOARD RESOLUTION NO. 6 (SERIES OF 1996) 

APPROVING THE RECOMMENDATION OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE COMMITTEE (INFRACOM) ON 

THE EXECUTING AGENCY ARRANGEMENT FOR THE DEVOLVED INFRASTRUCTURE ACTIVITIES / 

FACILITIES 

Matrix of Financing and Management Options 

Option 

LGU-Financed and Managed 

Service Contract 

Management Contract 

Description 

The LGU finances the investment from its income and other resources available 

to it (e.g. IRA, locally-generated taxes, grants) or borrows from financial institution. 

It then establishes a profit center within the LGU office with a separate cost 

accounting system. Under this arrangement, the LGU directly manages the 

operations of the commercial risk. 

The LGU finances the investment and directly operates and manages the system. 

It enters into contract with a private party to undertake billing and collection and/or 

repair and maintenance activities for a fee. The LGU maintains a profit center within 

the LGU office and assumes the commercial risk. 

The LGU finances the investment and enters into contract with a private party to 

manage the system. The private party collects the water tariffs set by the LGU, 

operates and manages the system and in turn, is paid a management fee by the 

LGU. The LGU maintains a profit center within the LGU office and assumes the 

commercial risk. 


29


Option 

Lease Contract 

Concession Contract 

Creation of a Local 

Water District 

LGU Company 

Build-Operate-Transfer 

Joint Venture Agreement 

Description 

The LGU finances the capital expenditures and leases the facility to the private sector. 

The private sector assumes the commercial risks and the responsibility to operation 

and maintenance. To recover its costs, the private party is allowed to collect user 

fees as well as any other charges on behalf of the LGU. 

The LGU enters into contract with a private party to undertake the investment. The 

private party assumes the assets of the LGU and undertakes to expand the services 

according to the terms and conditions of the contract. The private party is allowed 

to operate the system and to collect user fees to recover its costs and earn a 

reasonable return on its investment. After the contract expires, the system reverts 

to the LGU or may be contracted out again by the LGU. 

The LGU may create a local water district. The local water district finances the 

investment from a loan from the Local Water Utilities and Administration (LWUA) 

and operates and manages the system. The local water district is then supervised 

by LWUA. 

The LGU may form a water company to handle the provision of the service. The 

water company shall be duly registered with the Securities and Exchange 

Commission (SEC) and shall have share holdings which can be sold to the private 

sector in the future. The LGU appoints the board members to be selected from the 

private sector who would then manage the company along commercial principles. 

Under the BOT scheme, the private sector finances the investment or any of its 

variants (per RA6970 as amended), operates it for a certain period of time after which 

the asset is transferred to the LGU. The private party is allowed to collect user fees 

to recover its costs and earn a reasonable rate of return on its investment. The LGU 

and the BOT proponent negotiate on the risk sharing. 

Under a joint venture agreement, the LGU and the private party share in the risks 

of the project and operate the system through a shared management and 

organizational structure. 

30 


IMPLEMENTATION & POLICY ISSUES 

And GUIDING PRINCIPLES3

CHAPTER 

3 

IMPLEMENTATION & POLICY ISSUES AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES 

This chapter looks into some of the major implementation and policy issues and problems 

surrounding water and sanitation, which, for purposes of this Resource Book, are being presented 

in two categories: LWUA/water district level and LGU level. LGUs can respond to these issues and 

problems by taking into account certain guiding principles, which will later be spelled out within 

the Chapter. Chapter 4 further illustrates how these guiding principles are being applied at the field 

level. 

❙ IMPLEMENTATION AND POLICY ISSUES 

◗ LWUA AND WATER DISTRICT LEVEL 

Water districts are public water supply utilities outside Metro Manila that are responsible for 

water supply and sewerage development and operation and management [Level III service] in urban 

areas. A Water District is a local corporate entity governed by a Board of Directors appointed by the 

local government, and managed by a General Manager appointed by the Water District Board. The 

creation of a water district is based on a transfer of ownership of assets from the local government. 

Water districts are established under the Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA). 

Funding is a major issue. Funds generated internally by the LWUA and water districts are often limited. 

The lack of funds is one major reason why the LWUA provides loans to only a few viable water districts, 

and why water districts find it extremely difficult to pay their loan obligations to the LWUA. The result 

is a loss of financial viability for both the LWUA and water districts. 


33


The relatively low-cost loans provided by the LWUA have also discouraged water districts from trying 

to access private sector resources (bank loans). The problem is further compounded by the fact that 

the LWUA no longer receives any budget from the national budget. This means less money 

allocated for operation, maintenance, and upgrading of existing water systems. 

Because the LWUA and the water districts lack the necessary capital to finance systems upgrading 

and expansion, they are unable to meet their coverage targets. There are three experiences of water 

districts featured in this resource book: Davao Water District, Manila Water and Maynilad. The 

first is semi-public, while the last two involve the private sector through the consignment 

arrangement. LGUs wishing to know more about water districts can find more information in 

Chapter 5. 

◗ LGU LEVEL 

There are five major LGU issues related to providing water supply and sanitation services: 

Institutional 

Because water and sanitation are not the only problems confronting communities, water and 

sanitation projects must compete for LGU scarce resources. Likewise, communities compete with 

each other for water resources. Yet at the same time, different water uses (potable, irrigation, and 

industrial) compete with each other. To make matters worse, inadequate attention given to 

sanitation issues imperils the health and environmental benefits of an improved water supply. 

Since water and sanitation projects are normally viewed as high-profile development projects, 

unscrupulous politicians can use them as a political tool. Thus, it is important to regard water and 

sanitation projects as more than an infrastructure problem and repackage them as social enterprises. 

34 


IMPLEMENTATION & POLICY ISSUES AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES 3 

Technical 

In many instances, water and sanitation systems are designed with little rational basis mostly 

because there is a real lack of knowledge about various low-cost technology options. As a result, 

inappropriate technology is often applied, which can mean higher project costs. The rising cost of 

project inputs, graft and corruption, improper operation and maintenance of the system, and the 

need or tendency to obtain water from more distant sources also contribute immensely to the rising 

cost of water supply service. 

Thus, poverty stricken communities and areas (specifically in areas without surface or ground water), 

should give serious thought to using rainwater and technologies to reduce their investment on water 

systems. Likewise, there is a need to develop project designs and options for water and sanitation 

projects in coastal areas. 

Financial 

LGU financing for large-scale water systems is very limited (e.g., there are strict limitations on LGU 

borrowing) as sanitation and sewerage projects are simply not a priority. In addition, capacity building 

is not regarded as an important investment cost. Instead, there is a preference for short-term, mostly 

heavily subsidized projects that yield also short-term returns. 

Exacerbating the problem is the public’s indifference to rising water costs primarily because water 

is regarded as a free resource. Because rate increases are often viewed with suspicion and associated 

with graft, some social preparation may be necessary to change this mindset. 

Although water must be affordable, there are expensive water systems that charge very high 

water tariffs. Such water systems ultimately tend to discriminate against those who cannot afford 

the cost of water. As shown in the case of the Magdalena Water System Project in Laguna, the need 


35


to recoup investment and generate profit ultimately failed to provide the community with 

affordable water (Chapter 4). 

Environmental 

Water sources are quickly being depleted due to environmental degradation. In many areas, 

saltwater and pollutants have seeped into groundwater sources, resulting in poorer water quality. 

Meanwhile, unabated population growth and inadequate provision for wastewater management 

contribute to increasing waste and wastewater problems. These problems eventually lead to 

water source and environmental degradation. 

Socio-cultural 

Increasing population puts an enormous demand on water resources. What makes this worse is 

that only a minority has good access to water. Likewise, there is a growing mentality among 

people that water closet toilets, washing machines, and the like are the ideal—thus negating the 

option of using more appropriate, alternative, and less costly technologies. 

❙ ADEQUATE WATER AND 

SANITATION FOR ALL: GUIDING PRINCIPLES 

The assessment of the water sector in the Philippines is based on the Dublin Principles 4 that should 

serve as overall guides in the delivery of water and sanitation for all. The first principle states that 

management of water and sanitation should be comprehensive and is within the framework of a 

national water strategy that reflects social, economic, and environmental objectives. Formulation 

of this strategy should be participatory in manner, and should be based on an accurate assessment 

of the water resources of the area. Furthermore, strategies should take into account the impact 

of infrastructure projects and programs across the different sectors. 

36 



The second principle deals with the institutions at the national 

and regional levels that manage water resources. These 

institutions should plan, issue and monitor water permits, collect 

and analyze data, and regulate water services, with respect to 

pricing and quality of service. These institutional efforts should 

emphasize decentralization, stakeholder participation, and 

gender considerations. 

The third principle, named the economic and social principle, 

states that water should be treated as an economic good. 

Subsidies should be transparent and justified; cost recovery 

policies should be clear; economic instruments should be used 

to provide incentives for performance by providers and efficiency 

by users; and, special efforts should be made to meet the needs 

of the poor. 

There are four guiding principles for LGUs and other groups that 

are interested in pursuing water supply and sanitation projects. 

These guiding principles help LGUs to identify the general 

activities that are necessary to ensure the success of their water 

and sanitation projects. These principles were culled from many 

experiences in providing water and sanitation to communities 

across the globe. 

Dublin Principles 

1. Comprehensive 

management of water and 

sanitation falls within the 

framework of national water 

strategy 

2. National and regional 

institutions that manage 

water resources shall 

emphasize decentralization, 

participation and gender 

3. Water should be treated as 

an economic good 

As articulated by the Philippine Center for Water and Sanitation-International Training Network 

Foundation (PCWS-ITNF), these guiding principle are: (1) ensure sustainability of potable water supply 

and sanitation services, (2) ensure effective implementation of water and sanitation projects, (3) 

develop a culture of operation and maintenance, and (4) employ viable institutional arrangements. 


37


◗ ENSURING SUSTAINABILITY OF 

POTABLE WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SERVICES 

From experience and study over the years, the PCWS-ITNF has found that the common elements 

of project sustainability are: (a) using appropriate technology; (b) fostering community participation; 

(c) and ensuring transparent and conscientious resource management. 

Appropriate technology 

For any given community situation, there is usually a wide choice of technology options for water 

supply provision: 

Water source – ground like springs and wells, surface water (check gates and dam reservoirs), 

rainwater 

Water treatment – disinfection (use of chlorinators, ultraviolet, and slow sand filter); use of settler 

tanks and filter areas to remove turbidity; removal of dissolved and unwanted substances 

(desalination, charcoal filtration, flocculation) 

Water transmission – motorized or manual pumps, public taps (community faucets), household 

connections 

Service level – taps at source (level 1), public tap stands (level 2), and individual household 

connections (level 3). 

Type of intervention – do nothing at all; build, expand, or rehabilitate a system; have various 

sources, systems and technologies serve a community. 

For sanitation, one has the various wet and dry on-site technologies (human waste is contained, 

treated, and released into the environment at the site of its generation), and offsite technologies 

(human waste is conveyed to a central treatment facility). 5 

38 



For the two-thirds of Filipinos who live in rural and semi-rural areas, the onsite 

sanitation options available to them seem to be affordable enough. 

However, for the rest who live in urban areas and whose wastewater can 

only be treated off-site, a per capita construction cost of P4,000 to P7,000 

will translate into unacceptable sewage treatment charges of P200 to 

P350 per household, per month, if present West-originated technologies 

are adopted. Treatment options that are less expensive should thus be 

developed. 

The most appropriate technology is the one that delivers the most benefits 

at the least cost. Thus, one important way of determining the most 

appropriate combination is through the cost-benefit ratio. 

Costs are easy to estimate: depreciation, interest on investment, and 

operating costs. The environmental impact of the project also has to be 

taken into account: the disturbance caused by construction of the system; 

the value of the water extracted from the ecosystem; and the cost of 

mitigating the increased wastewater that is generated. The type of 

technology to be used is also determined by the capacity of the source. 

Parameters for 

Evaluating WatSan 

Technologies 

a. What savings are 

made in the 

community’s waterfetching 

efforts? 

b. How much household 

labor is saved? 

c. What are the benefits 

on health? 

d. What livelihood is 

created in the use of a 

particular technology? 

Benefits need to be more thoroughly examined. Each technology option 

has to be investigated using the following parameters: (a) what savings are 

made in the community’s water-fetching efforts? (b) how much household labor is saved? (c) 

what are the benefits on health? and (d) what livelihood is created in the use of a particular 

technology? 

Aside from using cost-benefit analysis to ascertain which appropriate technology to use, it is also 

important to establish who will receive these benefits in the community. Ideally, everybody should 

equally benefit. If this is not possible, the poor, the women, the very young, and very old should 

benefit the most since they are most disadvantaged. 


39


The technology must also be knowledge and human resources intensive rather than capital 

intensive; local, rather than imported resource intensive; and operated and maintained by local 

residents. Hence, the strategy is to maximize the use of local resources and assets. 

Hence, it essential for key stakeholders (which include the local government, the community, 

and technical people) to acquire the necessary technological aptitude, proficiencies, and confidence 

needed for the construction, operation, and maintenance of water and sanitation systems. This can 

be done through training, research and study, and hands-on exposure. 

The proper selection and design of technology can save 30 percent or more of project construction 

and running costs. 

Community participation 

If a project is to be sustainable, it is important to get the community involved from the very start. 

The community must express a need for such a project and they must be informed of the available 

technology options and their implications at the project planning stage. They should be allowed 

to make an informed choice from these options so that they will “own” the project. It is equally 

important for the community to acquire the skills in the operation and maintenance of the system, 

not just through training, but also from their direct involvement in the project. 

A community has numerous local resources that they can reasonably volunteer for use in the project, 

such as time, manpower, materials, finances, management structures, right-of-way acquisition, 

supervision and monitoring, the security of project personnel, materials and equipment. The use 

of these local resources not only reduces the cost of the project for the LGU, but also indicates: (a) 

the importance placed by the community on the project, and (b) the willingness of the community 

to sustain the project. 

40 



To facilitate community participation, the political structures (mayor, vicemayor, 

barangay captains, and councils) and political (LGOO and MPDC) 

and technical officers of LGUs need to acquire the necessary skills for 

effectively engaging the community in a rational manner. These skills 

include developing LGU communication skills and instilling a development 

orientation among LGU workers. 

Technical officers should be able to explain and convey technical ideas and 

plans in a way that the community can understand. Enhanced LGU 

capacity for community organizing can strengthen people’s involvement 

in water and sanitation projects. People’s involvement is important because 

community participation can save project costs by 30 percent. 

The participation of women and other marginalized groups in the 

community should be ensured. Both men and women from poor 

communities must be mobilized to take part in the community 

management system. This provides them opportunities to meaningfully 

participate in the betterment of their lives. 

Graft and inefficiency 

do not only waste 

government resources, 

they also perpetuate a 

culture of corruption 

and distrust of 

government. People 

will not sustain 

projects and systems 

that are tainted by 

graft 

Organizing for sanitation, meanwhile, is more difficult than organizing for water supply. In a 

community in Indonesia, it took two decades to improve sanitation coverage from 17 percent to 

85 percent. 

Yet one cannot go around sanitation issues. Aside from linking hygiene, water supply, and the 

environment with sanitation, a possible strategy would be to make sanitation more attractive by 

linking it to resource recovery. 


41


Transparent and conscientious resource and project management 

Graft and inefficiency do not only waste government resources, they also perpetuate a culture of 

corruption and distrust of government. People will not sustain projects and systems that are 

tainted by graft. 

There is no other way of fostering good governance than for the LGU to lead by example. LGUs can 

facilitate transparency by: 

1. Ensuring accountable and transparent records and the free flow of information. 

2. Putting in place financial and procurement management. 

3. Being informed about current and reasonable prices of project inputs obtained through fair and 

thorough canvassing; when and where possible, involving the community in the canvassing and 

procuring of materials. 

4. Ensuring community participation and the community’s ability to understand the project and 

discern values. 

5. Timely and thorough monitoring (especially on financial and procurement matters) 

6. Maintaining check-and-balance systems. 

7. Adopting transformational political leadership, that is, emphasizing on meeting the general 

community’s interests over individual needs. 

Transparent and conscientious resource and project management can reduce project costs and 

increase sustainability by 30 percent or more. 

The matrix on the next page offers a framework on how LGUs can address specific water and 

sanitation issues and concerns through appropriate technology, community participation, and 

transparent and conscientious resource and project management. 

42 



HOW SUSTAINABILITY FACTORS CAN ADDRESS WATER SANITATION ISSUES AND CONCERNS 

Issue/ Concern 

Sustainability Factor 

Appropriate Technology Community Participation Transparent and 

Conscientious Resource and 

Project Management 

Depleting water sources 

Watershed 

management 

Multiple water sources 

Water conservation 

technologies 

Community-based 

watershed 

management 

Water conservation 

education 

Deteriorating water 

quality 

Watershed 

management 

Multiple water sources 

and water conservation 

technologies 

Water treatment 

technologies 

Education and use of 

proper waste disposal 

methods 

Increasing waste and 

wastewater problems 

Waste and wastewater 

disposal technologies 

Same as above 

Increasing population 

Designs to account for 

long term population 

increase 

Multiple water source 

technologies 

Rising material 

expectations among 

people 

Less materialist 

technologies 

Consumer education 

Less materialist attitudes 


43




Appropriate Technology Community Participation Transparent & Conscientious 

Resource & Project Management 

Some have very good 

access to water, others 

have less 

Thorough analysis of social 

equity in sharing benefits 

and costs 

Community-based, propoor 

consensus on who 

will have priority in water 

service 

Cost-sharing 

Gaps in the knowledge 

and practice of 

appropriate 

technologies 

Continued upgrading of 

knowledge and capability 

for the practice of 

appropriate technologies 

Information and skills 

dissemination in the 

community 

Proficiency of people who 

will implement projects 

using these technologies 

Rising investment costs 

of water supply service 

Selection of technologies 

with the greatest costbenefit 

ratio 

Community counterparts 

Financial recovery 

measures 

Avoidance of graft and 

inefficiency in projects 

Good financial and 

procurement 

management 

Unacceptability to the 

public of the rising cost 

of this basic social 

service 

Appraisal by the community 

of technologies 

Consumer education 

Appraisal by the 

community of rational 

basis of prices, 

technologies and water 

tariff (or communitybased 

formulated and 

approved water rates 

Complete transparency 

during, and efficiency of, 

project implementation 

Water supply and 

sanitation competing 

for resources with other 

governmental 

responsibilities 

Selection of most 

appropriate technologies 

using cost-benefit measures 

and prioritizing this over 

other government 

expenditures 

Community counterpart 

Financial recovery 

measures 

Avoidance of graft and 

inefficiency in project 

Good financial and 

procurement 

management 

44 






Appropriate Technology Community Participation Transparent & Conscientious 

Resource & Project Management 

Competing uses of water 

Comparative costbenefit 

analyses 

Provision for payment by 

users for environmental 

impact 

Community consensus on 

resource-sharing 

Inadequate attention 

given to sanitation 

Promotion of appropriate 

sanitation solutions 

Promotion of sanitation 

awareness and facilitating 

access of households to 

building their sanitation 

systems and changing 

hygiene behavior 

Inadequate operation 

and maintenance of 

water supply and 

sanitation systems 

Low-cost, appropriate 


management solutions 

Training 

Emergence of 

representative, democratic 

and responsible communitybased 


management organization 

Responsible, responsive, 

efficient, transparent and 

graft-free administration of 

system by operation and 

management organization. 

◗ EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF WATER AND SANITATION PROJECTS 

In order for project implementation to be effective, each of the key sustainability factors (i.e., 

appropriate technology, community participation, conscientious and transparent management) 

must be applied at each stage of the project. The following is a simple run-down of what should 

be accomplished per project stage. 


45


Guiding Principles 

for LGUs 

1. Ensure 

sustainability of 

potable water 

supply and 

sanitation services 

2. Efficiently 

implement water 

and sanitation 

projects 

3. Develop a culture of 


maintenance 

4. Employ viable 

institutional 

arrangements 

Planning and technology selection stage 

Preparation of several plan options, each examining social equity, economic 

and environmental costs and benefits 

Community is apprised of the plan options with the highest cost-benefit 

ratios; their consequences; their roles and responsibilities (e.g., counterparts 

during construction and sustainable and rational tariff structure) so that 

they can make an informed choice of the most optimal plan 

Plan should include provisions for transparent and accountable management 

Community organizing stage 

Community accepts their roles and responsibilities in the project 

A representative and responsible body (to be involved in project 

implementation and to assume responsibility for the operation and 

maintenance of the system) is elected and trained 

The body is involved in monitoring project implementation 

Construction stage 

Use of appropriate construction technologies 

The community provides counterparts (e.g., materials, manpower, 

equipment, right-of-way, safeguarding of project assets, management, and 

monitoring) 

Transparent and conscientious construction management, especially in 

procurement and financial matters 

46 



Operation and maintenance stage 

Use of appropriate operation and maintenance technologies 

Body accepts responsibility for operation and maintenance and is trained for such, along with 

financial and administrative management skills 

Democratic management and safeguards to make sure that transparent and conscientious 

system management is institutionalized 

◗ DEVELOPING A CULTURE OF OPERATION 

AND MAINTENANCE OF WATER AND SANITATION SYSTEMS 

Operation and maintenance planning should start at the design stage of a project rather than be 

an afterthought. Too often, much of the water sector is construction-oriented rather than operations 

and maintenance-oriented. A lot of money can be spent all at once during construction, while 

operation and maintenance is a continuing, yet involved and low-budget, activity. 

The community should be willing to accept the responsibilities for operation and maintenance: to 

pay the sustainable and rational water tariffs and to select a democratic and responsible communitybased 

operation and maintenance organization. It is important for this organization to be willing 

to acquire the necessary technical, financial, and administrative skills. Outside resources for 

operation and maintenance should likewise be identified (replacement parts, equipment, services, 

information and knowledge). 

With conscientious attention given to operation and maintenance, water and sanitation systems 

can serve the communities for their full service life of up to 50 years and even expand to meet future 

community needs. (Proper turn-over of projects from the funding agency or LGU to the communitybeneficiary 

should help ensure that water associations are held responsible for the operations and 

maintenance of projects.) 


47


◗ EMPLOYING VIABLE INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 

LGUs can explore the various institutional, financial and management arrangements for water and 

sanitation as prescribed by NEDA Resolution No. 6 (series of 1996) featured in Chapter 2 of this 

Resource Book. These viable institutional options include LGU-financed and managed, private sector 

participation or privatization (e.g., service contract, management contract, lease contract, concession 

contract, Build-Operation-Transfer, and joint venture agreement), and creation of a Local Water District 

and/or LGU Company. 

The Resource Book particularly highlights two options in water and sanitation systems provision: 

privatization and community-managed models. LGUs seem to be very interested in these models, 

even if the NEDA has not identified the latter as a management model for water and sanitation 

projects. 

Privatization refers to the provision of publicly funded services and activities in the areas of social 

services, welfare, and employment by non-governmental entities. 6 Although there can be many 

types of privatization, the most well known is the corporate privatization model. The Magdalena 

case study is an example of corporate privatization. 

Community-managed Water Systems 

Community management has become the leading concept for implementing water supply 

systems in rural areas in developing countries. It was seen as an answer to the large-scale 

breakdown of water supply systems and the failure of governments to either provide clean water 

or devise a system where other agencies would supply it reliably and consistently. The idea that 

communities should operate and maintain water supply systems themselves came partly from a 

growing skepticism in the idea that only central governments can secure the needs of their 

populations, and partly from the conviction that communities have the skills and motivation to meet 

their own essential needs. 7 

48 



Community-managed water supply systems work well when people are involved, when their 

needs are clearly established, when the capacity building is built into the process, and the local 

management structures are emphasized. Other enhancing factors include: prior and informed 

consultation, clarity of ownership and responsibilities, indigenous leadership, and personal and 

collective responsibilities in carrying out the work ahead. However, experience from the field 

reveals that there are some considerations in implementing community-based water systems. 

The following are the major characteristics of a community-managed water project: 

Participation in decision-making between the support groups (NGOs, LGUs) and primary 

stakeholders (user groups) is crucial. This should take place in a continual process of shared 

decision-making at all stages of the project cycle. Participation helps the community 

develop its sense of responsibility and control over the local operation, maintenance, and 

management of the water or sanitation system. However, participation should not be limited 

to labor and money contributions. 

Community members are able to make informed choices in terms of choice and location of 

water/sanitation system, technology and level of service, operation, maintenance and 

management. 

Capacity building is an output, especially the development of skills in management, 

planning, analysis, decision-making, and problem solving. 

Provision for the transfer of responsibility is built in from the beginning of the project, clearly 

recognizing that this is a process, not an event. Officers should not hold the same positions 

for a very long time. 

Paid jobs in service operation and management are created wherever possible. Reliance on 

volunteer labor is reduced or eliminated. 

Technology is kept very simple to maintain and repair, where possible, with a reliable supply 

of spare parts and technical assistance available locally. 


49


Approximate Cost/Level of Effort for Implementing a Community-managed Water Project 

Establishing a community-managed project need not be too expensive. Investments in capacity 

building are a necessary ingredient to increase the sustainability of a water and sanitation project. 

While cost for community organizing (CO) work and skills training may vary, the following needs 

to be considered when replicating a similar approach in other areas: 

1. The hiring of a full time CO worker who will initially receive training and guidance on how to 

organize the men and women of a barangay into a viable user's group that will be involved in 

the decision-making processes of a water and sanitation project. 

2. Adequate budget for barangay level trainings and follow-up capability-building activities. 

3. Continuous supervision and monitoring that focus on sustainability indicators both at the 

community level (users' group level) and support group level (LGU or federation). 

4. Adequate time to allow the community association to develop and consolidate. The time frame 

for this kind of project varies. For instance, the time frame of six months to one year helped 

significantly to sustain the momentum of one community association in managing its water 

systems. 

5. Support for other activities such as networking and linkage building. The continuous flow of 

visitors to the demonstration project plus the assistance required from the other barangays kept 

the community association active and alert. These kinds of support from other communities 

served as a challenge to the community association to run its affairs well. 

50 



The indicators of successful community-managed water and sanitation services are: 

Effectively sustained functioning system/service with effective financing and management. 

Effective use that is safe and environmentally sound. 

Demand-responsive service. 

Division of burdens and benefits. 

The Doña Flavia, Casay and New Bulatukan associations exemplify a community-managed institutional 

arrangement. In these cases, integrating and investing in social infrastructure development and 

capability building in water-sanitation projects facilitate the growth of viable local organizations that 

could eventually take over the responsibility of managing, operating, and maintaining the water 

delivery system. Also clear in both cases is the involvement of LGUs in the development of local 

organizations and in the provision of continuing local support to these organizations. This 

harmonious relationship between the LGUs and the local organizations has facilitated the growth 

of viable and sustainable water and sanitation systems that provide affordable and efficient water 

and sanitation services. 

Social Privatization 

Social privatization is another approach to privatization that seems to 

have emerged particularly as a reaction to corporate privation, yet is 

distinct from community-managed models. Social privatization involves 

running public services as an enterprise but with an orientation to 

plow profits back in pursuit of social objectives. Advocates of social 

privatization are concerned that large and, in some instances, 

transnational corporations have taken over water and sanitation service 

provision in many countries with increasingly negative repercussions to 

poor segments of the population. The discourse on social privatization, 

however, continues to evolve. 

Social privatization 

involves running public 

services as an 

enterprise but with an 

orientation to plow 

profits back in pursuit 

of social objectives 


51


As will be shown in Chapter 4, the experience of Darangan exemplifies a socially privatized 

institutional arrangement. The Darangan case shows communities being directly responsible for 

the ownership, management, operation, and maintenance of their water and sanitation systems. 

This experience has resulted in the development of viable water and sanitation systems, as well as 

in the growth of strong social organizations. 

The process of social privatization has the potential to contribute to poverty reduction and can lead 

to entrepreneurship and strong local democracy. Social privatization features: 

Participatory decision-making 

Community consultation 

Access to relevant information 

Socially sensitive tariff structure ensuring that the poor can afford their basic water requirement 

Legal identity 

Ownership of the water supply system and the process of acquiring the system and its actual 

management 

Institutional autonomy and protection from political interference 

Venue for livelihood opportunities and the practice of local democracy 

Investment in long-term community building relationships 

Partnership with NGOs and civil society groups 

Continuing education 

Deliberate efforts to enable the poor to benefit from the water service 

In social privatization, it is the community that shoulders the cost of owning, managing, operating, 

and maintaining water and sanitation systems, including the cost of building the community's sense 

of ownership over the process. The water users themselves own the service. Thus, social privatization 

also presents a new dimension to resource ownership-from the traditional centralized, huge 

water utility ownership to the several user-owned utility system. 

52 



Social privatization maintains its self-help character and mechanisms for community consultation 

and participation. It does not encourage the concentration of power and wealth in the hands of 

a few. As a result, it promotes a more equitable distribution of resources. 

Social privatization benefits the poor. The social privatization process makes communities more 

confident about their own abilities and they are able to overcome their apathy toward government 

programs. The learning opportunities can contribute to community empowerment and the 

creation of a healthy environment. 

Community Management versus Social Privatization 

Social privatization and community management of water and sanitation systems have many 

elements and characteristics in common. In some instances it has been said that social privatization 

is an advanced form of community-managed systems. Both systems present the merits and 

advantages of several user-owned systems in contrast to a centralized, huge water utility, which 

is susceptible to political interference and even terrorism. 

However, community-managed and social privatization systems significantly differ on the source 

of the investment involved in setting up the system. Community-managed systems can be 

funded from LGUs, from civil society organizations, and from bilateral or multilateral donors. It has 

been observed that since the investment did not come from the community, the motivation to 

generate income that would sustain and expand operations is consequently not as strong. 

On the other hand, social privatization involves systems that are installed using financial resources 

partly or wholly raised by the community. Because community resources are at stake, the 

entrepreneurial spirit is usually more pronounced. Hence, the group (usually a cooperative or an 

association) strives to operate the water system efficiently and effectively to generate profit that 

can be used for social ends. 


53

GOOD PRACTICES IN WATSAN 

PROVISION4

GOOD PRACTICES IN WATSAN PROVISION 

CHAPTER 

4 

This section of the resource book highlights the experiences of five different water and 

sanitation projects. The first three case studies (Doña Flavia, Casay, and New Bulatukan) 

illustrate the community-managed water supply system; the next case study (Darangan 

Water Service Development Cooperative) demonstrates the social privatization approach, and the 

last case study (Magdalena) shows an example of the privatization approach. 

The following are some of the key lessons and exemplary practices featured in the five case 

studies. 

Social privatization is an alternative to privatization or the corporate control over water. 

There is a need to increase the autonomy and accountability of service providers. 

Incentives, regulation, and awareness for sustainable water use must be developed. 

The use of shared water resources and developing cooperation must be managed. 

Water information, consultation and partnerships need to be enhanced. 

Preparing and adapting a water policy and action program involves investing in capacity 

building, monitoring and learning. 

Not all the cases featured in this section are good practices that will work in any situation. Rather, 

they show different ways of responding to institutional, financial, technical, and socio-cultural issues 

that local government units have to deal with when trying to deliver water and sanitation services. 


57



DOÑA FLAVIA WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION ASSOCIATION (DFWSA) 

Contact Information 

Coordinator 

MPDC Office 

Doña Flavia, Municipality of 

San Luis, Agusan del Sur 

DFWSA Chairman 

Doña Flavia, Municipality of 

San Luis, Agusan del Sur 

Tel: 085-8300078 

or 0919-5400360 

BRIEF DESCRIPTION 

Barangay Doña Flavia, considered the commercial center of the municipality 

of San Luis, is the most populated barangay. Yet, access to safe water in the 

community was very limited due to that fact that only eight shallow wells 

provided for the area’s potable water needs. The challenge was to expand the 

community’s access to safe water by introducing a water and sanitation 

system that was creative, gender sensitive, highly participatory, and with a 

high potential for sustainability and replication. 

A budget of P500,000 was allocated for the water supply infrastructure. The 

municipal government contracted a private construction firm to develop and install the 

water system. As construction of the water system progressed, capacity building activities 

were also conducted. Capacity building was a major component of the project, which was 

intended for the community involved as well as the local government. The empowerment of 

disadvantaged groups in the communities, particularly the women, was particularly emphasized. 

A total of 2,687 people or 429 households were expected to benefit from the project. 

Since it began operation in 1998, the Doña Flavia project has been replicated in eight other 

barangays in San Luis where water supply and sanitation associations were also established. 

Through the support of the provincial government, these associations later formed 

themselves into a federation, which served as a forum for community members to dialogue 

directly with the government and with private entities on issues and problems related to 

water and sanitation. 

58 


GOOD PRACTICES IN WATSAN PROVISION 4 

Community-Managed Approach 

DOÑA FLAVIA 

Today, the Doña Flavia project is considered a successful initiative in building partnerships among the 

local government unit (both at the municipality and provincial levels), the community, civil society 

organizations, donors, and to a certain extent, even the private sector. 

HIGHLIGHTS 

Key features 

The DFWSA was ultimately responsible for the following: 

Efficient functioning of the water system (spare parts, special skills and equipment) 

Optimal utilization of the system 

Further training in accounting and systems management 

Expansion of system when capacity is needed 

Rehabilitation, when required 

Water quality surveillance 

Resource mobilization 

The Doña Flavia experience highlights the importance of capacity building in a water and sanitation 

project. It features the many activities that go into the capacity building process, and how these 

activities eventually precipitate the formation of larger grassroots organizations and networks. 

The DFWSA experience likewise highlights the need to build the capacities of communities as well as 

the capacities of LGUs. This is deemed necessary because LGUs are not limited to providing logistical 

support for community-managed projects; LGUs also function as social partners of the community. It 

is this government-community relationship that spells success and sustainability. 


59


DOÑA FLAVIA 


Role of the LGU 

The LGUs concerned took the initiative by not only supporting the DFWSA project, but also advocating 

the replication of the project in other areas of the province. The provincial government of Agusan del 

Sur, through its Provincial Water and Sanitation Center (PWSC), played a key role in promoting expanded 

LGU and community-based water and sanitation projects within the province. 

In 1999, two documents were prepared by the PWSC. These documents now form part of the framework 

on how water and sanitation projects are to be implemented in the Agusan del Sur province and 

municipalities. These documents are also being considered in other water sanitation projects of the 

national government. 

Required Capacities 

Training and continuous learning are vital to enhancing the capacities of the community and the LGU. 

In the case of Doña Flavia, three-day training and seminar-workshops were conducted by the PCWS-ITNF. 

These included: 

Orientation training and action planning workshop for community organizers, which focused in 

identifying community issues and needs that will be incorporated into action plans. 

Trainor’s training seminar-workshop for WATSAN project implementors, which covered topics such 

as basic skills on WATSAN O&M and strategies for technology transfer. 

Community training on organizational management, operation and maintenance, sanitation and 

hygiene promotion, which focused on the technical aspects of managing the water facilities, 

computing for water tariffs covering operation and maintenance funds, and an orientation on 

sanitation and hygiene promotion activities. 

60 




DOÑA FLAVIA 

The training covered the technical and administrative aspects of running a water supply system. The 

training also included the social aspects involved in forming, expanding, and sustaining organizations 

that will continue to look after the water system for generations to come. 

IMPLEMENTING GUIDELINES FOR PROJECT REPLICATION 

Surfacing of issues/problems. Develop and initiate systems that help identify potential and existing 

problems, and how these should be handled. In particular, there is a need to focus on risks, root causes 

of problems, and issues concerning gender and poverty during the establishment and operations of the 

system. Other areas to look into are: (a) user contributions during implementation, (b) user voice and 

choice in planning and designing the water supply system, (c) satisfaction of user demand, (d) ratio of 

user-perceived costs/benefits for men/women and rich/poor, (e) division of burdens and benefits. 

Process documentation. Continuously document the processes involved (e.g., capacity building, 

administrative and implementation procedures). The lessons learned from field experiences will be very 

useful to the water sector. This kind of documentation will help clarify issues, concerns, and approaches 

in the field of community-managed water and sanitation programs. 

Provision of needed technical inputs on issues/problems identified. Technical inputs are needed 

for issues and problems in the following areas: the design, construction, and O&M of the water supply 

system, community organizing, and training. 

Some social preparation is needed to make the community willing to manage and operate the water 

system, and pay regular tariffs for operation and maintenance. Social preparation involves providing the 

people with easy to understand information. It also means evaluating—with the community—which 

of the technical options will benefit the greatest number of people at the least cost. 


61


DOÑA FLAVIA 


Creation of a support group/office. Utilize local resource persons trained on the job. Identifying possible 

solutions provides clues in linking solutions to resources. 

Community initiatives for water supply and sanitation projects should be supported by government 

and non-government organizations. The support from others makes people more confident in their 

own abilities and overcomes the apathy felt towards government programs. Access to adequate water 

supply and sanitation is essential to a life of dignity and humane existence. 

Identification of next “action steps”. Continuing education, learning opportunities, and work planning 

are required when implementing a similar project. On the other hand, capacity building requires 

separate investments in resources, time, and personnel. Time scales for construction work and capacity 

building are different. Meanwhile, the staff/implementors should prepare an exit plan so that responsibility 

for program continuity is passed on to capable community leaders. Other stakeholders such as the LGUs, 

NGOs, etc. should also be clear about the phase out plans. 

Provisions for sustainability. The implementation of the Doña Flavia project had sustainability in mind 

right at the very start. Sustainability of projects may be measured in terms of seven main factors or 

components as follows: 

Participation 

Leadership 

Capability building 

Equity and access 

Revenue generation and cost recovery 

Use of local resources 

Environmental stewardship 

62 




DOÑA FLAVIA 

CHAMPIONS/ADVOCATES/PROMOTERS 

Provincial and municipal LGU officers, the Municipal Planning and Development Office, the Provincial 

Water and Sanitation Center, the PCWS-ITNF, the Philippines-Canada Local Government Support 

Program, and the DFWSSA. 

RESULTS 

Benefits include: (a) creative display of local governance initiative, (b) formation of viable community 

organization with strong democratic values, and (c) enhanced and sustained water services for 429 

households in Doña Flavia. 

Other results included: 

1. The Doña Flavia model was replicated in eight other barangays in San Luis where level 2 water 

projects were being developed. The municipal administration chose to prioritize the provision of basic 

water services and has tried to replicate the community management model for new water projects. 

2. The officers and key actors in the Doña Flavia association are now being tapped as “big brothers/sisters,” 

recognized for providing a good model for a water supply project. They are now assisting the LGUs 

in setting up community management systems for water supply projects in other barangays. 

3. Formation of a municipal federation of barangay waterworks and sanitation associations (BWSA). 


63



CASAY RURAL WATER AND SANITATION ASSOCIATION, INC. 



Casay Rural Water The Casay Rural Water and Sanitation Association, Inc. (CARWASA) 8 operates in 

and Sanitation 

Barangay Casay in Dalaguete, Cebu. It began in 1983 as a waterworks project of 

Association, Inc. 

Barangay Casay, the provincial government of Cebu and USAID. In 1984, the operation of the water 

Dalaguete, Cebu supply project was transferred to CARWASA. However, the transfer of operations 

to the water association had been ambiguous. The association was not prepared 

to handle the administrative, managerial, and technical aspects of running the water 

system. As a result, there had been no real income from 1984 to 1992. 

The problem was resolved when non-government organizations like the University of San 

Carlos Water Resource Center and Plan International worked with Casay residents to 

strengthen their water association and to acquire the skills in repairing, operating, and 

maintaining their water supply system. The Provincial Planning and Development Office 

of the Dalaguete LGU and the Dalaguete Water District helped by providing logistical 

support (e.g., installation of water meters). 

Today, CARWASA manages its own water system and is in the process of getting a water 

right from the National Water Resources Board. Its monthly collection ranges from P50,000 

to P60,000. 

The CARWASA water supply system is a 210-foot deep well with a submersible pump, a 

cylindrical type reservoir with a capacity of 18,000 gallons, and gravity flow distribution. 

The system sits on land that was purchased by CARWASA through its own funds generated 

mostly from water tariffs. Through a P50,000 grant from Plan International, CARWASA is 

64 




CASAY 

also currently engaged in a watershed program, which yields a P10,000 monthly income for the 

association. Although the system was designed to serve 400 households, the system currently serves 

a load close to 540 households. As a result, water shortage is now being experienced. 

HIGHLIGHTS 

Key Features 

Funds for the waterworks came from the USAID, half of which was a grant and the other half a loan 

counterpart of the provincial government. When the waterworks became operational in 1984, CARWASA 

started paying monthly amortizations of P1,226 to the provincial government of Cebu. For 20 years, 

starting in 1984, CARWASA is required to pay the P422,700 loan with an interest rate of four percent per 

annum. However, providing funds for water projects and transferring ownership and management of 

such projects to the community proved to be insufficient. It was also important to prepare local 

management structures and technical personnel who will effectively operate the project. This was 

where training for institution- and capacity-building was vital. 

Role of LGUs 

The provincial government of Cebu initiated the water project. It provided the funds for the construction 

of the water facility and later, also funded the expansion and improvement of the system. 

FACTORS 


CARWASA needed to continually undergo skills training in repairing, operating, and maintaining their 

water supply system, especially after its water service expansion project in 1992. Continued local 

government support was also necessary, especially in terms of logistical support. In 1992, the provincial 

government was instrumental in improving and expanding the water services of CARWASA. 


65


CASAY 


Delivery 

The provincial government of Cebu and USAID provided the funds to construct the water facility. Upon 

completion, the management and operation of the water facility was transferred to CARWASA. Afterward, 

the University of San Carlos Water Resource Center and PLAN International provided skills development 

and institutional strengthening. 


The provincial government through its Provincial Planning and Development Office, CARWASA, the 

University of San Carlos Water Resource Center, the Cebu Federation of Waterworks Association, Inc., and 

Plan International. 

RESULTS 

The project provided good quality water to a total of 539 household connections and several 

communal faucets in strategic locations. 

The monthly collection ranged from P50,000 to P60,000 and income was about P10,000 a month. 

CARWASA had diversified its initiatives. It soon expects to earn income from the mango trees 

watershed project. 

66 




NEW BULATUKAN SPRING DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION 


New Bulatukan is a community of over 1,350 indigenous peoples and Christian 

settlers in Makilala, North Cotabato province. In 1998, the community applied for 

a special grant for the construction of their own water supply system. This move 

was a response to the community’s problem of accessing safe drinking water. The 

new water system was envisioned to reduce the time spent in fetching drinking 

water and to facilitate the protection of uphill spring sources and creeks. 


New Bulatukan 

Spring 

Development 

Association 

Barangay New 

Bulatukan, Makilala, 

North Cotabato 

In 1999, the SZOPAD Social Fund 9 provided for the project cost of P985,632. Although a 

private contractor was tasked with the actual construction of the water system facility, the 

residents of New Bulatukan provided some of the labor, food, lodging, and other needed 

requirements as construction work progressed. 

Upon completion of the water system, the community, which by then had formed itself 

into the New Bulatukan Spring Development Association, took over the management, 

operation, and maintenance of the water system facility. The new water system currently 

provides water to 140 households in New Bulatukan. 

The communal water supply system in New Bulatukan consists of a spring box, about 1,300 

meters of 63-millimeter transmission pipe, two suspended crossings, distribution pipe, a 

ground level reservoir and ten communal tap stands. 


67


NEW BULATUKAN 


HIGHLIGHTS 

Features and Components 

The experience highlights the potential of government-community partnership and involvement in 

expanding and improving water service delivery to specific communities. 

Yet the New Bulatukan experience also shows that communal water systems work if given the proper 

support: (a) institution- and capacity-building as an integral component of the project, 

(b) developing local management structures, (c) ensuring the use of appropriate water system technology, 

among others. 

FACTORS 


A year after the installation of the water system, the water association underwent extensive training under 

the guidance of the PCWS-ITNF. After the training, the association formally registered with the SEC to 

gain legal identity. Once it was able to do so, the association planned to apply for a water permit from 

the National Water Resources Board (NWRB). The move will allow the water association to have exclusive 

rights over the use of the spring source. 

Part of the responsibilities of the New Bulatukan Spring Development Association is overseeing the 

operation and maintenance of the communal water system. Specific people are assigned as caretakers. 

Funding for operation and maintenance are sourced from the monthly dues of the members and fundraising 

activities such as raffles, organization dues, and fines. Basic plumbing tools are available in the 

community, which were purchased using association funds. 

68 




NEW BULATUKAN 

Required Resources 

The SZOPAD Social Fund provided much of the logistical and financial requirements to complete the 

projects. However, the community contributed their time, labor, food, lodging and other needed 

requirements as the construction work progressed—estimated to equal five percent of the total project 

cost. 


The SZOPAD Social Fund, local government officials, PCWS-ITNF, and New Bulatukan Spring Development 

Association. 

RESULTS 

The New Bulatukan experience shows how the community can acquire and manage its own water supply 

service and how this can benefit the poor. Other communities can learn that things work well when people 

are involved, when their needs are clearly established, when the capacity building is built into the process, 

and the local management structures are emphasized. 

The new water system is also helping people improve their livelihood options. This motivates the 

community to properly manage its communal water system. 


69


CASE Social STUDY Privatization 1 Community-Managed Approach Case Approach Cases 


DARANGAN WATER SERVICE DEVELOPMENT COOPERATIVE (DWSDC) 


DWSDC Manager 

The DWSDC is the first water cooperative in the country. It has since been 

83 National Road, Darangan recognized for its work, receiving the most outstanding service cooperative 

Darangan, Binangonan, 

Rizal Province 

award in 1996. It is recognized by the government and by the cooperative 

Tel: 652-1588 

community as one of the more innovative and dynamic cooperatives in the 

country. Its services are competitive; it is a self-help organization whose 

funding comes from member shares, fees, savings, and patronage; it has diversified its 

services to its members; and has benefited not only its members, but its community and 

other water cooperatives as well. 

In 1968, members of the Darangan barangay council identified water as a primary concern 

of the community. In an effort to raise awareness of water supply among Darangan 

residents, a series of community consultations were conducted by the barangay council, 

which later precipitated the formation of the cooperative. 

Through a P75,000 grant from the provincial government, the DWSDC was able to purchase 

and install a submersible pump and motor for its water supply project. In 1970, the first 

public faucet in Darangan was opened to the public. Water meters and household 

connections were later installed in 1971 with the help of the Presidential Arm on Community 

Development. In 1992, the increase in the population of Darangan prompted the 

cooperative to put up an additional pumping station and a water tank. 

Today, the DWSDC has diversified—offering social security benefits and other services such 

as microfinancing to the poor. As such, it has continued to attract new recruits, most of whom 

70 



Social Privatization Approach 

DARANGAN 

are women and the poor. Over the past years, the number of women members has increased because 

DWSDC provides women better opportunities to learn and increase their income. A foreseeable trend 

is the increase in membership from among the poorest of the poor in Darangan. The cooperative 

encourages them to join by offering easy, affordable, installment terms of payment, plus opportunities 

to earn income. This move benefits the poor since they can become owners and consumers of an 

efficient water service that allows them to participate in decision-making. 

The huge concessionaire, Manila Water, expressed its intention to extend its services to Binangonan town. 

DWSDC is confident that it can compete with Manila Water for these reasons: DWSDC provides good quality 

ground water even during El Niño; it promptly restores water service interruptions; and, it currently serves 

more than 70 percent of Darangan’s population, majority of whom are members of the cooperative. 

DWSDC even plans to further expand its services. There are two other water systems in Darangan, which 

DWSDC would like to merge with. There is also a plan to put up a new pumping station in a higher 

elevation area to replace the existing pump when it eventually breaks down. Other plans include 

continuous capital formation, replacement of old pipelines, and the implementation of new credit 

and livelihood project for women and children. 

HIGHLIGHTS 

Key Features: 

Community participation in all phases of the project cycle 

Continued national and local government logistical support 

Cooperativized ownership of the water service, which enhances system operation and maintenance 

efficiency. DWSDC fund sources come mainly from the members’ share capital, membership fees, 

savings and patronage. 


71


DARANGAN 


Increased women’s participation/involvement that supports poverty alleviation efforts 

Competitive pricing strategy that is linked to its membership recruitment drive. DWSDC members 

pay substantially lesser user rates than non-members, which is an incentive for non-members to 

eventually join the cooperative. DWSDC consumers likewise enjoy a lower tariff compared with 

residents of nearby Morong town, which is served by the Morong Water District. 

Delivery 

Although the water system was partly funded in the past through small grants from the government, 

the water system is a completely cooperative enterprise. The cooperative was involved in the construction 

of the water facility, its operation and maintenance, and its eventual expansion and improvement. 

To become a member of DWSDC, one has to be a resident of Darangan. Would-be members of DWSDC 

have to pay a membership fee of P100 and a share capital of P5,000 which is payable in equal 

installments for two years. Pre-membership seminar is a requirement, followed by a seminar on 

ownership. For the pre-membership seminar, the aspirant pays P50. Aside from getting a P10 discount 

from the regular water rate for the first 10 cubic meters and P1 less for every additional cubic meter 

thereafter, DWSDC members enjoy low interest loans, long-term repayment schemes, access to a 

mutual benefit fund, emergency loans, patronage refund, social services, and a typically uninterrupted 

water service at lower rates compared to non-members. DWSDC also provides banking services where 

the savings deposit of members earns from four to eight per cent interest. All water service applicants 

pay for the cost of service installation and the water meter unit. Billing is on a monthly cycle and collection 

is undertaken regularly on a house-to-house basis. 

Standards 

The quality and affordability of the water service provided by the DWSDC meets the required standards. 

Today, DWSDC has become the main water provider of Darangan, serving more than 1,100 households. 

72 




DARANGAN 

Role of LGUs 

Local government units (barangay, municipal and province) took an active part in institution and 

capacity building. The success of DWSDC has even motivated the Binangonan municipal government 

to issue an ordinance encouraging the setting up of barangay-level water systems and the transfer of 

the management of their operations to a local cooperative. As a result, 15 water cooperatives have 

emerged in Binangonan. 

FACTORS 


Among the responsibilities of DWSDC members is participating in the planning and annual general 

assemblies. They are consulted about major decisions relating to the water cooperative. 

Meanwhile, a committee headed by a board director is in charge of operation and maintenance of the 

water system. Two deep wells, each with a submersible 10-horsepower pump and a motor, provide water 

service to about 70 percent of the Darangan population. Darangan has two water reservoirs—one with 

a capacity of 15,000 gallons and the other, 10,000 gallons. The quality of the water is good and potable. 

The two pumping stations of DWSDC work for a total of 20 hours a day. 

DWSDC owns the necessary equipment and repair tools. The pump and motor are usually replaced after 

five years of use. As a result, service interruptions caused by repair and maintenance have never lasted 

more than a day. 

BENEFITS 

The social privatization model in water service delivery ensures the following: (a) water rates/tariff 

remain affordable to the majority; (b) viable community institutions and networks that are willing and 


73


DARANGAN 


responsible for managing the water facility continue to grow; (c) the expansion of water services 

includes even poor households, and; (d) use of local resources and skills is optimized. 

Moreover, since DWSDC diversified into a credit and a consumer cooperative, it has enabled nonmembers 

who are the poorest of the poor in Darangan to generate income and livelihood. The idea was 

to give non-members opportunities to engage in income generating activities, and thus allow them to 

join the cooperative and have access to water services by paying the share capital and other obligations 

in affordable installment rates. 

Furthermore, DWSDC has since taken a very active role in the community in advocating the protection 

of the environment, especially the Darangan River. It is protesting the operations of a piggery uphill that 

has been known to cause respiratory ailments in children and pollution in the river. DWSDC also helps 

the barangay council in its campaign against drug abuse. 

The success of DWSDC motivated the local government of Binangonan to issue a municipal ordinance 

encouraging barangay level water systems to set up and transfer the management of their operations 

to a local cooperative. As a result, 15 water cooperatives have emerged in Binangonan. The younger 

cooperatives are learning from DWSDC and are able to get technical assistance when required. The 

cooperative system has also allowed bigger cooperatives to provide financial assistance to the smaller 

ones, through the network of the different cooperative federations. 

A congressman represents DWSDC and other cooperatives in the House of Representatives through the 

party list COOP-NATCCO (National Confederation of Cooperatives). DWSDC, NATCCO, and the Cooperative 

Development Authority, are endorsing the creation of the Philippine Cooperative for Water and 

Sanitation, a tertiary-level organization of water cooperatives nationwide. 

74 



Privatization Approach Case 

MAGDALENA WATER SYSTEM PROJECT 


Magdalena, a fifth class municipality in Laguna Province, is the first local 

government participant of the World Bank-financed Local Government Units 

Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project. This project promotes publicprivate 

partnerships in the delivery of water and sanitation services. 

The Department of Interior and Local Government, the conduit of the World 

Bank, invited the Magdalena local government to avail of a P24-million loan 

package. This money was used for the construction of the new water and 

sanitation system facility. Bayan Water Services, Inc. (BWSI), a subsidiary of 

Benpres, won the bidding for the 15-year lease contract to operate the water 

and sanitation system. 


Municipal Engineer 

Municipality of Magdalena, 

Laguna 

Tel: 049-2552013, 049- 

2551011 

Development Bank of the 

Philippines 

Makati City, Metro Manila 

Tel: 02-8189511, 02-8128088 

local 2356 

Fax: 02-8151517, 02-8188037 

The transfer of the operations to BWSI, however, caught a snag. The supposed transfer was scheduled 

for 31 October 2001. But a week prior to the turnover, a political decision was made for the old 

Magdalena-managed water system to remain operational, so as not to disenfranchise 40 households 

that were going to be affected by the turnover. 

As a result, two water systems simultaneously functioned in Magdalena: the old water system and the 

new deep well water system. The old system provided cheap water at P8 for the first 15 cubic meters 

and P4.50 for every cubic meter thereafter. The new water system, which uses two pumps to convey water 

from a 130-foot deep well, charged a flat rate of P20.54 per cubic meter. This arrangement went 

against the provision of the lease agreement between Magdalena and BWSI. The condition set by 

BWSI was that prior to the turnover, the old Magdalena water system was to be cut off. Only when the 


75


MAGDALENA 

Privatization Approach 

turnover was effected would BWSI begin paying its P405,000 monthly rent to Magdalena, plus a fixed 

amount of P8,000 for contract administration. Another agreement was forged to close the old water system 

in the week of 15 February 2002 as demanded by BWSI for the scheduled turn over by the end of that 

month. Regulation is contained in the lease agreement between BWSI and Magdalena LGU. 

Privatization and the dynamics of local Philippine politics will eventually be felt by the consumers. A 

foreseeable problem can happen when loan repayment targets are not met, which means consumers 

are bound to shoulder future increases in the water tariff. The biggest threat, however, is that the LGU 

may not be able to pay its loan to the World Bank. When that happens, the LGU may have to resort to 

mortgaging. The current interest rate of the WB loan is 14 percent. 

KEY FEATURES 

The project is part of the World Bank-financed Local Government Units Urban Water Supply and 

Sanitation Project, which essentially promotes public-private partnership. 

A private firm, Rodman Construction and Development Corporation (RCDC), was awarded the contract 

for constructing the water and sanitation facility. The firm constructed the new water supply system from 

September 1999 to June 1, 2001. The actual construction cost was pegged at P24 million. The Magdalena 

LGU provided a counterpart of P2.4M. BWSI was later awarded the 15-year lease contract to operate the 

water and sanitation system. 

For the first three years of operation, the Magdalena LGU is required to pay only the loan interest, after 

which it will begin to pay for the principal. However, as of February 2000, the Municipal Engineer’s Office 

released its findings that the tariff paid by consumers was enough to pay only for the O&M of the water 

system but not for the World Bank loan repayment. As a result, an increase in water tariff in the near future 

was to be expected. 

76 


REFERENCES AND TOOLS5

REFERENCES AND TOOLS 

CHAPTER 

5 

❙ POTENTIAL SITES FOR STUDY TOURS 

MANILA WATER COMPANY, INC. 

Management Model 

Private sector participation under concession arrangement, the 

territory business management approach. 

Brief Description 

In August 1997, Manila Water took over the privatized water 

system for the East concession of the Metropolitan Waterworks and 

Sewerage System (MWSS). It is a consortium composed of the 

Ayala Corporation, United Utilities, Bechtel Corporation, Mitsubishi 

Corporation, and BPI Capital Corporation. Everyday, Manila Water 

delivers 1,600 million liters of potable water to over 4.7 million 

residents and thousands of industries and businesses. Through 

its Tubig Para sa Barangay projects, depressed communities may 

get properly connected water service at affordable rates. With this, Manila Water has minimized leaks, 

illegal connections, and the incidence of water contamination. 

Highlights of the Model 

Example of water service delivery in urban areas (including urban poor) 

Shows potential of private sector involvement in water service delivery 

Alternative management option 


Special Projects Manager, 

Corporate 

Communications 

Administration Bldg. 

489 Katipunan Road, 

Balara, Diliman, Quezon City 

Trunk line: 02-4368000 

local: 3311 and 3378 

Fax: 02-9205288 


79


MAYNILAD WATER SERVICES, INC. 


Private sector participation under concession arrangement 


Maynilad Water Services is the private concessionaire that won the 

right to take over the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage 

System (MWSS) operations in the West Zone of Metro Manila 

starting August 1997. 

Maynilad Water Services started a Bayan Tubig program in 1999 to 

provide squatter communities with cheap, potable, and continuous 

supply of water. Each household gets a water meter and access to 

water after paying a minimum fee. Applicants may pay on an 

installment basis over a period of six months to a year. Through this 

program, the customer base expanded and the problem of illegal 

connections was addressed. 


Manager, Business 

Development Department 

Central Business Area 

176 A. Villegas St. 

Ermita, Manila 

Tel: 02-527-2275 

Fax: 02-528-0654 

Cell: 0917-9300385 

Business Area Manager, 

Central Business Area 

Tel: 02-5281455 

Fax: 02-5281460 


Example of water service delivery in urban areas (including urban poor) 

Shows potential of private sector involvement in water service delivery 

Alternative management option 

80 


eferences and tools 5 

DAVAO CITY WATER DISTRICT 

Location 

Davao City 


Government-Owned and Controlled Corporation (GOCC), semipublic 


Chairman 

Davao City Water District 

Bajada, Davao City 8000 

Tel: 082-2219400 – 12 

Fax: 082- 2264885 


The Davao City Water District is the biggest water district in the 

Philippines as far as service area is concerned. At the moment, the water district serves around 130,000 

connections. 

Founded in 1973, the Davao City Water District also provides technical assistance (such as water 

testing, design, pipe laying) to rural areas and small towns within the Davao province. 


Showcase for LGUs that decide to set up (or take over) a water district 

Delivers the second best potable water quality in the world 

Opportunities to visit water laboratories and pump stations 

Shows how water districts can give technical assistance to LGUs 


81


METRO CEBU WATER DISTRICT 

Location 

Cebu City 


Government-Owned and Controlled Corporation (GOCC), semipublic 

Project Description 

Founded in 1974, the Metro Cebu Water District has grown into the 

country’s second-largest water district. At present, it uses 100 

ground well and one surface water resource to supply the water 

needs of over 80,000 connections located in four cities and four 

municipalities in Metro Cebu. 


General Manager 

M. C. Briones cor. P Burgos 

Street , Cebu City 6000 

Tel: 032-2548434 to 39, 

2560413 to 15 

Fax: 032-2545391 

Information officer 

Tel: 032-2560424 

In 1990, the Metro Cebu Water District entered into a big project that involved the collection and 

treatment of river water so that it could be used for drinking. This project was intended to address the 

water scarcity problems in the area following the 1997 El Niño drought. Besides water service delivery, 

the water district is very active in raising community awareness on water conservation and environment 

protection. 


The water district established family parks that combine leisure with water conservation (tree 

planting, nurseries) and ground water refilling activities 

The water district produces promotion and awareness material (fact sheets, posters and stickers) on 

water use and conservation 

The water district and LGUs closely cooperate on water resources management 

82 



❙ References 

Above Ground - A Training Manual on Water Supply and Sanitation. Manila, Philippines: Philippine 

Center for Water and Sanitation-International Training Network Foundation (PCWS-ITNF). 

(This manual serves as a training course and a facilitator’s guide in conducting a training 

program for present and potential leaders of existing and about-to-be-formed BWSAs. It was 

published with the support fund from United Nation Children’s Fund. ) 

Capistrano, L. (editor). Water & Sanitation FORUM Newsmagazine. Manila, Philippines: Philippine 

Center for Water and Sanitation-International Training Network (PCWS-ITN) 

Community Organizing Process Guidebook. Manila, Philippines: Philippine Center for Water and 

Sanitation-International Training Network Foundation (PCWS-ITNF), November 2001. 

(This Guidebook is an enhancement of previous community organizing handbooks also 

developed by the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG). It was published for 

Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Projects - Phase V (RWSSP-V) in November 2001 by the 

Philippine Center for Water & Sanitation-The International Training Network Foundation.) 

Esrey SA, Gough J. et al. Ecological Sanitation. SIDA, Stockholm, Sweden, 1998. 

Guide and Manual on Training for Trainers. Water and Sanitation Training Programme, Printed for the 

Fourth Country Programme for Children (CPCIV) in cooperation with the United Nations 

Children’s Fund, December 1998. 

Haden, A. “Gender Checklist for Planning Sanitation Programmes.” Sanitation Promotion Kit. M. 

Simpson-Hebert and S. Wood, editors. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO and Water Supply and 

Sanitation Collaborative Council (WS’SCQ), 1997. 


83


Magtibay, B., compiler. Policies and Guidelines on Water Supply Systems. Manila, Philippines: Biosphere 

Environment and Health Systems, 1998. 

Philippine Center for Water and Sanitation-International Training Network Foundation. Policies and 

Guidelines on Wastewater Disposal Systems. Manila, Philippines: Philippine Center for Water 

and Sanitation-International Training Network Foundation (PCWS-ITNF), 1999. 

Philippine Center for Water and Sanitation-International Training Network Foundation (PCWS- 

ITNF) and Special Zone of Peace and Development Social Fund. Gabay Barangay. Pangangasiwa 

ng Spring Water System. Manila, Philippines: Philippine Center for Water and Sanitation- 

International Training Network Foundation (PCWS-ITNF) and Special Zone of Peace and 

Development Social Fund, 2001. 

The Code of Ethics on Hygiene, Sanitation and Water Supply Services (2000). 

(This Code Ethics was developed in 1997 by the Working Group on Community Management 

and Partnerships with Civil Society set up by the WSSCC. It underwent further revisions in 1999 

in a broad consultation involving 300 people from Asia, Africa and Latin America during the 

Vision 2] process. The Code was finalized in August 2000. WSSCC, Geneva, Switzerland). 

The Ecological Sanitation Alternative. Proceedings of the First Orientation Workshop, Gardenville Hotel, 

Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Philippines, January 31-February 4, 2000. Manila, Philippines: 

Philippine Center for Water and Sanitation-International Training Network Foundation 

(PCWS-ITNF), 2000. 

Training Guide - Simplified Accounting Systems and Procedures for BWSA. Water and Sanitation 

Training Programme, Printed for the fourth Country Programme for Children (CPCIV) in 

cooperation with the United Nations Children’s Fund, December 1995. 

84 



Training Guide and Manual on Community Organizing and Organizational Development. Water and 

Sanitation Training Programme, Printed for the Fourth Country Programme for Children 

(CPCIV) in cooperation with the United Nations Children’s Fund, December 1995. 


85

ENDNOTES 

1 NEDA Board Resolution No. 12, series of 1995. 

2 Information on the performance of the water supply and sanitation sector obtained from the National 

Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) indicate that the database from the government is not accurate. 

3 LGSP has a companion material, the Resource Finder, which provides information on institutions and 

programs from government agencies, government financing institutions, ODA sources both bilateral 

and multilateral, and civil society organizations that could be accessed by LGUs in support of water and 

sanitation initiatives. 

4 Citation URL: http://www.icap.org/pdf/dp_english.pdf 

5 More discussion on this in Annex B of this resource book. 

6 Privatization of Public Social Services: A Background Paper, Author(s): Demetra Smith Nightingale, Nancy 

M. Pindus, Published: October 15, 1997 Citation URL: http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?ID=407023 

7 Community Water Supply Management: International Water and Sanitation Centre Citation URL: 

http://www.irc.nl/manage/whatisit/definitions.html 

8 CARWASA is a member of the Cebu Federation of Waterworks Associations, Inc. (CEFEWA), which is under 

the guidance of the University of San Carlos Water Resource Center (USC-WRC). Some CEFEWA members 

started with funding support from the provincial government and then from PLAN International. Most 

CEFEWA members, however, have been funded initially by PLAN International with counterpart support 

from the local government. 

9 In 1997 President Fidel Ramos signed Executive Order No. 445, which provided for the implementation of 

the SZOPAD Social Fund (SSF) to finance small-scale social and economic infrastructure projects in 

disadvantaged communities affected by the conflict between the government and the Moro National 

Liberation Front (MNLF). 


87

Water Supply Technology Options 

ANNEXES 

❙ Water Supply Technology Options 

A convenient supply of safe water and the sanitary disposal of human wastes are essential, 

although not the only ingredients of a healthy, productive life. 

Unfortunately, it is the poor who suffer the most from the absence of safe water and sanitation, 

because they lack not only the means to provide for such facilities but also the information on how 

to minimize the ill effects of the unsanitary conditions in which they live. As a result, the debilitating 

effects of unsanitary living conditions lower the productive potential of the very people who can 

least afford it. 

A summary of the technology, institutional, and financing options are presented below for 

appropriate application by the LGUs for their Water Supply and Sanitation plans and programs. 

◗ TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS 

Source Options 

a. Groundwater 

- springs 

- wells 

b. Surface water 

- check gates 

- dam reservoirs 

c. Rainwater 


89


Transmission Options 

hand pump wells (Level 2) household connections (Level 3) 

Treatment Options 

a. Use of settler and filter to remove turbidity 

A 12 cu. m settling tank which has a capacity of 8 liters/sec. costs P17,000.00 and can serve 

8,000 people. 

A 1 sq. m. filter area which is good for 1 liter/sec has a direct cost of P 2,000.00 and can serve 

1,000 people. 

b. Disinfection - use of chlorinators, ultraviolet (UV), slow sand filter 

c. Removal of dissolved, unwanted substances: 

- desalination (reverse osmosis, evapo-condensation) 

- charcoal and similar filters (if water has a different color) 

Modes of Intervention 

New system construction 

Rehabilitation of existing water system 

Upgrade or expansion 

Multiple sources and systems 

"Do-nothing" option 

90 


ANNEXES 

Selecting the most appropriate technologies 

Economical 

Environment friendly 

Culturally acceptable and socially equitable 

A water system must be accessible even to residents from far flung areas 

Can provide for reasonable future needs 

When designing a water system, consider future demands by anticipating the maximum 

increase in the number of population in a given area 

Should be locally sustainable 

Materials/parts must be locally available 

Physically feasible 

Delivers within standard requirements 

The Benefit/Cost Approach - "The most appropriate technology is the one that delivers the most benefits 

at the least cost." 

Costs 

Interest on investment 

Depreciation 

Opportunity costs 

Environmental costs 

Benefits 

Savings in water-fetching labor 

Savings in water-using household labor 

Savings in cost of lost manpower avoided due to illness and cost of medicines 

Livelihood generated by construction and operation and maintenance of water system, and 

increased in economic activities caused by more water availability 

Environmental benefits 


91


Financing Options 

External 

Internal 

Loans vs IRA 

LWUA loan 

CDF 

Grants 

National government programs 

LGU resources 

IRA and SDF component 

LGU manpower 

Material stocks 

Equipment 

Community resources 

Sustainability factors 

"A water system should be forever." The following are key factors in assuring water system 

sustainability: 

Knowledge and use of appropriate technologies 

Appropriate technologies save on the average 30% of project cost. 

Community participation 

- The community helps in data gathering and technology selection. 

- The community is appraised of the implications of each technology option and the role they 

play. 

- The community acquires skills (not just in training, but from direct involvement) in the 

operation and maintenance. 

Conscientious and transparent project implementation 

- financial and procurement management must be in place 

- there must be accountable and transparent records 

- transactional (traditional) vs transformational political leadership; choice must be made 

whether to emphasize meeting individual needs or the general community's interest. 

92 


Sanitation Technology Options 

ANNEXES 

❙ Sanitation Technology Options 

◗ PURPOSE OF SANITATION 

To contain and process human wastes until they or their end products are safe enough for release 

into the environment. 

A toilet should be able to 

a. Control odor and prevent the ingress or egress of disease vectors; and 

b. Prevent the release of feces and wastewater into the environment before it is safe to do so. 

Feces and wastewater 

May contain pathogens such as harmful bacteria, amoeba, viruses, other protists and worms; 

May be breeding sites for disease vectors such as flies and mosquitoes; 

May be sources of suspended solids and BOD that contribute to turbidity and oxygen depletion 

in natural bodies of water; and 

May contain substances such as nutrients and drugs that in certain forms can harm the 

environment or cause health problems when indiscriminately released). 

Sanitation facilities should 

Be affordable to build and maintain; 

Provide privacy to users; 

Provide convenience; 

Confer status to them; and 

In some cases, allow safe recovery of the resources such as soil ameliorants, animal feed, and 

energy contained in the waste. 


93


Sanitation facilities should also be culturally acceptable to users 

Defecating position 

Type of anal cleansing material used 

Practices and taboos on using and handling wastes 

Light and ventilation 

Location of the facility relative to the house and its orientation must be considered 

Sanitation options are either onsite or offsite (whether or not the end-products are released to the 

environment at the site of generation or conveyed to a central facility for further processing), and 

wet or dry (whether or not water is necessary for operation). 

◗ ON-SITE SANITATION 

Unsanitary Options 

1. Open defecation but restricted to a community-designated area 

2. Unimproved pit (Antipolo) 

3. Overhang over a watercourse, pigpen or fishpond 

Sanitary Options 

Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) 

Description of operation 

Feces drops into pit through hole in latrine. Feces decompose in latrine. A new pit has to be dug 

when the one in use is full (although some pits are offset from the latrine slab and is more 

accessible for emptying). The pit may be unlined in stable formations; otherwise it is lined with hollow 

blocks, mortar or brick although the floor is bare and holes are usually built into the pit lining wall 

to allow excess water to leach out. Some designs have twin or two-compartment pits so that the 

moveable latrine hole can be shifted to one when the other is full. 

94 


ANNEXES 

Odor control is effected through placing a lid on the latrine and 

inducing an air flow from the superstructure through the latrine hole 

to the pit, then out into the outside air through a screened vent 

emptying above the toilet. The superstructure is often designed to 

scoop air from the wind also for this purpose. 

Fly control is effected through keeping the superstructure dark 

inside so that any flies in the pit see only the light from the top of 

the vent. They fly up the vent but the screen traps them until they 

die of exhaustion trying to crash through the screen. 

Maintenance 

Keeping the floor clean, the vent pipe free of cobwebs, and emptying 

the previously used compartment when the present one is full. The contents may be buried in the 

soil, preferably near a tree. 

Advantages 

Does not require water. 

Disadvantages 

Not optimally suitable for the use of water (water and urine keeps the feces wet and odorous); 

Odor and flies not always avoidable; 

Difficulty or expense of emptying full pit or necessity for digging a new one when the former 

is full. 

Construction cost 

PhP 5,000 or more including superstructure, (extrapolated contractor’s price) but about 50% less 

if user donates labor. 


95


Wet Pit with Pour-Flush Bowl 


After use, feces and water in the bowl are flushed with 1 (for 

toilets where the pit is directly under the bowl) to 8 (usually 

when the pit is offset from the bowl) liters of water. The 

flushing pours into the pit. Water drains out through the bare 

bottom of the pit and the holes built into its walls. The pit may 

be unlined in stable formations although it is always covered. 

Some designs have twin pits and a wye box so that the flushing 

is moveable latrine hole can be shifted to one when the other 

is full. Odor and fly control is effected with the water-sealed 

bowl. 

Maintenance 

Same as that of the VIP, except that the air vent, if any, does not 

need clearing of cobwebs. 

Advantages 

Good odor control 

Acceptable in many cultures 

Costs can be lowered if several nearby households share one pit 

Offset construction can solve the problem of endangering the foundations of nearby structures 

during excavation. 

Disadvantages 

Needs the indicated amounts of flushing water; 

Water leaching from the pit will contaminate the ground and any water table and wells within 

8-160m from it (although in most cases, a well is safe if it is 25m from the pit); 

96 


ANNEXES 

Difficulty or expense of emptying a full pit or necessity for digging a new one when the former 

is full (research is underway in some countries for appropriate low-cost de-sludging methods). 


PhP 5,000 or more including superstructure, (extrapolated contractor’s price) but about 50% less 

if user donates labor; less if adjacent households share a common pit. 

Composting Toilets 

Description of Operation 

There are many designs. A typical one has twin built-onthe-ground 

vaults that are alternately used. Feces fills 

up one vault (the volume is usually good for at least a year 

of use) after which, the bowl is moved over the other 

while the contents of the first vault ages. By the time the 

second vault is full, the contents of the first are emptied 

and used as compost. 

Water is usually not used. Instead, ashes and other organic 

matter are poured over the fresh feces after every use to 

discourage odor and fly breeding. Urine is usually collected 

and stored in a pail -- or any appropriate container -- separately from feces as it is free of pathogens 

and ready for use as liquid fertilizer. 

Maintenance 

Same as that of the VIP, except that the vaults are emptied more frequently as they fill up faster 

because of the use of ashes and bulking agents. 


97


Advantages 

Production of humus if properly operated; 

Production of liquid fertilizer; 

Little chance of feces pile leaching and contaminating the ground and groundwater. 

Disadvantages 

Requires users to be well-trained in using and maintaining the facility and have the environmental 

values that will make the extra protocols and precautions of using it worthwhile; 

Culturally difficult to accept with some mainstream and ethnic groups. 

Construction Cost 

PhP 2,500 or more including superstructure (ferro-cement toilet built by PCWS in extrapolated 

contractor’s price) but about 50% less if user donates labor. 

Pour-flush Toilet with Septic Tank with On-site Disposal 

Conventional Septic Tank 

A septic tank may be necessary if the ground is too 

hard for a pit to be dug economically or if infiltration 

rates of the wastewater into the ground is too low 

such that some clarification is needed before it is 

leached into the ground. 

Septic tanks are sometimes divided into several 

compartments for more efficient settling of solids. 

Some designs are capacious to allow enough 

detention time so that water is much cleaner when 

it is released into the environment. 

98 


ANNEXES 

Description of Operation 

The wastewater enters and is detained in the septic tank where it undergoes some settling and 

decomposition of solids. The clearer effluent flows into a soakpit (similar to a wet pit but sometimes 

filled with rocks for wall stability) or infiltration trench (where it leaches into the ground), an 

evapo-transpiration mound (where some of the water is transpired by the mound vegetation or 

evaporates), or subsurface filters before it enters pipe draining into a watercourse. 

Maintenance 

Periodic de-sludging of the septic tank, and less frequently cleaning or allowing soakpits, trenches 

and subsurface filters to rest. 

Advantages 

Same as wet pit but a cleaner effluent is produced. 

Disadvantages 

Needs the indicated amounts of flushing water; 

Although to a lesser extent, water leaching from the tank will contaminate the ground and any 

water table and wells within 8-160m from it (although in most cases, a well is safe if it is 25m 

from the pit; 

Difficulty or expense of de-sludging (research is underway in some countries for appropriate 

low-cost de-sludging methods). 


PhP 5,000 or more, including superstructure (PLAN figures) to PhP30,000 (DPWH figures) but less 

if user donates labor. 


99


Bio-gas Toilets 

Bio-gas toilets are toilets with septic tanks 

configured to have a gas collector and displaced 

water chamber; and other accessories to produce, 

store and provide bio-gas for various uses. 


Same as in a septic tank, but bio-gas is collected 

in a domed collector and there is a reservoir for 

displacement water. The human waste from three 

families is usually enough to cook one family’s 

meals. In some designs, there are provisions for adding animal and biodegradable solid waste to 

increase gas production. In this respect this technology has potential as a solid waste management 

solution. 

Maintenance 

Same as septic tanks, but is more delicate in that drugs, cleansing chemicals and most metals kill 

off the methane-producing bacteria. 

Advantages 

Same as wet pit but biogas and a cleaner effluent is produced. 

Disadvantages 

Same as septic tanks; more frequent de-sludging if other materials are fed into the tank to produce 

more biogas; culturally difficult to accept with some mainstream and ethnic groups. 


PhP 5,000 or more including superstructure (PCWS figures from prototype facilities) but less if user 

donates labor; less if adjacent households share common tank. 



ANNEXES 

◗ OFF-SITE SANITATION 

When the consequences of contaminating local water tables and courses are too costly, or the 

ground’s natural infiltration rates are too low, or the housing density is so high as to make common 

rather than household-level treatment of wastes economically attractive (usually in a plant situated 

off the community), then off-site sanitation becomes an option (or a last recourse). 

Cartage 

Feces and sometimes wastewater is deposited in a chamber pot or receptacle and is collected 

regularly by vehicles. This system is used in some areas in Japan, and many communities in China, 

where the waste is used as fertilizer and fish feed. 

Sewerage (to treatment facility) 

This means a network of pipes and sometimes 

pumps that convey water to a common sewage 

treatment plant. In some such technologies, the 

wastewater may be collected direct from pipes 

from the bathroom, sink and toilet without 

benefit of a septic tank for primary treatment. 

Conventional Sewerage 

This is found in many cities in the Western 

countries. Huge (enough for maintenance people to walk in) sewers are built deep underground 

(to allow basement and subway drainage). In the past even the flows of rivers were diverted to 

periodically flush out these sewers. 


101


Shallow sewerage 

Recent reworking of the hydraulics of solids-laden channel flow have proven that much smaller sewer 

pipes buried more shallowly on carefully controlled slopes and with appropriate accessories such 

as clean-outs can do the job as well, resulting in this alternative design. 

Advantages 

Savings of as much as 95% over conventional sewerage can be realized with this technology. 

Some studies have also indicated that shallow sewerage with offsite treatment is competitive 

over on-site sanitation at population densities of 200 persons per hectare or higher. 

Disadvantage 

A disadvantage is the necessity of the community using at least 50lcpd of water (and feeding it into 

the pipes) to ensure that the waste solids are borne along with this flow and do not cause clogging. 

Septic tanks connected to small-bore sewerage 

In this technology, household septic tanks or wet pits are 

connected to the pipes that form the collection network. 

The effluent of these tanks is free from the large solids 

present in raw household sewage and permit smaller pipes 

and less controlled pipe slopes to be used. The amount of 

water the community uses also has little effect on system 

efficiency. 



ANNEXES 

Community-scale Sewage Treatment Processes 

Conventional Plant 

This technology consists of the following sequential processes: 

1. Primary treatment -- trash, grit and partial solids removal through screening and sedimentation 

2. Secondary treatment -- BOD reduction through aerobic treatment 

3. Tertiary treatment -- e.g., gravel filter 

Advantage 

An advantage of this technology is that BOD reduction can be very high. 

Disadvantages 

Although prevalent in the West, the disadvantage of this technology is that it requires a lot of 

money to build. (A conventionally-constructed, foreign-funded STP facility in Baguio for about 

90,000 people cost about PhP 400M to erect.) 

Requires heavy equipment, advanced skills and a lot of energy to operate; 

Unacceptable in terms of pathogen destruction (only in the order of 99%). 

Stabilization Ponds 

These are a series of ponds (the first functioning as a solids settling and anaerobic decomposition 

pond, the next as facultative ponds and the last as maturation ponds) that treat sewage through 

sedimentation, biological action and detention. In some facilities, fish and aquatic plants enhance 

these actions and provide a method for resource recovery. 

Although simple and effective (stabilization ponds can remove 99.99 to 99.999% of pathogens, BOD 

and suspended solids), it is a land- intensive technology and can also be expensive. A plan to treat 

the waste of 80,000 people in downtown Dumaguete City requires a budget of PhP 360 million. 




Anaerobic Filters 

Anaerobic filters are filters submerged in water. This is not a stand-alone sewage treatment plant 

process but can be combined with other processes. Although poor in terms of BOD and pathogen 

removal, it is simple and requires less energy and space than aerobic facilities. 

Treating Sludge 

Sludge is composed of the remains of organic matter, the bacteria living in them, and inorganic 

matter. All sewage treatment plants produce sludge. In on-site sanitation, sludge is often buried 

in the soil (this may be spread later as soil conditioner) or taken away for further treatment in a central 

facility. In sewage and treatment plants, which produces huge quantities of sludge, sludge can either 

be aged before spreading on agricultural land, or dewatered before either: 

Deposited in a landfill; or 

Composted before being used as a soil conditioner. 

In the latter, the principle is to use the heat of the composting to kill all pathogens. One method 

of high-rate composting is to pile the dewatered sludge in wind-rows over perforated air-pipes. 

The sludge is mixed with dessicating substrate such as woodchips and covered with old compost. 

Air is then blown for a few weeks through the sludge using the perforated pipes. This supplies the 

pile with enough oxygen to sustain the composting process. 

◗ KEY SUSTAINABILITY FACTORS IN SANITATION PROGRAMS 

Use of Appropriate Technologies 

This not only means evaluating sanitation options by the criteria enumerated in the first part of this 

chapter but developing more affordable technologies, especially for off-site sewage treatment. 



ANNEXES 

For the 2/3 of Filipinos who live in rural and semi-rural areas, the on-site sanitation options 

available to them seem to be affordable enough. However, for the rest who live in urban areas and 

whose wastewater can only be treated off-site, a per capita construction cost of PhP 4,000 to 7,000 

will translate into unacceptable sewage treatment charges alone of PhP 200 to 350 per household 

per month, if present West-originated technologies are adopted. We should therefore start 

developing our own treatment options that are less expensive. 

Community Participation 

Organizing for sanitation is more difficult than organizing for water supply. In a community in 

Indonesia, it took two decades to up sanitation coverage from 17% to 85%. 

Yet one cannot go around it. Aside from linking hygiene, water supply, and the environment with 

sanitation, a possible strategy would be to make sanitation more attractive by linking resource 

recovery with it. 

Transparent and Conscientious Implementation 

No program will succeed if corruption permeates the implementing agency. If the implementing 

agency is corrupt, the technologies it will select will only be appropriate to maximizing graft and 

it will never bother to bring in the community to its shady dealings by letting them participate 

meaningfully in the program. 



Sustainability of Community-Based Rural 

Water Supply Organizations 

ANNEXES 

❙ Sustainability of Community-Based 

Rural Water Supply Organizations 

◗ WHAT WORKS: 

National Policies/ Strategies 

a. The use of community-based organizations has been proven effective as a vehicle for: 

Instilling the value of self-governance and self-reliance among the rural populace; from 

mere recipients of government projects to active community participation and 

management, and 

Sustained operation and maintenance of the water facilities. There are a lot of case 

studies of RWSAs (Rural Water Supply Associations) and to some extent of BWSAs 

(Barangay Water Supply Associations) which have demonstrated that with proper 

institutional development, these associations are capable of sustaining the system 

operation thereby reducing the load on government resources and instilling the value 

of self governance among the populace. 

b. Full recovery schemes (capital + O&M) are possible for Level III and partial recovery schemes (O&M) 

for Levels I and II. Level III RWSAs, especially in Bulacan and Batangas provinces, have 

demonstrated not only their capacity to sustain their operations from collections but also to repay 

loans incurred for the purpose. Some Levels I and II projects are still operational and managed 

by the associations demonstrating successful partial recovery. The rural populace is capable and 

does pay for WATSAN services. 




c. Different service levels are needed. Level I represents the basic service level that government 

must provide its citizenry especially in the far flung areas. Level III service, being the ultimate 

service level, are necessary for urban and peri-urban areas and in areas where the populace is 

willing and able to support it. However, not all communities can afford a Level III system. In some 

areas, the provision of Level II facilities provides a temporary solution until the community, 

following the principle of self-governance, is able to muster enough initiative and resources to 

convert it to a Level III. In all cases, local associations are therefore necessary to institutionalize 

“ownership” and marshal resources. 

Sustainability of Community-Based Organizations 

Proper Technical Design/Construction of Facilities 

In all RWS projects, the number one criterion for sustainability is still proper design and construction 

of the facilities. Without any facility to operate and maintain, there is no basis for the existence of 

the water supply community organizations. 

Equal Emphasis to Institution Building at the Local Level 

Available data and experience tell us that local institutions formed with equal emphasis have survived 

longer than those institutions that emphasized only the infrastructure component of institution 

building. The process of inculcating “ownership”takes time but must be stressed even before the 

physical structures are set up. 

Effectiveness of BWSA/RWSA Leadership 

This factor stands out whenever a successful association is studied. A leader’s effectiveness 

becomes critical especially in the enforcement of tariff collections, marshalling resources, and 

information dissemination campaigns. 



ANNEXES 

Enforcement of Adequate And Monthly Tariff Collections 

The need for Associations to charge and collect tariffs is obviously important, not only to cover operation 

and maintenance requirements but also to create a reserve fund for replacements and expansion. 

Adequate O&M Skills and Tools 

Many foreign assisted projects have concluded that the failure of local associations stems from three 

items: the lack of funds, skills, and tools. 

Adequate and Continuous Institutional Development 

BWSAs and RWSAs are basically new organizational concepts in every community where it is 

introduced. And like new concepts, its sustainability is dependent on the nurturing given to it. By 

more experienced and matured organizations during its initial stages of operation. Even large water 

districts such as Davao and Tarlac took time to develop into the successful utilities they are now. 

Harmonious Relationship with the LGU 

Various RWS association experience in Bulacan and CVWSSP indicate a direct relationship between 

support of the LGU and sustainability. Reasons for the direct relationship are (a) LGU resources that 

can be accessed by the association, (b) facilitation of the required permits necessary and (c) the use 

of LGU official’s influence to convince association members to do certain activities, which can bring 

about sustainability. 

Compensation of Operating Staff 

Examples in foreign-assisted projects tend to show that certain compensation given to the 

associations’ operational staff improves the level of O&M for the following reasons: 

Being paid implies responsibility; 

Compensation serves as remuneration for time spent away from main livelihood activities; 

Compensation paves the way to future awareness of the need to professionalize services; and 

Payment implies the right to choose qualified personnel to do the task. 




User Groups Rather than Barangay-Wide 

This finding has relevance if a barangay has several point sources (Level 1). Project experiences 

indicate that individual facility user groups function better than a barangay-wide BWSA. The user 

groups have their own caretakers and they see little relevance in participating actively in BWSA affairs. 

Multi-Purpose Water Association 

Requiring a BWSA with a single point source to have regular tariff collections and meet regularly 

may seem too much for most members. Thus more than half of the BWSAs collect tariffs and meet 

only when needed. When the BWSA becomes inactive and O&M is passed on to a user group (market 

vendors, church groups, etc.), these user groups are able to sustain O&M because of their regular 

meeting and collection of dues. The water system merely becomes an additional agenda for 

them. 

Upgrading of Service Level 

All field implementers of RWS projects agree that when a service level is upgraded to a higher level, 

the existing association will, in most probability, rise to the challenges faced by new procedures, 

rules, and technology. Upgrading a service level, therefore, assures better sustainability not only 

of the facilities but the institution as well. 

◗ WHAT DOES NOT WORK: 

National Policies/ Strategies 

Multi-Agency Responsibility for Project Implementation 

Although the intention of coordination is noble, the practice of having several agencies responsible 

for the project implies that no single agency is actually responsible. 

110 


ANNEXES 

Use of Ad Hoc Groups for Project Implementation 

Any ad hoc group—not attached to any agency and having a finite term of office—lacks real 

authority or the resources to pursue a project effectively. It can even benefit from project 

experiences since it is soon disbanded after a project is completed. 

Single Corporation Responsibility for RWS 

A public corporation is evaluated not on the same basis as line agencies. Aside from project 

accomplishments, a corporation has to contend itself with various parameters such as return on 

investment, internal cash generation, and securing of subsidies for RWS. A line agency that does 

not have any of the above financial criteria would therefore be in a better position to implement 

RWS projects. 

Inconsistent Cost-Recovery Schemes 

The national policy of not subsidizing Level II/III schemes is not consistently followed since there 

are politicians, and even ESA- supported projects, which provide grant funding for these services. 

Allowing inconsistencies can only convey either of these two ideas: (1) wait for grant funding for 

our projects, or (2) even if you don’t collect for O&M, don’t worry; government will bail you out. 

Inconsistencies tend to promote the culture of mendicancy. 

New BWSAs for Simple Level I Facilities 

The hasty formation of BWSAs to maintain a simple source, i.e., a hand pump, may not be to the 

best interest of the project. It would be more effective to use existing user groups within the 

barangay to maintain Level I facilities. 

Reference: 

De Vera, Antonio R. “Sustainability of Community-Based Rural Water Supply Organizations.” A Final Report 

prepared by for the WPEP Project, November 2000. 


111

DIRECTORY 

ANNEXES 

❙ WATER DISTRICTS 

A 

ABUYOG WATER DISTRICT 

The General Manager 

155 Real St., Bito, Abuyog, Leyte 6510 

Tel. No/s.: (053) 322-9061 / 334-2061 

AGONCILLO WATER DISTRICT 


Poblacion, Agoncillo, Batangas 4211 

Tel. No/s.: (043) 198-4371 to 75 Loc. 2151 

Gen. Manager: Engr. Benigno M. Alilio 

AGOO WATER DISTRICT 


Sta. Barbara, Agoo, La Union 2504 

Tel. No/s.: 337 

AJUY WATER DISTRICT 


Real St., Ajuy, lloilo 5012 

Tel. No/s.: (033) 392-0451 / 0465 

ALAMADA WATER DISTRICT 


Kitacubong, Alamada, North Cotabato 9413 

ALAMINOS WATER DISTRICT 


Del Pilar St., Alaminos, Laguna 4001 

Tel. No/s.: (049) 562-9803 

ALAMINOS WATER DISTRICT 


Poblacion, Alaminos, Pangasinan 2404 

Tel. No/s.: (075) 552-7180 

Fax No.: (075) 552-7180 

ALCALA WATER DISTRICT 


Rizal St., Poblacion West, Alcala, Pangasina 

Tel. No/s.: (075) 593-3038 


113


ANGELES CITY WATER DISTRICT 


2335 A. Mabini St., Angeles City 2009 

Tel. No/s: (045) 323-4209/888-7222 

Fax: (045) 888-7222 

ASINGAN WATER DISTRICT 


Mayor’s Blvd., Asingan, Pangasinan 2439 

Tel. No/s.: (075) 611-1220 

ATIMONAN WATER DISTRICT 


195 Osmeña St., Atimonan, Quezon 4331 

Tel. No/s.: (042) 316-5280 

B 

BAAO WATER DISTRICT 


2/F Public Market Bldg., San Nicolas, Baao, 

Camarines Sur 4432 

Tel. No/s.: (054) 266-3161 / 3124 

BACACAY WATER DISTRICT 


Magsaysay Avenue, Bacacay, Albay 4509 

BACOLOD WATER DISTRICT 


Bacolod, Lanao del Norte 9205 

BACOLOD CITY WATER DISTRICT 


Cor Galo-San Juan Sts., Bacolod City 6100 

Tel. No/s.: (034) 433-2141/25251/23242 

Fax No.: (034) 433-2141 

BACUAG WATER DISTRICT 


Del Rosario St., Bacuag, Surigao del Norte 8408 

Tel. No/s.: (086) 826-5355 (by appointment) 

Fax No.: (086) 826-8388 

BADOC WATER DISTRICT 


Badoc, llocos Norte 2904 

BAGAC WATER DISTRICT 


Bagac, Bataan 2107 

BAGANGA WATER DISTRICT 


Baganga, Davao Oriental 8204

ANNEXES 

BAGO CITY WATER DISTRICT 


Social Justice Complex, Salas Dr, Bago City, 

Tel. No/s.: (034) 461-0365 / 732-8177 

BAGUIO WATER DISTRICT 


BWD Compound, Utility Rd., Baguio City 2600 

Tel. No/s.: (074) 442-3456 / 444-4228 

Fax No.: (074) 442-3456 / 5364 

BAIS CITY WATER DISTRICT 


City Hall Compound, Bais City, 

Negros Oriental 6206 

Tel. No/s.: (035) 402-8263 

BALAGTAS WATER DISTRICT 


Poblacion Wawa, Balagtas, Bulacan 3016 

Tel. No/s.: (044) 693-1062 

BALANGA WATER DISTRICT 


St. Joseph St., Pobbacion, Balanga, 2100 Bataan 

Tel. No/s.: (047) 237-3491 / 237-3868 

BALAOAN WATER DISTRICT 


G/F, Old Emergency Hospital, 

Balaoan, La Union 2517 

BALATAN WATER DISTRICT 


Duran, Balatan, Camarines Sur 4436 

BALAYAN WATER DISTRICT 


F. Unson St., Balayan, Batangas 4213 

Tel. No/s.: (043) 407-0374 / 211-4239 

BAROTAC VIEJO WATER DISTRICT 


Tupas St., Barotac Viejo, IIoiIo 5011 

BASEY WATER DISTRICT 


KKK Bldg., Mercado Dist., 

Basey, Western Samar 6720 

Tel. No/s.: (053) 321-0021 

BATAC WATER DISTRICT 


Marders Bldg., #17 Tabug, 

Batac, 2906 llocos Norte 

Tel. No/s.: (077) 792-3026 


115


BATANGAS CITY WATER DISTRICT 


Km. 04, Brgy. Alangilan, 

Batangas City 4200 

Tel. No/s.: (043) 723-7709 / 4200 / 6537 

Fax No.: (043) 723-1811 

BATO WATER DISTRICT 


33 Del Rosario St., Bato, Catanduanes 4801 

BAYAMBANG WATER DISTRICT 


Bayambang, Pangasinan 2423 

Tel. No/s.: (075) 592-2197 

BAYAWAN WATER DISTRICT 


Human Settlement Bldg., Natl Hi-way, 

Bayawan, Negros Oriental 6221 

Tel. No/s.: (035) 531-0055 

Fax No.: (035) 531-0055 

BAYBAY WATER DISTRICT 


E. Jacinto cor M. L. Quezon Sts., 

Baybay, Leyte 6521 

Tel. No/s.: (053) 335-2010 

Fax No.: (053) 563-9478 

BINALBAGAN WATER DISTRICT 


Don Pedro Yulo St., Binalbagan, 

Negros Occidental 6105 

Tel. No/s.: (034) 388-8428 

Fax No.: (034) 388-8211 

BINALONAN WATER DISRICT 


Binalonan, Pangasinan 2436 

Tel. No/s.: (075) 562-2281 

BINMALEY WATER DISTRICT 


Poblacion, Binmaley, Pangasinan 2417 

Tel. No/s.: (075) 540-0054 / 543-2791 

Fax No.: (075) 540-0054 

BISLIG WATER DISTRICT 


John Bosco Ave., Mangagoy, 

Bislig, Surigao del Sur 8311 

Tel. No/s.: (086) 628-2092 / (MTI) 853-2032 

Fax No.: (086) 853-2032 

BOCAUE WATER DISTR1CT 


No. 14 Gov. F. Halili Ave. Ext. Biñang II, 

Bocaue, Bulacan 3018 


ANNEXES 

BONGAO WATER DISTRICT 


Tubig-Boh, Bongao, Tawi-Tawi 7500 

Tel. No/s.: (068) 1404 (RCPI); 412-2873 

BORBON WATER DISTRICT 


San Sebastian St., Poblacion, Borbon, Cebu 

Tel. No/s.: (032) 432-9087 

BORONGAN WATER DISTRICT 


Brgy. Songco, Borongan, 

Eastern Samar 6800 

Tel. No/s.: (058) 461-2085 

BUTUAN CITY WATER DISTRICT 


Gov. J.P. Rosales Avenue, Butuan City 

Tel. No/s: (085) 341-6474/815-1268/1269 

Fax No. (085) 341-0508 

C 

CABAGAN WATER DISTRICT 


Centro. Cabagan, lsabela 3328 

Tel. No/s.: (078) 636-3107 

Fax No.: (078) 636-3107 

CABANATUAN CITY WATER DISTRICT 


229 CVR Brgy. Dicarma, Cabanatuan City 3100 

Tel. No/s.: (044) 463-1647/1643 

Fax No.: (044) 463-1643 

CABANGAN WATER DISTRICT 


Cabangan, Zambales 2203 

CABARROGUIS WATER DISTRICT 


BLISS, Zamora, Cabarroguis, Quirino 3400 

CADIZ CITY WATER DISTRICT 


2nd FIr, Commercial Complex Bldg., Cabahug 

St., Cadiz City, Negros Occidental 6121 

Tel. No/s.: (034) 493-0788 / 0688 / 1254 

Fax No.: (034) 493-0075 

CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY WATER DISTRICT 


Corrales Ave., Cagayan de Oro City 9000 

Tel. No/s.: (08822) 72-2705 / 6248 / 856- 

4509/856-4373 

Fax No.: (08822) 72-2705 

E-Mail: cowdnet@mozcom.com 


117


CALAMBA WATER DISTRICT 


Lakeview Subd., Halang, 

Cabaniba, Laguna 4027 

Tel. No/s.: (049) 545-1614/ 2863; 245-3180 

to 82 Fax No.: (049) 245-3182 

CALAUAG WATER DISTRICT 


1081 Quezon St.,\Calauag Quezon 4318 

Tel. No/s.: (042) 301-7548 

CALBAYOG CITY WATER DISTRICT 


J. D. Avebino St., Calbayog City 6710 

Tel. No/s.: (055) 209-1218 / 1843 / 

911183/92976 

Fax No.: (055) 911-1 83 

CALBIGA WATER DISTRICT 


Calbiga, Eastern Samar 6715 

CALUBIAN WATER DISTRICT 


San Roque St., Poblacion, 

Calubian, Leyte 6534 

CALUMPIT WATER DISTRICT 


Balungao, Calumpit, Bulacan 3003 

Tel. No/s.: (044) 202-4235 

Fax No.: (044) 202-5125 

CAMALIG WATER DISTRICT 


Brgy. 2, Camalig, Albay 4502 

CAMARINES NORTE WATER DISTRICT 


Vinzons Ave. Daet, Camarines Norte 4600 

Tel. No/s.: (054) 721-1810/511-2915 

CAMILING WATER DISTRICT 


Rizal St., Camiling, Tanlac 2306 

Tel. No/s.: (045) 9340284 / 0304 

Fax No.: (045) 9340284 

CATBALOGAN WATER DISTRICT 


Allen Ave. Ext. Pier 2, 

Catbalogan, Samar 6700 


118 


ANNEXES 

CLARIN WATER DISTRICT 


Poblacion Centro, Clarin, Bohol 6330 

Tel. No/s.: (038) 198-8241 to 42 

CLAVERIA WATER DISTRICT 


Centro 2, Claveria, Cagayan 3519 

CLAVERIA WATER DISTRICT 


Poblacion, Clavenia, Misamis Oriental 9004 

CONCEPCION WATER DISTRICT 


Concepcion, lloilo 5013 

Tel. No/s.: (033) 392-0314 

CONCEPCION WATER DISTRICT 


San Nicolas, Concepcion, Tarlac 2316 

Tel. No/s.: (045) 9230-430 

COTABATO CITY WATER DISTRICT 


Gov. Gutierrez Avenue, Cotabato City 9600 

Tel. No/s.: (064) 421-1070 / 3566 / 7135 

Fax No.: (064) 421-3596 

CUYAPO WATER DISTRICT 


Manpower Bldg., Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija 

Tel. No/s.: (044) 608-2044 

D 

DAGUPAN CITY WATER DISTRICT 


Tambac Dist., Dagupan City, Pangasinan 2400 

Tel. No/s.: (075) 522-0050 / 515-8220 

Fax No.:(075) 522-0050 

DALAGUETE WATER DISTRICT 


Poblacion Dalaguete, Cebu 6022 

Tel. No/s: (032) 484-8724 

DAPITAN CITY WATER DISTRICT 


Hanil Bldg., Lawaan, Dapitan City 7101 

Tel. No/s.: (065) 213-6406 

Fax No.: (065) 213-6406 

DARAGA WATER DISTRICT 


Sta. Maria St., San Roque, Daraga, Albay 4501 

Tel. No/s.: (052) 483-3232 

Fax No.: (052) 483-3906 


119


DASMARIÑAS WATER DISTRICT 


Camerino Avenue, Dasmarinas, Cavite 4114 

Tel. No/s.: (046) 416-1236 /1237/ 0509 

Fax No.: (046) 416-1238 

DAVAO CITY WATER DISTRICT 


Bajada, Davao City 8000 

Tel. No/s.: (082) 221-9400 up to 12 

Fax No.: (082) 2264-885 

DIFFUN WATER DISTRICT 


Public Market Bldg., Diffun, Quirino 3401 

DIGOS WATER DISTRICT 


Rizal Avenue, Digos, Davao del Sur 8002 

Tel. No/s.: (082) 553-2121/2872/2111 

Fax No.: (082) 553-2872 

DINALUPIHAN WATER DISTRICT 


Brgy. Kataasan, Dinalupihan, Bataan 2110 

Tel. No/s.: (047) 481-1444 / 3718 

Fax No.: (047) 481-3717 

DINGLE-POTOTAN WATER DISTRICT 


Cor Dalipe & Sanico Sts., Dingle, lloilo 5035 

Tel. No/s.: (033) 351-0071 / 529-7122 

DIPOLOG CITY WATER DISTRICT 


017 Rizal Ave., Ext., Estaka, Dipolog City 7100 

Tel. No/s: (065) 212-2574/4485 

Fax: (065) 212-4485 

DUMAGUETE CITY WATER DISTRICT 


North Rd., Daro, Dumaguete City 6200 

Tel. No/s: (035) 225-5016/0551/422-8310 

Fax: (035) 225-6677 

E 

ESTANCIA WATER DISTRICT 


364 V. Cudilla Ave., Estancia, lloilo 5017 

Tel. No/s.: 215 

120 


ANNEXES 

F 

FLORIDABLANCA WATER DISTRICT 


Rizal St., Poblacion, 

Floridablanca, Pampanga 2006 

Tel. No/s.: (04597) 337 / (049) 646-0311 

G 

GAPAN WATER DISTRICT 


Tinio St., San Vicente, Gapan, Nueva Ecija 3105 

Tel. No/s.: (045) 976-2040 

Fax No.: (045) 976-1823 

GEN. M. NATIVIDAD WATER DISTRICT 


Poblacion, Gen. M. Natividad, Nueva Ecija 3125 

Tel. No/s.: (0912) 306-8791 

GEN. MARIANO ALVAREZ WATER DISTRICT 


Blk. 4 Lot 4, Poblacion 2, Gen. Mariano 

Alvarez, Cavite 4117 

Tel. No/s.: (046) 972-0982 

Fax No.: (046) 972-0982 

GEN. SANTOS CITY WATER DISTRICT 


Dr # 1 Chua Bldg., Naranjita St., 

Gen. Santos City 9500 

Tel. No/s.: (083) 552-3824 

Fax No.: (083) 553-4960 

GERONA WATER DISTRICT 


Don Pedro Simeon St., Gerona, Tarlac 2302 

Tel. No/s.: (045) 931-0407 

GINGOOG CITY WATER DISTRICT 


J.Z. Mercado Ave., Gingoog City 9014 

Tel. No/s.: (088) 861-1190 / (08842) 7448 

GUAGUA WATER DISTRICT 


San Nicolas, Guagua, Pampanga 2003 

Tel. No/s.: (045) 910-547 / 91 2-949 

Fax No.: (045) 912-949 

GUBAT WATER DISTRICT 


0538 Manook St., Gubat, Sorsogon 4710 

Tel. No/s.: (056) 311-1242 / 1016 


121


GUIMBA WATER DISTRICT 


Cor Faigal & Danzalan Sts., 

Guimba, Nueva Ecija 3115 

Tel. No.: (044) 611-1207 

Fax No.:(044) 611-121-07 

GUINAYANGAN WATER DISTRICT 


Brgy. Calimpak, Poblacion, 

Guinayangan, Quezon 4319 

Tel. No/s.: (042) 303-4189 

HAGONOY WATER DISTRICT 


Municipal Compound 

Hagonoy, Bulacan 3002 

Tel. No/s: (044) 793-0019/0433/1409 

Fax: (044) 794-2524 

I 

ILOCOS NORTE WATER DISTRICT 


Jr. Ennui Hill, Laoag City, 

llocos Norte 2900 

Tel. No/s.: (077) 772-0985 

Fax No.: (077) 771-4814 

IPIL WATER DISTRICT 


National Highway, Ipil, 

Zamboanga del Sur 2201 

Tel. No/s.: (062) 333-2274 

IRIGA CITY WATER DISTRICT 


Rufino Llagas Sr St., 

San Roque, Iriga City 4431 

Tel. No/s.: (054) 299-2220 / 5709/ 655-0508 

Fax No.: (054) 655-0508 

ISABEL WATER DISTRICT 


LGU Compound, Isabel, Leyte 6539 

Tel. No/s.: 556-9227 / 0726 (lslacom) 

ISABELA WATER DISTRICT 


Carlos F Garcia St., lsabela, Basilan 6128 

Tel. No/s.: (062) 200-7418 

ISABELA WATER DISTRICT 


Isabela, Negros Occidental 6128 

122 


ANNEXES 

J 

JAEN WATER DISTRICT 


Poblacion, Jaen, Nueva Ecija 3109 

Tel. No/s.: (044) 306-9495 / 486-2889 

JANIUAY WATER DISTRICT 


#313 Don I Lutero St., 

Janiuay, Iloilo 5034 

Tel. No/s.: (lslacom) 531-8100 

JARO WATER DISTRICT 


G/F, ABC Hall Bldg. Real St., 

Jaro, Leyte 6527 

JOLO MAINLAND WATER DISTRICT 


Camp Asturias, Jolo, SuIu 7400 

Tel. No/s.: 2305/2107 (RCPI) 

JORDAN WATER DISTRICT 


Brgy. RizaI, Jordan, Guimaras 5045 

Tel. No/s.: (033) 851-3011 / (0915) 300-4321 

K 

KABACAN WATER DISTRICT 


Rizal Avenue, Kabacan, 

North Cotabato 9407 

Tel. No/s.: (064) 248-2074 

KABANKALAN WATER DISTRICT 


Cor Rizal-Tayum Sts., Kabankalan, 

Negros Occidental 6111 

Tel. No/s.: (034) 4712-134 

Fax No.: (034) 4712-634 

KALAMANSIG WATER DISTRICT 


341 Poblacion, Kalamansig, 

Sultan Kudarat 9808 

KALIBO WATER DISTRICT 


Mabini St., Kalibo, Aklan 5600 

Tel. No/s.: (036) 262-3064 / 268-4200 

Fax No.: (036) 262-4285 


123


KAPATAGAN WATER DISTRICT 


Poblacion, Kapatagan, 

Lanao del Norte 9214 

Tel. No/s.: (063) 38272317 

Fax No.: (063) 382-2317 

KORONADAL WATER DISTRICT 


2nd Flr. Public Market Bldg., Koronadal 

South Cotabato 9506 

Tel. No/s: (083) 228-2783 

Fax: (083) 228-4840 

L 

LA CARLOTA WATER DISTRICT 


Rizal St., La Carlota City, 


Tel: (034) 460-2488 

Fax: (034) 460-2641 

LEMERY WATER DISTRICT 


Carnero Subdv., Brgy. Sangalang, 

Lemery, Batangas 4209 

Tel. No/s.: (043) 411-1208 / 4552 

Fax No.: (043) 411-4552 

LEON WATER DISTRICT 


F Cabarles St. Leon, lloibo 5026 

Tel. No/s.: (033) 331-0039 

LEGAZPI CITY WATER DISTRICT 


Bitano, Legazpi City 4500 

Tel. No/s.: (052) 480-9395 / 820-1175 / 214-3750 

Fax No.: (052) 214-3482 

LEYTE METROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT 


Mabini St., Tacloban City 6500 

Tel. No/s.: (053) 325-689 

Fax No.: (053) 325-7330 

LIANGA WATER DISTRICT 


Mabini St., Lianga, Surigao del Sur 8307 

LIBACAO WATER DISTRICT 


Malanga Poblacion, Libacao, Aklan 5602 

LIGAO-OAS WATER DISTRICT 


Tuburan, Ligao, Albay 4504 

Tel. No/s.: (052) 431-1348 

124 


ANNEXES 

LILOY WATER DISTRICT 


Poblacion, Liloy, 

Zamboanga del Norte 7115 

LIMAY WATER DISTRICT 


R Ambrocio St., Townsite, 

Limay, Bataan 2103 

Tel. No/s.: (047) 2445274 

LINAMON WATER DISTRICT 


Poblacion, Linamon, Lanao del Norte 9201 


Fax No.: (063) 221-5855 / 227-1998 

LINGIG WATER DISTRICT 


Poblacion, Lingig, Surigao del Sur 8312 

LLORENTE WATER DISTRICT 


Llorente, Eastern Samar 6803 

LOBO WATER DISTRICT 


A. Mabini St., Poblacion, 

Lobo, Batangas 4229 

LOPEZ WATER DISTRICT 


210 Gen. V. Yngente Ave., Lopez, Quezon 4316 

Tel. No/s.: (042) 841-1175 / 302-5233 

LUBAO WATER DISTRICT 


San Nicolas I, Lubao, Pampanga 2005 

Tel. No/s.: (045) 93- 6656 / 971-6656 

Fax No.: (045) 93-6656 / 971-6656 

LUPON WATER DISTRICT 


Aguinaldo cor K. Baratua Sts., Lupon, Davao 

Oriental 8207 

Tel. No/s.: (087) 808-0381 

M 

M’LANG WATER DISTRICT 


Rizal St., M’lang, North Cotabato 9402 

Tel. No/s.: (064) 268-4006 

MALAYBALAY CITY WATER DISTRICT 


Sayre Hi-way, Sumpong, Malaybalay City 8700 

Tel. No/s.: (088) 221-2640 / 813-3670 

Fax No.: (088) 221-2640 


125


MALINAO WATER DISTRICT 


Sta Maria St, Poblacion, 

Malinao, Aklan 5606 

Tel No/s. (036) 265-8040 

MALOLOS WATER DISTRICT 


Poblacion, Malolos, Bulacan 3000 

Tel. No/s.: (044) 791-0876 / 4539 

Fax No.: (044) 791-0876 

MALUSO WATER DISTRICT 


Townsite, Maluso, Basilan 7303 

MAMBAJAO WATER DISTRICT 


Umycco, Poblacion, 

Mambajao, Camiguin 9100 

Tel. No/s.: (088) 870-013 

MAMBUSAO WATER DISTRICT 


Sta. Catalina St., Mambusao, Capiz 5807 

Tel. No/s.: (036) 647-0121 

MANAOAG WATER DISTRICT 


Milo St., Manaoag, Pangasinan 2430 

Tel. No/s.: (075) 519-3155 

Fax No.: (075) 529-0254 

MANAPLA WATER DISTRICT 


B. Gallo St., Manapla, 


Tel. No/s.: (034) 491-0013 

MANGALDAN WATER DISTRICT 


Serafica St., Mangaldan, Pangasinan 2432 

Tel. No/s: (075) 523-5884 

MARAGONDON WATER DISTRICT 


Poblacion Il-A, Maragondon, Cavite 4112 

Tel. No/s.: (046) 412-0787 

MARAMAG WATER DISTRICT 


Toribio Coruna St., South Poblacion, 

Maramag, Bukidnon 8714 

Tel. No/s.: (088) 226-2382 / 4230 / 4231 

126 


ANNEXES 

MARAWI CITY WATER DISTRICT 


Pumping St., Bubonga-Marawi, 

Marawi City 9700 

Tel. No/s.: (063) 520-339 

Fax No.: (063) 520-383 

MARILAO WATER DISTRICT 


11 T. Sandico St., Poblacion 2, 

Marilao, Bulacan 3019 

Tel. No/s.: (044) 711-1529/ 4423 

Fax No.: (044) 71i-1529 

MARIVELES WATER DISTRICT 


Prov’I Road, San lsidro, 

Mariveles, Bataan 2105 

Tel. No/s.: (047) 935-4635 

Fax No.: (047) 935-5561 

MASANTOL WATER DISTRICT 


San Nicolas, Masantol, Pampanga 2017 

Tel. No/s.: (045) 981-1306 

MASBATE WATER DISTRICT 


DPWH Bldg., Zurbito St., 

Masbate, Masbate 5400 

Tel. No/s.: (056) 333-2311 

Fax No.: (056) 333-2342 

MASINLOC WATER DISTRICT 


Top Hut, Masinloc, Zambales 2011 


Fax No.: (032) 254-5391 

METRO HILONGOS WATER DISTRICT 


Mabini & Capt. Flordelis Sts., 

Hilongos, Leyte 6524 

Tel. No/s.: (053) 336-2026; 567-9312 

METRO ILOILO WATER DISTRICT 


Bonifacio Drive, lIoilo City 5000 

Tel No/s (033) 337-3272 / 3246/4744/8482 

Fax No.: (033) 336-6538 


127


METRO KIDAPAWAN WATER DISTRICT 


Lanao, Kidapawan, North Cotabato 9400 

Tel. No/s.: (064) 288-1865 / 1533 

Fax No.: (064) 288-5257 

METRO LA UNION WATER DISTRICT 


Quezon Ave., 

San Fernando City, La Union 2500 

Tel. No/s.: (072) 242-2003 / 888-2158 / 3183 

Fax No.: (072) 242-2003 

METRO LINGAYEN WATER DISTRICT 


06 Avenida Rizal West, 

Lingayen, Pangasinan 2401 

Tel. No/s.: (075) 542-6136 

METRO LIPA WATER DISTRICT 


B. Morada Ave., Lipa City 

Tel. No/s.: (043) 756-6972 / 1670 

Fax No.: (043) 756-6972 

METRO MIDSAYAP WATER DISTRICT 


007 Poblacion 8, Midsayap, 

North Cotabato 9410 

Tel. No/s.: (064) 229-8215 / 8973 

Fax No.: c/o (064) 229-8024 

METRO NAGA WATER DISTRICT 


40 J. Miranda Ave., Naga City 4400 

Tel. No/s.: (054) 811-3155 / 

473-7813 / 2040/ 8438 

Fax No.: (054) 811-1899 

E-Mail: mnwd~mozom.com 

METRO ROXAS WATER DISTRICT 


MRWD Bldg., Punta Tabuc, 

Roxas City 5800 

Tel. No/s.: (036) 621-0044 / 6085 

Fax No.: (036) 621-0737 

METRO SIARGAO WATER DISTRICT 


Dapa, Surigao del Norte 8417 

METRO SIQUIJOR WATER DISTRICT 


South Poblacion, Siquijor, Siquijor 6225 

128 


ANNEXES 

METRO VIGAN WATER DISTRICT 


Mira Hills, Vigan, llocos Sur 2700 

Tel. No/s.: (077) 722-2098 

Fax No.: (077) 722-2098 

MEYCAUAYAN WATER DISTRICT 


Poblacion, Meycauayan, 

Bulacan 3020 

Tel. No/s.: (044) 840-7413 / 4506 

Fax No.: (044) 228-3074 

MISAMIS OCCIDENTAL WATER DISTRICT 


Maningcol, Ozamis City 7200 

Tel. No/s.: (088) 521-0339 / 1743 

Fax No.: (088) 521-1743 

MOALBOAL WATER DISTRICT 


Moalboal, Cebu 6032 

Tel. No/s.: (032) 474-8068 

MONCADA WATER DISTRICT 


Poblacion I, Moncada, Tarlac 2308 

Tel. No/s.: (045) 931-1217 

NORZAGARAY WATER DISTRICT 


#28 A. Payumo St., Poblacion, 

Norzagaray, Bulacan 3013 

Tel. No/s.: (0912) 827-2431 

Fax No.: (044) 694-1939 

N 

NUMANCIA WATER DISTRICT 


Laguenbanua, Numancia, Aklan 5604 

Tel. No/s (036) 868-4451 

O 

OBANDO WATER DISTRICT 


Sevilla St. Catanghalan, 

Obando, Bulacan 3021 34 

Tel. No/s.: (044) 294-0965 to 68 

Fax No.: (044) 293-0609 

ORANI WATER DISTRICT 


Centro Uno, Orani, Bataan 2112 

Tel. No/s.: (047) 431-1364 / 431-1262 

Fax No.: (047) 431-1364 


129


ORION WATER DISTRICT 


Lopez Jaena St., Wakas, 

Orion, Bataan 2102 

Tel. No/s.: (047) 2444046 

PAGADIAN CITY WATER DISTRICT 


F. Datoc St., Gatas Dist., 

Pagadian City 7016 

Tel. No/s.: (062) 214-1747 

Fax No.: (066) 214-2179 

P 

PAGSANJAN WATER DISTRICT 


No. 52 Dr J. R Rizal St., 

Pagsanjan, Laguna 4008 

Tel. No/s.: (049) 808-4298 

PALOMPON WATER DISTRICT 


Kadiwa Bldg., Rizal St., 

Palompon, Leyte 6538 

PANABO WATER DISTRICT 


National Hi-way, Garcia St., 

Gredu, Panabo, Davao del No. 8105 

Tel. No/s.: (084) 628-5356 / (Mu) 822-3167 

PANDAN WATER DISTRICT 


Pandan, Antique 5712 

No. of S. C.: 422 

Tel. No/s.: (036) 288-9288 

PANDI WATER DISTRICT 


Poblacion, Pandi, Bulacan 3014 


PANIQUI WATER DISTRICT 


103 Cedasco Commercial Center, 

Zamora, Paniqui, Tarlac 2307 

Tel. No/s.: (045) 931-0293 

PARACALE WATER DISTRICT 


Sto. Nino, Paracale, Camarines Norte 4605 

130 


ANNEXES 

PASACAO WATER DISTRICT 


San Ceribo, Pasacao, Camarines Sur 4417 

PILI WATER DISTRICT 


Guevarra St., San Vicente, Pili, 

Camarines Sur 4418 

Tel. No/s: (054) 361-1215 

PINAMALAYAN WATER DISTRICT 


Brgy. Sta. Rita, Pinamalayan, Or. Mindoro 5208 

Tel. No/s: (043) 284-3203 

PINAMUNGAJAN WATER DISTRICT 


Poblacion, Pinamungajan, Cebu 6039 

Tel. No/s.: (032) 468-9002 /(091 8) 773-6595 

PLARIDEL WATER DISTRICT 


A. C. Reyes St., Poblacion, 

Plaridel, Bulacan 3004 


POLA WATER DISTRICT 


Bayanan, Pola, Oriental Mindoro 5206 

POLANCO WATER DISTRICT 


Poblacion North, Polanco, 

Zamboanga del Norte 7106 

POLOMOLOK WATER DISTRICT 


Dulay Subdv., National Highway, 

Pobomolok, So. Cotabato 9504 

Tel. No/s.: (0912) 703-4530 / (083) 225-2020 

Fax No.: (083) 501-0083 

PONTEVEDRA WATER DISTRICT 


Pontevedra, Capiz 5802 

Tel. No/s.: (036) 6340102 / 0302 

PONTEVEDRA WATER DISTRICT 


Pontevedra Municipal Hall, 

Pontevedra, Negros Occidental 6105 

Tel. No/s.: (034) 391-3273 

POZORRUBIO WATER DISTRICT 


Sison St., Pozorrubio, 

Pangasinan 2435 

Tel. No/s.: (075) 566-7025 


131


PROSPERIDAD WATER DISTRICT 


Poblacion, Agusan del Sur 8500 

Tel. No/s.: (082) 241-3199 (Cruztelco) 

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY WATER 

DISTRICT 


263 Rizal Ave., Puerto Princesa City, 

Palawan 5300 

Tel. No/s.: (048) 433-5032 / 2408 / 9745 

Fax No.: (048) 433-6803 

Q 

QUEZON METROPOLITAN WATER 

DISTRICT 


Brgy. lbabang Dupay, Lucena City 4301 

Tel. No/s.: (042) 373-0736 / 

710-2855 / 2965/2508 

Fax No.: (042) 710-2965 

R 

RAGAY WATER DISTRICT 


Pamarang St., Ragay, 

Camarines Sur 4410 


RAMON WATER DISTRICT 


Old Municipal Bldg., 

Ramon, lsabela 3319 

RAMOS WATER DISTRICT 


Poblacion Center, Ramos, Tarlac 2311 

Tel. No/s.: (045) 931-0180 c/o GM Jonatas 

ROMBLON WATER DISTRICT 


Paseo de Magallanes cor Reduplica Sts., 

Romblon 5500 

Tel. No/s.: dial 109 412-28-64 loc. 2385 

S 

SAN ANTONIO WATER DISTRICT 


Poblacion, San Antonio, 

Nueva Ecija 3108 

Tel. No/s.: (0912) 236-1441 

SAN ANTONIO WATER DISTRICT 


Brgy Rizal, San Antonio, 

Zambabes 2206 

Tel No/s (04765) 4108 

132 


ANNEXES 

SAN CARLOS CITY WATER DISTRICT 


R’zal Ave., San Carlos City, 

Pangasinan 2420 

Tel. No/s.: (075) 532-3005 / 955-5632 / 634.156 

Fax No.: (075) 955-5632 

SAN FELIPE WATER DISTRICT 


Abed St., Brgy. East Feria, 

San Felipe, Zambales 2204 

Tel. No/s.: (047) 65-4511 

SAN FERNANDO WATER DISTRICT 


B. Mendoza St., Dolores, San Fernando, 

Pampanga 2000 

Tel. No/s.: (045) 961-3546 

Fax No.: (045) 963-3729 

SAN FRANCISCO WATER DISTRICT 


Bonifacio St., Brgy. 4, 

San Francisco, Agusan del Sur 8501 

Tel. No/s.: (085) 343-8032 / 8033 / 8623 

SAN ILDEFONSO WATER DISTRICT 


Don Pedro Borja Subd., Poblacion, 

San Ildefonso, Bulacan 3010 

Tel. No/s.: (044) 7641060 

SAN ISIDRO WATER DISTRICT 


4360 Pob. Bato-Bato, San lsidro, 

Davao Oriental 8209 

SAN JOSE WATER DISTRICT 


Municipal Cmpd., San Jose, 

Occidental Mindoro 5100 

Tel. No/s.: (043) 491-1357 / 1972 

Fax No.: (043) 491-1357 

SAN JOSE CITY WATER DISTRICT 


Maharlika Rd., Abar 1st., 

San Jose City, Nueva Ecija 3121 

Tel. No/s.: (044) 511-1004 / 947-2840 

Fax No.: (044) 511-1004 


133


SAN JOSE DEL MONTE WATER DISTRICT 


Area I, Sapang Palay, Bulacan 3024 

Tel. No/s.: (0912) 305-3245 (Main) / 

(044) 9241473 (Ext.) 

Fax No.: (0912) 305-3245 

SAN JOSE (DINAGAT ISLAND) WATER 

DISTRICT 


San Jose, Dinagat Island, 

Surigao del Norte 8412 

SAN JUAN WATER DISTRICT 


Hall St., San Juan, Batangas 4226 

Tel. No/s.: (043) 341-1003 (0436) 3512 

SANTIAGO CITY WATER DISTRICT 


3 Carreon St., Centro East, 

Santiago City, Isabela 3311 

Tel. No/s.: (078) 682-8300 / 7363 

Fax No.: (076) 682-8300 

SASMUAN WATER DISTRICT 


Sta. Lucia, Sasmuan, Pampanga 2004 

Tel. No/s.: (045) 826-0765 / 0767 

SIBALOM WATER DISTRICT 


Gonzales St., Sibabom, Antique 5713 

Tel. No/s.: (036) 543-7699 

SIBULAN WATER DISTRICT 


Diputado St.,Pobbacion., 

Sibuban, Negros Oriental 6201 

Tel. No/s.: (Cruztelco) 225-0120 / 

Telephone 419-8598 

SILANG WATER DISTRICT 


M. H. del Pilar cor E. Montoya Sts., 

Silang, Cavite 4118 

Tel. No/s.: (046) 4140240 

Fax No.: (046) 4140886 

SILAY CITY WATER DISTRICT 


2/F, Public Market Bldg., Burgos St., 

Silay City, Negros Occidental 6116 

Tel. No/s.: (034) 495-0163 / 495-5011 

Fax No.: (034) 495-0163 

134 


ANNEXES 

SIOCON WATER DISTRICT 


B. Tomboc St., Poblacion, Siocon, 

Zamboanga del Node 7120 

SIPOCOT WATER DISTRICT 


South Centro, Sipocot, Camarines Sur 

Tel. No/s: (054) 256-6105 

SOLANA WATER DISTRICT 


Bonifacio St., Centro Solana, Cagayan 3503 

SORS0G0N WATER DISTRICT 


Capitol Compound, Sorsogon, Sorsogon 4700 

Tel. No/s.: (056) 211-1570 / 2024 

Fax No.: (056) 211-1570 

SULTAN KUDARAT WATER DISTRICT 


Cor Bonifacio & Quirino Sts., Tacurong, 

Sultan Kudarat 9800 

Tel. No/s.: (064) 200-3353 / 3359 

Fax No.: (064) 885-5532 

SURALLAH WATER DISTRICT 


Municipal Hall, Surallah, South Cotabato 9512 

SURIGAO METROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT 


Km. 2 National Highway, 

Surigao City 8400 

Tel. No/s.: (086) 232-6706 / 

231-7163 / 826-0269 / 5045 

Fax: (086) 826-0269 

T 

TAAL WATER DISTRICT 


J P Laurel cor F. Zamora Sts., 

Taal, Batangas 4208 

Tel No/s.: (043) 421-1134 

Fax No.: (043) 411-1022 

TABACO WATER DISTRICT 


Karangahan Blvd., Tabaco, Albay 4511 

Tel. No/s.: (052) 487-4073 

Fax No.: (052) 487-4416 

TAGAYTAY CITY WATER DISTRICT 


Bacolod St., Brgy. Kaybagal, 

Tagaytay City 4120 

No. of S. C.: 3,865 

Tel. No/s.: (046) 413-1312 / 1122 / 860-C 

Fax No.: (046) 413-1122 


135


TAGBINA WATER DISTRICT 


Poblacion, Tagbina, Surigao del Sur 8308 

TAGKAWAYAN WATER DISTRICT 


Gulf View Subd., Tagkawayan, Quezon 4321 

Tel. No/s.: (042) 3048128 

TAGUDIN WATER DISTRICT 


Ground FIr., Justice Hall Bldg., 

Tagudin, llocos Sur 2714 


TAGUDIN WATER DISTRICT 


Ground Fir, Justice Hall Bldg., 

Tagudin, Ilocos Sur 2714 


TAGUM WATER DISTRICT 


Mirafuentes District, National Hi-way, 

Tagum, Davao del Norte 8100 

Tel. No/s.: (084) 217-3159 / 1620 / 400-1137 

Fax No.: (084) 400-1137 

TALAVERA WATER DISTRICT 


# 042 Diaz St. Pag-asa Dist., 

Talavera, Nueva Ecija 3114 

Tel. No/s.: (044) 411-1589 / 3194 

Fax No.: 411-3194 

TALIBON WATER DISTRICT 


Foblacion, Talibon, Bohol 6325 

TALISAY CITY WATER DISTRICT 


Bonifacio SF, Talisay City, Negros 

Occidental 6115 

Tel. No/s.(034) 495-0669 

TANAY, EASTERN RIZAL WATER DISTRICT 


F. Catapusan St., Tanay, Rizal 1909 

Tel. No/s.: (02) 6540027 / 0033 / 2373 

Fax No.: (02) 6540027 

TANDAG WATER DISTRICT 


Cor Rizal-F Delicona Sts., Tandag, 

Surigao del Sur 8300 

Tel. No/s.: (086) 211-3258 

136 


ANNEXES 

TANGUB CITY WATER DISTRICT 


2nd South St., Tangub City, 

Misamis Occidental 7214 

TANJAY WATER DISTRICT 


Legaspi St., Tanjay, Negros Oriental 6204 

Tel. No/s.: (035) 527-0017 / 415-8480 

Fax No.: (035) 5270-017 

TANZA WATER DISTRICT 


A. Soriano Highway, Tanza, Cavite 4108 

Tel. No/s.: (046) 437-7475 

TUBOD-BAROY WATER DISTRICT 


Ultramax Bldg.,Crossing Pob., 

Tubod, Lanao del Norte 9209 

Tel. No/s.:(063) 341-5313 

Fax No.: (063) 341-5226 

TUGUEGARAO WATER DISTRICT 


2nd FIr, Supermarket Bldg., Bonifacio St., 

Tuguegarao, Cagayan 3500 

Tel. No/s.: (078) 8441586 

Fax No.: (078) 844-1586 

TUKURAN WATER DISTRICT 


Ocampo St., Sto. Nino, Tukuran, 

Zamboanga del Sur 7019 

TIMAUINI WATER DISTRICT 


2nd FIr, Public Market Bldg., 

Tumauini, lsabela 3325 

Tel. No/s.: (076) 632-4051 

TUPI WATER DISTRICT 


BIk. 6, Lt. 11, Tupi Pilot Subd., Poblacion, 

Tupi, South Cotabato 9505 

Tel. No/s.: (083) 501-5109 / (0918) 450-3237 

TUY WATER DISTRICT 


Luna St., Tuy, Batangas 4214 

U 

UMINGAN WATER DISTRICT 


Progreso St., Umingan, Pangasinan 2443 

Tel. No/s.: (075) 576-2170 


137


UNISAN WATER DISTRICT 


Brgy. F de Jesus, Unisan, Quezon 4305 

Tel. No/s.: (0912) 325-2575 

URBIZTONDO WATER DISTRICT 


Luna St., Poblacion, 

Urbiztondo, Pangasinan 2414 

Tel. No/s.: (075) 5942003 

URDANETA WATER DISTRICT 


Marcos Complex, Urdaneta, Pangasinan 

Tel. No/s.: (075) 568-2425 / 3553 

Fax No.: (075) 568-2425 

V 

VALENCIA WATER DISTRICT 


Hagkol, Valencia, Bukidnon 8709 

Tel. No/s.: (088) 828-2057 to 59 / 844-2422 

Fax No.: (088) 828-2058 

VICTORIAS WATER DISTRICT 


Quirino St., Victorias City, 


Tel. No/s.: (034) 399-2865 

VILLASIS WATER DISTRICT 


Villasis, Pangasinan 2427 

VIRAC WATER DISTRICT 


San Isidro Village, Virac, 

Catanduanes 4800 

Tel. No/s: (052) 811-1254 

Z 

ZAMBOANGA CITY WATER DISTRICT 


Pilar St., Zamboanga City 7000 

Tel No/s (062) 991-1857/1556 

Fax No: (062) 991-2799 

138 


ANNEXES 

❙ Non- Government Organizations 

A 

AGNO RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENT 

COMMISSION 

The Executive Director 

CBC Bldg., PSU-Sta. Maria, Pangasinan 

Tel: 075-5742036/53 

Fax: 075-574-2035 

Email: Benjamin1@digitelone.com 

APPROTECH ASIA 


G/F Phil. Social development Center 

Magallanes corner Real Streets, 

Intramuros, Manila 

Tel: 527-65-14,338-0643 

Telefax: 527-37-44 

Email: loramos@sun1.dost.gov.ph 

ASSOCIATED COUNCIL FOR COORDINATED 

DEVELOPMENT IN NEGROS OCCIDENTAL 

(ACCORD NEGROS) 


Address: Room 211, JTL Building, B.S. Aquino 

Drive Bacolod City, Negros Occidental 

Phone: (034) 433 718 

Email: acordneg@bacololod.wordtelphil.com 

B 

BULACAN ASSOCIATION OF WATER 

DISTRICTS 

The President 

C/o Malolos Water District 

Poblacion, Malolos, Bulacan 3000 

Tel: (044) 791-0876 

C 

CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL 

AWARENESS AND EDUCATION 


Unit 141, Virra 1 Condominium 

500 P. Burgos Street, Bel Air 

Makati City 1209 

Telephone: 8956031 to 39, local 141 

Telefax: 8995660 

Web: www.ceae.org 

Email: regina@ceae.org 


139


K 

KAAGAPAY NG MINDOREÑO, INC. (KAMI) 


PCPC, Brgy. San Aquilino 

Roxas, Oriental Mindoro 

Fax: 043-289-2308 

Tel: 043-289-2254 

M 

MANAGEMENT & ORGANIZATIONAL 

DEVELOPMENT FOR EMPOWERMENT 

(MODE) 


99 Matimtiman St., Sikatuna Village, 

Quezon City 

Tel: 435-3652 

Fax: 435-3655 

Email: au@mode.org 

MINDORO'Y ANGKING YAMAN NATIN 

(MANGYAN) DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION 

(MDFI) 


Fax: 043-491-1178 

Tel: 043-491-1178 

MUNTINLUPA DEVELOPMENT 

FOUNDATION 


Fax: 842-45-61 

Tel: 842-22-75 

N 

NATIONAL HYDRAULIC RESEARCH CENTER 


College of Engineering, 

UP Diliman , Quezon City 

Tels: 927-71-49, 927-7176 

Fax: 927-7190 

Email: nitz@nhrc.eng.upd.edu.ph 

Loenardo Liongson- Executive Director 

NORTHERN PHILIPPINES TRIBAL 

COMMUNITIES DEVELOPMENT CENTER 

(NPTCDC) 

# 28 Roxas St., Brookside, Baguio City 

Albert Ano/Joey Daiwey 

140 


ANNEXES 

P 

PARTNERSHIP OF PHILIPPINE SUPPORT 


SERVICES AGENCIES (PHILSSA) 

3rd Floor, Cardinal Hoffner Bldg., 

Social Development Complex, Ateneo de 

Manila Campus, Loyola Heights, Quezon City 

Tels: 426-0811, 

Telefax: 426-4328 

PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF WATER 

DISTRICTS (PAWD) 


2/F LWUA Bldg., Katipunan Road, Balara, 

Quezon City 

Trunklines: 920-55-82 to 90 

PHILIPPINE CENTER FOR WATER AND 

SANITATION –INTERNATIONAL TRAINING 

NETWORK FOUNDATION (PCWS-ITNF) 


P-3 Minnesota Mansion, 267 Ermin Garcia St., 

Cubao, Quezon City 

Telefax: 911-57-83, 912-0531 

E-mail: pcws@compass.com.ph 

lync@compass.com.ph 

Website: http://www.itnphil.org.ph 

PHILIPPINE RURAL RECONSTRUCTION 

MOVEMENT- NV CHAPTER (PRRM) 

C/o NVSIT Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya 

Phone: (078) 321-2280 

Fax: 078-321-2112 

Tel: 078-321-3783 

PHILIPPINE SOCIETY OF SANITARY 

ENGINNERS ( PSSE) 


Unit 2A, Teresa de Manila Condominium 

1 Puray St., Santolan, Quezon City 

Tels: 716-7989,7167997 

Fax: 716-7777 

PHILIPPINE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 

NETWORK (PSDN) 

The Chairman 

Unit 1006 Jollibee Center Condominium 

San Miguel Avenue, Pasig City 

Tels: 634-77-06 

Fax: 631-09-77 

Telefax: (032) 414-93-16 


141


PHILIPPINE WATERSHED MANAGEMENT 

COALITION 


C/o Kahublagan Sang Panimalay Foundation 

25 Magsaysay Village 

Lapaz, Iloilo City 

Tels: (033) 320-23-73 

Telefax: (033) 320-0854 

PHILIPPINE WATERWORKS ASSOCIATION 

(PWWA) 


PWWA Bldg., Katipunan Road, 

Balara, Quezon City 

Trunklines: 920-7145 

Fax: 920-71-43 

PLAN INTERNATIONAL 


6th Flr., N&M Bldg., 

1184 Chino Roces Ave. Makati City. 1258 

Tel. No/s: 897-1656/ 897-2745 to 46 

Fax: 897-8358 

S 

SEA REGIONAL COORDINATOR/ BATANGAS 

PPS URBAN WASTE EXPERTISE 

PROGRAMME 


Fax: 632-434-59354 

Tel: 632-434-5573, 929-84-29 

Dan Lapid, Manager 

U 

URBAN WASTE EXPERTISE PROGRAMME- 

CENTER FOR ADVANCED PHILS. STUDIES 

Rm. 202, cor Loyola Heights Condo, 

Loyola Heights, Quezon City 


Tel: 343-5573, 929-8429 

Fax: 434-5954 

W 

WATER RESOURCES CENTER- UNIVERSITY 

OF SAN CARLOS (WRC-USC) 


University of San Carlos, Talamban, Cebu City 

Tels: (032) 346-1128 loc. 504 

Fax: (032) 346-0583 

142 


ANNEXES 

❙ Private Sector 

ABOITIZ EQUITY VENTURES 

110 Legaspi St., Penthouse, 

Legaspi Village, Makati City 

Tel: 816-2881, Fax: 817-9508 

Email: miguel.aboitiz@bigfoot.com 

ALL ASIA ANGLIAN WATER CORPORATION 

Suite 1607 Ayala Triangle Tower I 

Ayala Avenue, Makati City 

Tel: 848-6881 

Fax: 848-6884 

AYALA PROPERTY MANAGEMENT CORP. 

201 University Ave. cor., Caliraya St., 

Ayala Alabang Vill. Muntinlupa City 

Tel: 807-1984-86, Fax: 842-4478,752-7939 

BALIBAGO WATERWORKS SYSTEM, INC. 

# 3923 McArthur Hi-way, 

Balibago, Angeles City 

Tel: (045) 888-1707 

CENTRAL LUZON ASSOCIATION OF WATER 

DISTRICTS 

Poblacion, Meycauayan, Bulacan 3020 

Tel: (044) 840-45-03 

Fax: (044) 701-3074 

Mariano Sangalang, Jr. 

MAMBURAO WATERWORKS AND 

SANITATION ASSOCIATION, INC. 


38 National Road, Mamburao, 

Occidental Mindoro 

Tel: (046) 711-1044 

MANILA WATER COMPANY. INC. 

Administration Bldg., 

489 Katipunan Rd. , Balara, Quezon City 1105 

Tel: 928-1223/ 922-3761 

Fax: 922-3761/ 928-1223 

MAYNILAD WATER SERVICES, INC. 

MWSS Engineering Building 

Katipunan Rd., Balara, Quezon City 1105 

Tel: 920-5521 to 40 

Fax: 920-54-08 


143


NORTHWELL WATERWORKS, INC. 

827 Palmera Center, Aurora Blvd., 

Cubao, Quezon City 1100 

Tel: 727-6739 

Fax: 410-0484 

PHILIPPINE WATERWORKS CONSTRUCTION 

CORPORATION 

63 J. Elizalde St., B.F. Homes, 

Parañaque, Metro Manila 1700 

Tel: 807-3622 to 28 

Fax: 807-3628 

PILAR WATERWORKS CORPORATION 

PDC Compound, Rose Ave., Pilar Village 

Las Piñas, Metro Manila 1700 

Tel: 806-8640/817-6465/565-3314 

Fax: 801-0150 

Email: c4pwc-LP@philonline.com 

SAN MIGUEL CORPORATION 

Water Resources Division 

San Miguel Avenue., Pasig City 

Tel: 932-3000/632-3961 to 62 

Fax: 632-2168 

SOUTHWELL WATERWORKS, INC. 

Ilang-Ilang St., Mother Earth Subd., 

Talon, Pas Piñas, MM 

Tel: 806-8156 

Fax: 801-4697 

UNILEVER PHILIPPINES 

Corporate Relations and Communications 

Manager 

1351 United Nations Avenue, Manila 

Tel: 562-3951 loc. 780 Fax: 562-3951 loc. 329 

E-mail: jika.mendoza@unilever.com 

VA TECH WABAG ASIA PACIFIC 

Rm. 401 Golden Rock Building, 

168 Salcedo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City 

Tel: 894-1010 / 817-4392 

Fax: 817-4674 

Email: vati@csi.com 

VIVENDI WATER PHILS., INC. (CGE PHILS) 

President 

7/F PS Bank Tower, 

Sen Gil Puyat Avenue, Makati City 

Tel: 759-67-93 to 95 

Fax: 759-67-90 

Email: cgdeaux@philonline.com 

144 


ANNEXES 

❙ External Support Agencies 

OXFAM-UK and IRELAND (OXFAM-UKI) 

274 Banbury Rd., Oxford, OX27DZ 

United Kingdom 

Tel: (+44-18-65) 311-311 

95-A Malumanay St., 1101 Teachers Village, 

Quezon City 

Tel: 921-7203 

Philippine Center for Water and 

Sanitation- ITN Foundation 

Tel: (632) 9115783 

The World Bank Philippines 

23rd Floor, The Taipan Place Building 

Emerald Avenue, Ortigas 

Manila, Philippines 

Phone: (63-2) 637-5855 extension: 3003 

Facsimile: (63-2) 917-3050 

E-mail: Lgonzales@worldbank.org, 

www.lguportal.worldbank.org. 

UNICEF Manila 

UNICEF P.O. Box 1076 Makati Central Post Office 

1250 Makati City Philippines 1200 

UNICEF, 6th Floor NEDA Makati Building 

106 Amorsolo Street, Legaspi Village, 

Makati City, Philippines 

GCO on the First Floor 

Phone: +632 892 0611 through 25 (Trunk Lines) 

Fax: +632 892 8126 

Email: manila@unicef.org 

Website: http://www.unicef.org/philippines/ 

Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative 

Council (WSSCC) 

c/o WHO, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211, 

Geneva 27, Switzerland 

Phone: +41 22 7913544 

Fax: +41 22 791 4847 

Email: wsscc@who.ch 

Website: http://www.wsscc.org/ 


145


World Health Organization 

Water, Sanitation and Health, Department 

of Protection of the Human Environment 

20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27, 

Switzerland 

Tel: +41 22 791 3537 

Fax: +41 22 791 3531 

E-mail: bartramj@who.ch 

Website: http://www.who.ch 

P.O. Box 2932 (UN Ave.) 

1000 Manila, Philippines 

Tel: 528-9890/ 5288001 

Fax: 528-521-1036 

Email: abramsr@wpro.who.int 

146

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