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Mwawughanga 434 Report 17 greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fuels. This will however, depend on individual governments and the residents as a whole. In Iceland, for instance, there are abundant unharnessed hydropower options which could be exploited instead of geothermal sources. However, with growing awareness of the need to maintain inland wilderness (which are greatly affected by reservoirs) for the tourist industry (Gíslason, 2000), the best alternative may be to concentrate more on the development of geothermal power. In Kenya, there seems to be heightened awareness among communities about negative impacts of hydropower on the environment thus leading to major campaigns against hydropower. In addition, there are a few more potential hydropower sites remaining unexploited, mostly in highly populated areas, and sometimes variation of weather has affected reliability of hydropower supply. At the same time, most of the promising geothermal resources are in government-owned lands and thus will present fewer social problems. The best option would probably be to concentrate on the development of the considerable high geothermal potential that is existent in the country. However, it will also be vital to look into the possibility of utilizing the resource more efficiently either by cascading or adoption of technology that uses heat more efficiently. It is only through vigorous campaigns for development of these resources by governments and other relevant bodies and the acceptance and support of the communities affected that the goal of cutting down emissions of greenhouse gases by substantial amounts can be realized in the near future. Monitoring of a project during implementation should be a crucial tool in the mitigation process. Problems may arise at any point of the development of a project. It is appropriate to ensure a proper mechanism is established early enough to deal with such problems. With a little sacrifice of nature, the two power sources can be developed hand in hand with conservation if all the necessary care is done. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the United Nations University for offering me the study fellowship and the Kenya Electricity Generating Company Limited for giving me the opportunity to attend this training. My sincere gratitude go the UNU Geothermal Training Programme staff, Dr. Ingvar B. Fridleifsson, Mr. Lúdvík S. Georgsson, Mrs. Gudrún Bjarnadóttir, and Mrs. Maria-Victoria Gunnarsson for their varied unwavering assistance during the training period. My utmost gratitude also goes to my supervisor, Mr. Andrés Arnalds and Dr. Halldór Ármannsson for advice, helping with translations and correction of my report. I would also like to thank all those who helped me in one way or another including some staff from ISOR, the UNU Fellows, and Mr. Hafsteinn H. Gunnarsson of Reykjavík Energy. My heartfelt gratitude goes to my son for his sacrifice, patience, and encouragement and other family members for their constant support and encouragement during the six-month period. All those involved made my stay here a success. REFERENCES Andrésdóttir, A., Sigurdsson, Ó., and Gunnarsson, T., 2003: Regulatory framework and preparation of geothermal power plants in Iceland – practical experience and obstacles. Proceedings of the International Geothermal Conference IGC-2003 “Multiple Integrated Uses of Geothermal Resources”, Reykjavík, Session 12, 33-39. Ármannsson, H., 2003: CO 2 emission from geothermal power plants. Proceedings of the International Geothermal Conference IGC-2003 “Multiple Integrated Uses of Geothermal Resources” Reykjavík, Session 12, 56-62. Brown, K.L., 1995: Impact on the physical environment. In: Brown, K.L. (convenor), Environmental aspects of geothermal development. World Geothermal Congress 1995, IGA pre-congress course, Pisa, Italy, 39-55.
Report 17 435 Mwawughanga Canyhydropower, 2003: History, how hydro works, quick facts, hydro fact sheets. Canyhydropower, web page http://www.canhydropower.org/hydro_e/tx_hyd/faq.htm. De Jesus, A.C., 1995: Socio-economic impacts of geothermal development. In: Brown, K.L. (convenor), Environmental aspects of geothermal development. World Geothermal Congress 1995, IGA pre-congress course, Pisa, Italy, 57-78. Fridleifsson, I.B, 2000a: Geothermal energy and hydropower in Iceland. Nordic-Japan Environmental Conference 2000, Nagano, Japan, 2 pp. Fridleifsson, I.B., 2000b: Energy requirements for the next millennium. Proceedings of the conference “On the Threshold: The United Nations and Global Governance in the New Millennium”. United Nations University, Tokyo, 11 pp. Fridleifsson, I.B., 2003: Geothermal energy in the world. UNU-GTP, Iceland, unpubl. lecture notes. Gíslason, G., 2000: Nesjavellir co-generation plant, Iceland. Flow of geothermal steam and noncondensable gases. Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress 2000, Kyusu-Tohoku, Japan, 585- 588. Green Nature 2003: Environmental impacts of hydropower. Green Nature Web page http://www.greennature.com/article301.html. Hietter, L.M., 1995: Introduction to geothermal development and regulatory requirements. In: Brown, K.L. (convenor), Environmental aspects of geothermal development. World Geothermal Congress 1995, IGA pre-congress course, Pisa, Italy, 3-38. Hunt, T.M., 2001: Five lectures on environmental effects of geothermal utilization. UNU-GTP, Iceland, report 1-2000, 109 pp. Ívarsson, G., Sigurgeirsson, M.Á., Gunnlaugsson, E., Sigurdsson, K.H., and Kristmannsdóttir, H., 1993: Measurement on gas in atmospheric air. Orkustofnun and Hitaveita Reykjavíkur, Reykjavík, report OS- 93074/JHD-10 (in Icelandic), 69 pp. KenGen, 2003: Annual report, Sondu Miriu hydropower project - Project features, EIA summary, project work progress, environmental monitoring summary. KenGen, web page http://www.kengen.co.ke/. Kenya Energy Profile, 2003: Web page http://www.bu.edu/cees/classes/binna/304/energy_profiles/ Kenya.htm. Kubo, M.B., 2001: Environmental management at Olkaria geothermal power project. Technical seminar proceedings, 2001. Kenya Electricity Generating Company Ltd, Nairobi, Kenya, 51-56. Landsvirkjun, 2003: Kárahnjúkar hydropower project - Summary of EIA, environmental assessment report, EIA final conclusion. Landsvirkjun web page http://www.Kárahnjúkar.is. Löfgren, S., and Lydersen, E., 2002: Heavy metal concentrations in the Nordic lakes in relation to presently used critical limits-a state of the art review. ICP Waters report 67/2002. Magnússon, I.Th., 2002: Gravity measurements in the Hengill area. Orkustofnun, Reykjavík, report OS- 2002/052 (in Icelandic), 30 pp. Ólafsson, J., 1992: Chemical characteristics and trace elements of Lake Thingvallavatn. OIKOS, 64, 151- 161.
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