Tai Peoples and Theirs Languages: A Preliminary ... - Khamkoo

Vietnam-Chinese border west of the Black River. The Lü in Thailand came from both
Burma and Yunnan China and settled down in several provinces in the north of Thailand.
A recent estimate by Solot Sirisai of Tai Lü in the 6 provinces (Lamphun, Chiengrai,
Phayaw, Phrae, Lampang and Chiengmai) in the north of Thailand is 48,239 people. 11
The Tai Khün live along side the Tai Shan in the Burmese Shan State. But the
Khün are limited largely to the main Kengtung valley in the center of the State. There are
some recent immigrants from Kengtung into Thailand in Chiengrai and Chiengmai
Provinces. Their language is very much like the Thai dialects of northern Thailand and
the Tai Lü of Sip Song Pan Na, Yunnan. Khün orthography is the same as that of the Lü
and is only slightly different from that of the northern Thai. However, legends have it that
the Khün have ancestors different from the Lü and other Tai groups; Seidenfaden 12
thought that the Kengtung valley area was settled by the Tai-speaking people who came
from Nanchao and these Tai people imposed their rule on an autochthonous Mon-Khmer
people called Khüns. If Seidenfaden were right, the present-day Tai Khün must be one
instance of the amalgamation of the Tai and Mon-Khmer people. Whether Seidenfaden
was correct, the researchers who want to prove/disprove his claim will have to find
evidence from sciences other than linguistics, for the two available descriptions of the
Khün language that we have at present 13 do not indicate traces of Mon-khmer influence
on the Khün language.
The Khün mix freely with the Lü and the Shan as they are all Tai-speaking
peoples. There are many instances of mixed-marriages and there have been no attempts to
separate the Khün from the Lü and the Shan. In their hometown of Kengtung, the Khün
pay respect to the Chao Fa of Kengtung. In Thailand, the Khün mix with the other
northern Thai, so there have been no population surveys separating the Khün from the
other Tai groups.
We now turn from Burma to the countries where the Tai languages are
languages of the majority, viz Thailand and Laos. In Thailand, 55.8 million people speak
the Thai language. Of this number 53 million speak Thai as their mother tongue. Some
900,000 speak Northern Cambodian as their mother tongue but know Thai as well. Some
260,000 speak Karen (a Sino-Tibetan language, altogether different from Thai) as their
mother tongue but have some knowledge of Thai. About 1.5 million speak Malay as their
mother tongue and Thai as their second language. Some other 100,000 people speak
several Meo-Yao and hill tribe languages which do not belong to the Tai language family.
There are those who do not speak Thai as their mother tongue but who nevertheless are
bilingual and can use Thai as their working language.
The Thai language in Thailand, though the sole national language of the
country since the beginning of its history, is not without variations. At least 4 main
11 “The Population Survey of Thai-Tai Ethnic Minorities in Thailand”, Journal of Language
and Culture, Mahidol University, Bangkok, vol.8 no.1, 1989, pp. 108-109.
13 a. Soren Egerod, “Essentials of Khün Phonology and Script”, Acta Orientalia, XXIV (1959),
pp. 123-146.
b. Rasi Petsuk, General Characteristics of the Khün Language, unpublished M.A. thesis,
Mahidol University, 1978, p.196
Tai Peoples and Their Languages: A Preliminary Observation
192
12 The Thai People, Bangkok, Siam Society, 1958 p.51.