Development of a Novel Mass Spectrometric ... - Jacobs University

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Introduction mechanical shredding of the waste followed by sieving and finally removal of magnetic metal contents using large scale magnet. The resulting light shredder waste fraction was historically directly sent to landfill sites. It is estimated that in UK around 850,000 t and in Germany around 2 Mt of light shredder waste are generated annually. Due to End of Life Vehicle (ELV) and landfill directive, 107 political pressure has mounted to reduce the amount of light shredder waste to send to landfill and develop alternative technologies resulting in the recycling or reduction of light shredder waste. Figure 1-7 Shredding Plant The Bremer Entsorgungsbetriebe (BEB) Company has recently developed such an innovative technology. In a pilot plant light shredder waste is treated biologically resulting in a dramatic reduction of its weight and volume. The waste is sprayed with water and naturally occurring microorganisms transform the waste at operating temperatures around 90˚C for a period of two to four weeks. The resulting product is designated for landfill sites. However, before final landfill is approved the waste material needs to undergo a series of analytical investigations 27
Introduction including determination of residual hydrocarbons (HCs), residual polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOC) and residual heavy metal contamination. All these analytical quality control (QC) measures are legally binding before approval for landfill given by the local authorities. Figure 1-8 Light shredder waste fraction set for biological treatment in a prepared unit. For the BEB light shredder waste in particular hydrocarbons contamination is an issue with large proportions of the waste exceeding the legal limit of 5 g hydrocarbons per kg of waste. The legally binding analytical procedure for the determination of HCs as defined by the German government is known as KW4 using DIN norm method DIN EN 14039. 108 This method specifies GC based quantifications of HCs. While short and medium chain HCs can be readily quantified, long chain derivatives result in a UCM in the gas chromatogram (as shown in Fig.1-9). According to KW 4 the UCM hump is directly and uncritically integrated and the resulting integral is used as a measure of the HC content. Within the BEB treated light shredder fraction in particular this UCM results in the deviation from the legal HC limit resulting in a lack of approval of landfilling. 28
Page 1 and 2: Development of a Novel Mass Spectro
Page 3 and 4: Declaration of Authorship I ,Nadim
Page 5 and 6: This work has been carried out unde
Page 7 and 8: Contents Contents Declaration of Au
Page 9 and 10: List of Figures List of Figures Fig
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures Figure 3-39 MS 2 fr
Page 13 and 14: List of Tables List of Tables Table
Page 15 and 16: Abbreviations Abbreviations APCI AP
Page 17 and 18: Abbreviations UV VGOs VOCs VRs ultr
Page 19 and 20: Introduction Analytical chemistry h
Page 21 and 22: Introduction 1.2 Presence and Fate
Page 23 and 24: Introduction aliphatic hydrocarbons
Page 25 and 26: Introduction Figure 1-1 Examples of
Page 27 and 28: Introduction Figure 1-2 Range of io
Page 29 and 30: Introduction fractions. 42 Another
Page 31 and 32: Introduction 1.3.5 APLI Other crude
Page 33 and 34: Introduction products). Other molec
Page 35 and 36: Introduction Other studies performe
Page 37 and 38: Introduction APLI-FT ICR-MS Crude o
Page 39 and 40: Introduction spectrometry in as muc
Page 41 and 42: Introduction catalytic processing t
Page 43: Introduction Figure 1-6 Kendrick ma
Page 47 and 48: Introduction 1.5 Scope and Signific
Page 49 and 50: Experimental e) Other model mixture
Page 51 and 52: Experimental 2.2.2 Preparation of O
Page 53 and 54: Experimental 2.4 Graphical Presenta
Page 55 and 56: Results and Discussion experiment.
Page 57 and 58: Results and Discussion Intens. [%]
Page 59 and 60: Results and Discussion common featu
Page 61 and 62: Results and Discussion 3.2 APCI-TOF
Page 63 and 64: Results and Discussion These compou
Page 67 and 68: Results and Discussion Ions were pr
Page 71 and 72: Results and Discussion procedure ba
Page 75 and 76: Results and Discussion to produce m
Page 77 and 78: Results and Discussion 519.5863 519
Page 79 and 80: Results and Discussion Higher mass
Page 87 and 88: Results and Discussion isolated fro
Page 93 and 94: Results and Discussion 3.4.5 Tandem
Page 95 and 96:
Results and Discussion Intens. [%]
Page 97 and 98:
Results and Discussion injected int
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Results and Discussion 3.4.8 Quanti
Page 103 and 104:
Results and Discussion Int. x 10000
Page 105 and 106:
Results and Discussion Table 3.6 Qu
Page 107 and 108:
Results and Discussion assessment o
Page 109 and 110:
Results and Discussion hydrocarbons
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Results and Discussion of n-alkanes
Page 119 and 120:
Results and Discussion flow (in I2)
Page 121 and 122:
Results and Discussion Other intere
Page 123 and 124:
Results and Discussion Figure 3-80
Page 125 and 126:
Results and Discussion KMD 2.4 2.2
Page 127 and 128:
Results and Discussion KMD 1.1 1 Le
Page 129 and 130:
Results and Discussion 3.6.4 Asphal
Page 131 and 132:
Conclusions In conclusion we could
Page 133 and 134:
References References 1. Fay, R. M.
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References 23. Colavecchia, M. V.,
Page 137 and 138:
References 47. Dzidic, I., Petersen
Page 139 and 140:
References Hydroconversion Processe
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References 91. Golovlev, V. V., All
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Appendix Light shredder waste Meas.
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419.4592 C 30 H 59 419.4611 4.6 421
Page 147 and 148:
Liqui Moly car motor oil Meas. m/z
Page 149 and 150:
345.3511 C 25 H 45 345.3516 1.5 349
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