Kyne & Simpfendorfer.. - Shark Specialist Group

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Table 2.11 (continued). Species Location TL max (mm) Maturity (mm TL) Maturity %TL max Ovarian fecundity Size at hatching (mm TL) Reference Galeus melastomus (continued) Portugal, NE Atlantic ♀ 670 ♂ 643 >560 >490 84 76 --
The undescribed Andaman Sea endemic Proscyllium sp. A is known only from five specimens (Compagno et al. 2005). Family Pseudotriakidae. False Catsharks. The false catsharks are the only carcharhinoid sharks, and indeed the only non-lamnoid sharks, to display oophagy (Yano 1992, 1993, Musick and Ellis 2005). Consequently, fecundity is low. Yano (1993) found the slender smoothhound Gollum attenuatus to generally possess two embryos, one in each uterus, although a small number of specimens contained only a single embryo (1.8% of gravid females examined) and two females contained three embryos (in both cases, one of these had failed to develop). In the false catshark Pseudotriakis microdon, only litter sizes of two have been observed (Saemundsson 1922, Taniuchi et al. 1984, Yano 1992, Stewart 2000). The gestation period of both species is unknown, but for P. microdon at least, it is likely extended, presumably >1 year and possibly two or three years (Yano unpublished data in Kyne et al. 2004). Both sexes of G. attenuatus mature at ~700mm TL, representing 64%TL max , while maturity in P. microdon is at a very large size, from 2560mm TL in females, representing 86%TL max (Forster et al. 1970, Kyne et al. 2005). Family Triakidae. Houndsharks. The biology of the deepwater houndsharks is poorly-known. There is no information on the darksnout sicklefin houndshark Hemitriakis abdita beyond that in its original description (Compagno and Stevens 1993). Triakids are mostly placental viviparous (Musick and Ellis 2005) and litter sizes of 4-5 have been reported for both the longnose houndshark Iago garricki (Last and Stevens 1994) and the bigeye houndshark I. omanensis (Fishelson and Baranes 1998). While there is a considerable amount of information on the biology of the shelf subspecies of the dusky smoothhound Mustelus canis canis, there is little specific to the island subspecies M. c. insularis which occurs on the outer shelf and slope. The shelf subspecies has been demonstrated to bear litters of 3–18 pups, reproduce annually with a gestation period of 11–12 months, reach maturity at 4–7 years for females and 2–3 years for males, and live to a maximum of 10 years for females and 6 years for males (Conrath and Musick 2002, Conrath et al. 2002). How these biological parameters relate to the island subspecies is unknown. Family Carcharhinidae. Requiem Sharks. Due to its scattered distribution and deep benthic habitat, the only ‘deepwater’ requiem shark, the bignose shark Carcharhinus altimus, is poorly-known relative to many other species in the family. It is a diurnal vertical migrator (Anderson and Stevens 1996) and this is discussed later in this Section (see page 104). Carcharhinids are placental viviparous, with the exception of the yolk-sac viviparous tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier (Musick and Ellis 2005). Litter size in C. altimus is reported at 3–15 and although the gestation period of the species is unknown, it is usually 9–12 months in requiem sharks, and in this family the reproductive cycle may be either annual or biennial (Stevens and McLoughlin 1991, Compagno et al. 2005). This is a large shark, possibly reaching 3000mm TL with size at birth from 600mm TL, female maturity from 2050mm TL and male maturity from 2040mm TL (Stevens and McLoughlin 1991, Crow et al. 1996, Compagno et al. 2005). 87
Page 1 and 2:
A COLLATION AND SUMMARIZATION OF AV
Page 3 and 4:
TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary
Page 5 and 6:
Reproductive output in deepwater ch
Page 7 and 8:
GENERAL INTRODUCTION THE CLASS CHON
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Leucoraja circularis, blonde skate
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SECTION I. BIODIVERSITY AND AN ANNO
Page 13 and 14:
Table 1.1. The diversity of deepwat
Page 15 and 16:
ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF EXTANT DEEPW
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Habitat zones broadly follow Compag
Page 19 and 20:
Chimaera lignaria Didier, 2002. Gia
Page 21 and 22:
Hydrolagus trolli Didier & Séret,
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Squalus melanurus Fourmanoir, 1979.
Page 25 and 26:
Deania hystricosum (Garman, 1906).
Page 27 and 28:
Etmopterus molleri (Whitley, 1939).
Page 29 and 30:
Scymnodalatias sherwoodi (Archey, 1
Page 31 and 32:
Squatina formosa Shen & Ting, 1972.
Page 33 and 34:
Torpedo nobiliana Bonaparte, 1835.
Page 35 and 36: Bathyraja matsubarai (Ishiyama, 195
Page 37 and 38: Brochiraja spinifera (Garrick & Pau
Page 39 and 40: Amblyraja hyperborea (Collette, 187
Page 41 and 42: Dipturus mennii Gomes & Paragó, 20
Page 43 and 44: Fenestraja cubensis (Bigelow & Schr
Page 45 and 46: Okamejei sp. N [Last & Stevens, 199
Page 47 and 48: Family Anacanthobatidae. Legskates.
Page 49 and 50: Family Dasyatidae. Whiptail Stingra
Page 51 and 52: Apristurus kampae Taylor, 1972. Lon
Page 53 and 54: Apristurus sp. [Séret]. Western Ce
Page 55 and 56: Western Central Atlantic: Straits o
Page 57 and 58: Pentanchus profundicolus Smith & Ra
Page 59 and 60: Mustelus canis insularis (Mitchell,
Page 61: Musick, J.A., Harbin, M.M. and Comp
Page 64 and 65: efore relying on ovulated ova) and
Page 66 and 67: FAMILY LIFE HISTORY ACCOUNTS PART 1
Page 68 and 69: Family Squalidae. Dogfish Sharks. T
Page 70 and 71: often related to maternal size, lar
Page 72 and 73: Table 2.3. Reproductive biology of
Page 74 and 75: 16 embryos (Table 2.5). Irvine (200
Page 76 and 77: Table 2.6. Age and growth of etmopt
Page 78 and 79: Table 2.7. Reproductive biology of
Page 80 and 81: Gonzalez 2006). Daley et al. (2002)
Page 82 and 83: and in the case of the crocodile sh
Page 84 and 85: Balart et al. (2000) is 295mm TL fo
Page 88 and 89: PART 2. BATOIDS Order Rajiformes. B
Page 90 and 91: years for females of all species ag
Page 92 and 93: Ebert and Davis 2007). These are th
Page 94 and 95: Table 2.15. Age and growth of rajid
Page 96 and 97: PART 3. HOLOCEPHALANS Order Chimaer
Page 98 and 99: SEGREGATION, MOVEMENT AND MIGRATION
Page 100 and 101: PRODUCTIVITY OF DEEPWATER CHONDRICH
Page 102 and 103: e slow to recover from overfishing.
Page 104 and 105: 0.16 0.14 Intrinsic rebound potenti
Page 106 and 107: Bigelow, H.B. and Schroeder, W.C. 1
Page 108 and 109: Conrath, C.L., Gelsleichter, J. and
Page 110 and 111: Squaliformes) in the southwestern e
Page 112 and 113: Hoenig, J.M. 1983. Empirical use of
Page 114 and 115: Lucifora, L.O., Valero, J.L. and Ga
Page 116 and 117: Parsons, G.R., Ingram, G.W. Jr. and
Page 118 and 119: Sulikowski, J.A., Elzey, S., Kneebo
Page 120 and 121: K. (eds.). Indo-Pacific Fish Biolog
Page 122 and 123: deepwater species categories for ea
Page 124 and 125: Table 3.1. FAO FIGIS database categ
Page 126 and 127: CASE STUDY 1. AUSTRALIAN SOUTHERN A
Page 128 and 129: Table 3.2. Mid-slope deepwater shar
Page 130 and 131: CASE STUDY 2. NORTHEAST ATLANTIC DE
Page 132 and 133: CASE STUDY 3. AZORES KITEFIN SHARK
Page 134 and 135: CASE STUDY 4. MALDIVES GULPER SHARK
Page 136 and 137:
SECTION III LITERATURE Adam, M.S.,
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