Kyne & Simpfendorfer.. - Shark Specialist Group

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are likely species-complexes of regional endemics (W. White pers. comm.). Forms in the Atlantic likely represent distinct species to those in the Indo-West Pacific, for example, the lowfin gulper shark Centrophorus lusitanicus. At even a more localised scale, the apparently endemic Australian longnose gulper shark C. harrissoni appears to be distinct between the east and the west coasts of the continent (W. White pers. comm.). Resolution of such issues will have a profound effect on conservation and management of gulper sharks, amongst the most exploited of the deepsea sharks. Another group presently under taxonomic review are the deepwater catsharks of the genus Apristurus. This large group has a complex and confused taxonomic history in part due to poor descriptions, lack of comparative material, poorly-defined morphometric characters and the large number of synonyms and undescribed species (Nakaya et al. 2005, Sato 2005). Resolution of the genus is relying on an international collaboration of experts. These studies are incorporating new fauna, some which may prove to be limited range endemics, such as Apristurus sp. 1 [Nakaya, Ueki & Sato, 2005] which as presently known, appears to be restricted to the Emperor Seamount chain in the Northwest Pacific (Nakaya et al. 2005). Finally, the softnose and hardnose skates of the families Arhynchobatidae and Rajidae are considered to be a morphologically conservative, yet highly diverse group (McEachran and Dunn 1998). Indeed, they are two of the largest families of chondrichthyans, yet the phylogeny and inter-relationships of the skates remains unresolved, and the large number of unnamed species of these families in Table 1.1 (40 taxa), together with poor resolution at the generic level of the Australasian fauna in particular (Last and Yearsley 2002) illustrates the complexity of their systematics. 12
Table 1.1. The diversity of deepwater chondrichthyan fishes by order and family. Sharks Order Family Common name Described species Undescribed species Total species Hexanchiformes Chlamydoselachidae Frilled Sharks 1 1 2 Hexanchidae Sixgill and Sevengill Sharks 3 0 3 Squaliformes Echinorhinidae Bramble Sharks 2 0 2 Squalidae Dogfish Sharks 11 8 19 Centrophoridae Gulper Sharks 16 1 17 Etmopteridae Lanternsharks 42 5 47 Somniosidae Sleeper Sharks 16 1 17 Oxynotidae Roughsharks 5 0 5 Dalatiidae Kitefin Sharks 9 0 9 Squatiniformes Squatinidae Angelsharks 5 2 7 Pristiophoriformes Pristiophoridae Sawsharks 2 4 6 Heterodontiformes Heterodontidae Bullhead Sharks 1 0 1 Orectolobiformes Parascylliidae Collared Carpetsharks 2 0 2 Lamniformes Odontaspididae Sand Tiger Sharks 2 0 2 Pseudocarchariidae Crocodile Sharks 1 0 1 Mitsukurinidae Goblin Sharks 1 0 1 Alopiidae Thresher Sharks 1 0 1 Cetorhinidae Basking Sharks 1 0 1 Carcharhiniformes Scyliorhinidae Catsharks 84 35 119 Proscylliidae Finback Catsharks 3 1 4 Pseudotriakidae False Catsharks 2 3 5 Triakidae Houndsharks 4 2 6 Carcharhinidae Requiem Sharks 1 0 1 Subtotal - sharks 215 63 278 Batoids Rajiformes Rhinobatidae Guitarfishes 1 0 1 Narcinidae Numbfishes 6 1 7 Narkidae Sleeper Rays 4 0 4 Torpedinidae Torpedo Rays 7 1 8 Arhynchobatidae Softnose Skates 68 16 84 Rajidae Hardnose Skates 101 24 125 Anacanthobatidae Legskates 18 5 23 Plesiobatidae Giant Stingarees 1 0 1 Urolophidae Stingarees 2 0 2 Hexatrygonidae Sixgill Stingrays 1 0 1 Dasyatidae Stingrays 1 0 1 Subtotal - batoids 210 47 257 Holocephalans Chimaeriformes Rhinochimaeridae Longnose Chimaeras 8 1 9 Chimaeridae Shortnose Chimaeras 26 11 37 Subtotal - holocephalans 34 12 46 Total 459 122 581 13
Page 1 and 2: A COLLATION AND SUMMARIZATION OF AV
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary
Page 5 and 6: Reproductive output in deepwater ch
Page 7 and 8: GENERAL INTRODUCTION THE CLASS CHON
Page 9 and 10: Leucoraja circularis, blonde skate
Page 11: SECTION I. BIODIVERSITY AND AN ANNO
Page 15 and 16: ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF EXTANT DEEPW
Page 17 and 18: Habitat zones broadly follow Compag
Page 19 and 20: Chimaera lignaria Didier, 2002. Gia
Page 21 and 22: Hydrolagus trolli Didier & Séret,
Page 23 and 24: Squalus melanurus Fourmanoir, 1979.
Page 25 and 26: Deania hystricosum (Garman, 1906).
Page 27 and 28: Etmopterus molleri (Whitley, 1939).
Page 29 and 30: Scymnodalatias sherwoodi (Archey, 1
Page 31 and 32: Squatina formosa Shen & Ting, 1972.
Page 33 and 34: Torpedo nobiliana Bonaparte, 1835.
Page 35 and 36: Bathyraja matsubarai (Ishiyama, 195
Page 37 and 38: Brochiraja spinifera (Garrick & Pau
Page 39 and 40: Amblyraja hyperborea (Collette, 187
Page 41 and 42: Dipturus mennii Gomes & Paragó, 20
Page 43 and 44: Fenestraja cubensis (Bigelow & Schr
Page 45 and 46: Okamejei sp. N [Last & Stevens, 199
Page 47 and 48: Family Anacanthobatidae. Legskates.
Page 49 and 50: Family Dasyatidae. Whiptail Stingra
Page 51 and 52: Apristurus kampae Taylor, 1972. Lon
Page 53 and 54: Apristurus sp. [Séret]. Western Ce
Page 55 and 56: Western Central Atlantic: Straits o
Page 57 and 58: Pentanchus profundicolus Smith & Ra
Page 59 and 60: Mustelus canis insularis (Mitchell,
Page 61: Musick, J.A., Harbin, M.M. and Comp
Page 64 and 65:
efore relying on ovulated ova) and
Page 66 and 67:
FAMILY LIFE HISTORY ACCOUNTS PART 1
Page 68 and 69:
Family Squalidae. Dogfish Sharks. T
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often related to maternal size, lar
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Table 2.3. Reproductive biology of
Page 74 and 75:
16 embryos (Table 2.5). Irvine (200
Page 76 and 77:
Table 2.6. Age and growth of etmopt
Page 78 and 79:
Table 2.7. Reproductive biology of
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Gonzalez 2006). Daley et al. (2002)
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and in the case of the crocodile sh
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Balart et al. (2000) is 295mm TL fo
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Table 2.11 (continued). Species Loc
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PART 2. BATOIDS Order Rajiformes. B
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years for females of all species ag
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Ebert and Davis 2007). These are th
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Table 2.15. Age and growth of rajid
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PART 3. HOLOCEPHALANS Order Chimaer
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SEGREGATION, MOVEMENT AND MIGRATION
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PRODUCTIVITY OF DEEPWATER CHONDRICH
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e slow to recover from overfishing.
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0.16 0.14 Intrinsic rebound potenti
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Bigelow, H.B. and Schroeder, W.C. 1
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Conrath, C.L., Gelsleichter, J. and
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Squaliformes) in the southwestern e
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Hoenig, J.M. 1983. Empirical use of
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Lucifora, L.O., Valero, J.L. and Ga
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Parsons, G.R., Ingram, G.W. Jr. and
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Sulikowski, J.A., Elzey, S., Kneebo
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K. (eds.). Indo-Pacific Fish Biolog
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deepwater species categories for ea
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Table 3.1. FAO FIGIS database categ
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CASE STUDY 1. AUSTRALIAN SOUTHERN A
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Table 3.2. Mid-slope deepwater shar
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CASE STUDY 2. NORTHEAST ATLANTIC DE
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CASE STUDY 3. AZORES KITEFIN SHARK
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CASE STUDY 4. MALDIVES GULPER SHARK
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SECTION III LITERATURE Adam, M.S.,
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