Benchmarking Efficiency of Sustainable Urban Transport in China

Benchmarking Efficiency of
Sustainable Urban Transport in China
——7 Challenges & 5 Strategic Priorities
Dr. WU Hongyang
CUSTReC
China Academy of Transportation Sciences-CATS, MOT
wuhy82@163.com
May. 2008

Challenge 1:
Capacity Building to Adapt to Socio-Economic Needs
Motorization
Urbanization
GDP Increase
1978-2000 8-9%
2000-2020 7%
URBANIZATION:
1978:17.8%
2007:43.9%
2020:57%
Increase Rate 2020
(100 million vehicles)
Civil vehicles: 13% 1.3
Private vehicles: 23% 0.8
cars/1000persons
900
800
Great Potential of Private car Increase
Private car ownership:
2007: 2%;
2020: 6%
764
1998~2007, annual growth
rate in GDP share of the
national total by cities:7.0%
700
600
500
400
300
428
501
523
598
Annual average increase of
vehicle trips 1998-2020: 9.0%
200
100
0
136
64
6 22
Iindia China Brazil Mexico Briton France Japan Canada USA

Infrastructure
—Road area ratio
The road infrastructure volume is lower than developed country’s cities. It is big challenge to
promote the infrastructure construction in the rapid motorized transport in China

Challenges 2 :
How to relieve the transport congestion and improve
transport efficiency?
Beijing:
• Travel time of 40% commuters
per day >1 hour
• Economic loss due to
congestion : per day about 40
million Yuan
• Average speed of 11 roads in the
city center is 12km/h
Shanghai:
GDP reduction caused by traffic
congestion: 10%

Restraint factors:
•The long term mechanisms
for TDM
•Personal trip planning
•Real time traffic
information by ITS
•Road space separation and
occupation for different
travel mode
•Infrastructure construction

Challenges 3 :
While the needs of the reasonable private car can be meet,
how to minimize its negative impacts?
With increasing income, which kind of transport mode will you use?

Modal Split
—— private car
98% residents
without private cars
San Francisco
Chicago
Toronto
New York
Amsterdam
Hamburger
Munich
Nagoya
Ly
ons
Nancy
Marseilles
Tokyo
Beijing
Hefei
Nanjing
Ningbo
Tianjin
Guiyang
2.57
2.25
1.19
0.8
7.22
3.76
Share of Private
car
24.2
31.9
38
37.9
36.5
34.7
44
59.6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
58
63
74.8
74.3
Restraint factors:
• People’s idea: pursue personal travel,
and lack of the idea of energy saving and
environment protection
• Motor industry development & the
negative effect of the vehicle (full life
cycling cost analysis)
• Crazy competition for the car-owning
• Lack of the policies and measures to
promote the rational use of the private
car
• Access and discard mechanism for the
private car waiting for refined
%

Challenges 4 :
How to support the economic development by improving the
reliability and service quality of the public transport?
35.00%
Survey in Beijing
32.80%
Beijing
30.00%
27.50%
26.25%
25.00%
20.00%
21.20%
19.55%
21.08%
21.67%
15.00%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
6.50%
7.10%
4.90%
6.02%
5.45%
车 内 太 挤 行 车 不 准 时 等 车 时 间 太 长 票 价 太 高 服 务 态 度 差 不 方 便
2000 年
2002 年

Great shortage in
public transport
investment
ration(%)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
Road construction
Public transport
10
0
1990-1995 1995-2000 2001-2005
Cycling is also
decreasing….
出 行 比 例 (%)
70
60
50
40
1986
2000
2005
30
20
10
0
Cycling 自 行 车 Public 公 交 transport 小 Car 汽 车

Modal Split
—— Public
Transport
Compare with the international
developed cities, the rate of bus
trips in public transport in
Chinese cities is higher, but the
rate of rail transit in public
transport is much lower.
For example :
Tokyo: 85%
New York: 70%
Nagoya: 83.5%
Chicago: 45.5%
Seoul
Hamburger
Munich
Toronto
New York
Tokyo
Nagoya
Chicago
San Francisco
Amsterdam
Lyons
Nancy
Marseilles
Shijiazhuang
Nanning
Zhengzhou
Chengdu
Taiyuan
Changsha
Ningbo
Beijing
Hefei
Lanzhou
Nanjing
Hangzhou
Wuhan
Shanghai
Guiyang
Chongqing
Guanghzou
Dalian
Share of bus trip
31
30.7
26.8
22.4
18.7
16.9
11.5 14
10.8
9.8
2.87
5.8
6.5
10.2
11
13.2
13.2
16
19.9
20.2
20.95
22.2
23
24
26.6
28
32
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
42
42
54
66.2
%

Infrastructure
— Length of urban metro
500 Billon RMB
investment
needs for the
new metro
construction in
the future 10
years
Metro Mileage per million
people
Metro is an important way to reduce the transport congestion in the mega-cities in China, but the
huge investment will be an severe challenge for the city’s government.

Beijing Case
2008:195km
2010:250-300km
2006:114km

Satisfaction
——Investigation
Restraint factors:
• Vehicle quality
• Real-time information
service
• Road space
• Subsidy mechanism
• Mass public transport
The final satisfaction score: 4.69
Score: The highest is 9, the middle is 5,
and the lowest is 1
Un-satisfaction 不 满 意
15%
Satisfaction 满 意
17%
Just-so-so 一 般
68%
General Satisfaction 图 19 对 of 交 Urban 通 状 况 Transport 的 总 体 满 in 意 Chengdu 度 City

Challenges 5 :
How to reduce transport pollution and emissions( including air
pollution and noise) and improve the energy efficiency to achieve
the clean and healthy transport systems?
China: the 2nd largest oil consumption country and the 3rd largest oil import
country. In 2007, 47% of China’s oil was imported.
Fuel economy in China is 10~20% lower than that of developed countries.
Oil consumption by the transport sector: 1/3 of the national total consumption; in
2020, 57%
30000.0
60.0
10000 ton Transport use oil (ton)
57.0
(%)
25000.0
Transport use oil % share
50.0
25600.0
43.0
20000.0
40.0
15000.0
10000.0
17.8
24.6
13800.0
30.0
20.0
5000.0
0.0
2863.6
5509.4
1995 2000 2010 2020
10.0
0.0

Environmental Pollution
Good
35.2%
Excellent
43.9%
A 2007 survey of traffic noise in 401 cities:
20.9% exceeding standards
Letters that complained about noise
pollution: 43% of all letters that complained
about environmental pollution
Lightly polluted
12.5% Polluted
5.2%
Heavily polluted
3.2%
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Urban air pollution is shifting from coal
burning emissions to vehicle emissions
Motor Vehicle
60%
50%
█ Others
CO NO X
HC
30%

Challenges 6 :
How to improve the social equity by providing multi transport
services (including bicycles, walking, buses, and rural buses)?
Shijiazhuang
Ningbo
Chengdu
Hangzhou
Nanjing
Beijing
Taiyuan
Hefei
Nanning
Wuhan
Lanzhou
Shanghai
Guangzhou
Dalian
Guiyang
Chongqing
36% residents
own bicycles
60% of the population lives in rural areas

•E-bike” in China
Rapid development of E-bike ——why not allowed to use?
10,000 units
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1950
1121
675.7
399.7
152.8
5.8 14.8 29.3 58
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Modal Split
Tokyo
—— Share of Public Transport,
Marseille
Nancy
Lyons
Walk and Bicycle
Munich
Nagoya
Hamburger
Amsterdam
New York
Toronto
Chicago
San Francisco
Nanning
Shanghai
Wuhan
Taiyuan
Chengdu
Nanjing
Hefei
Ningbo
Beijing
Guangzhou
Shijiazhuang
Chongqing
Guiyang
Hangzhou
Dalian
Lanzhou
Share of walk, bicycle and public transport
Chinese citizens prefer to choose walk, bicycle, and public transport as commuter comparing with the
developed country cities. However, there are challenges to keep such trends in the procedure of
economic development and private car increase.

Challenges 7 :
How to provide safer urban road and transport systems
to promote the increasing of the city’s competence?
Traffic Death

Death in Ten Thousand Vehicles
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
15.6
Death/10000 vehicles
1.01 1.43
Japan Germany China
Death in Hundred Thousand Population
In 2006, 378,381 traffic accidents ,nearly 89,455 deaths,
431,139 injuries,and direct economic loss 14.9 billion RMB.

Development stage in China
Field
Pattern change feature
Development idea
Driving mechanism
Urban management
Urban-rural relationship
Policy implementation
Speed - quality
Single Industry-Integrated
economic transformation
Government plan ---Market
orientation
Urban --- integrated Urban and rural
development
Government – Government and
public participant

Government activities
The scientific concept of development
Harmonious society
Resource efficient and environmental friendly society
Institutional reform
Public transport priority

Vision
——Sustainable Urban Transport in China
An efficient, economical, harmonious, safe, and environmental
friendly transport system suitable for the urban sustainable
development
1. To meet the needs of the national social and economy
2. To reflect the stage character of urban transport
development and different value and culture
orientations of Chinese people
3. The harmony between the resource-environment and
economic-society development

Strategic Priorities
1. Institution and Mechanism Innovation
The new “Ministry of Transport” have been established by the state
council on march, 2008. The responsibility of urban transport transferred
to the new Ministry of Transport from former Ministry of Construction,
which launched the first step to promote the comprehensive transport
development in China.
Modified the city transport authority according to the new MOT structure
The coordination mechanism should be established for the separated
management mode.

2. Prioritize Public Transport in Urban and Suburb Area
Establish the Public Transport Planning integrated Urban and Suburb
Area
Improve the infrastructure construction of public transport, especial in
BRT & Metro
Establish the economic favorable policy cover urban and rural transport
service
Implement the access management between the urban street and
highway, and refine the design guideline for the connect segment
Accelerate the application of new technologies and intelligent
technologies in Public Transport

Transport for all
BRT in Beijing
State council mandates
priority for public transport in
Dec. 2005
BRT in Jinan
BRT in Hangzhou

3. Coordinate Transport and Land Use ( TOD )
Urban master plan and comprehensive transport plan should be
integrated and coordinated.
Integrated transport planning should be formulated based on the
integration between urban and suburb areas, and between urban
transport and inter-city transport.
Integrated transport bubs with interoperability between different
transport modes should be developed to ensure Transit Oriented
Development (the TOD model).

4. Implement TDM, balancing demand and supply
Guide the rational use of cars through integrated TDM measures,
such as congestion charging and high parking fees in the city
center.
Adopt the integrated TDM measures according to traffic demands
Regulate the spatial distribution of traffic demands through
advanced traffic information service and price difference of tickets
establish some policy to promote the implementation of
personal trips planning

Before
Case: Limited the usage of private car in Beijing
—— “ Odd or Even number”
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
30.5
16.8
32.1
35.06
Speed 速 度 (km/h)
提 Increase 高 比 例 %
rate (%)
22.37
26.9
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
After
25
5
24
The whole 全 路 网 network Rush 早 hour 高 峰 (Morning) Rush hour 晚 高 (Afternoon) 峰
0

5. Resource Conservation and Environmental Friendly Transport
Improve environmental protection systems and strengthen
governmental monitoring and supervision capability
Slow growth in transport energy use, especially oil consumption
Conserve land resources
Control air pollution to improve urban air quality and health

International Workshop on Integrated Transport
for Sustainable Urban Development
Date and Venue:
• December 8-10, 2008
• Beijing Continental Grand Hotel, Beijing Municipality, P. R. China
Main Themes:
• Institutional Innovation reform
• Finance schemes
• Integration of land use and transport
• Transport demand management
• Advanced technology applications,
• Links between urban transport , health and environment.
Welcome to attend this workshop!

Thanks for your attention