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Agriculture 2011 The New Generation of Drippers Dr. Gidi Sagi Drip irrigation is the most efficient and water saving irrigation method. It has become the most popular and the leading irrigation method used in intensive agriculture during the past three decades. However, the extensive use of more sophisticated irrigation methods, such as very low dripper flow-rate, pulse irrigation and SDI (Subsurface Drip Irrigation) along with the global tendency for the increased use of low quality, marginal water and reclaimed effluent water 26 for irrigation, have necessitated the development of a new generation of drippers. The R&D demands characteristic of the new generation of drippers were quite challenging: Small flat PC dripper – a dripper with a large variety of lateral diameters and wall thicknesses, for versatile irrigation design and a cost effective product. Clogging resistant dripper: a dripper with a large inlet filter, wide water passages with no narrow orifices and a
Agriculture 2011 Figure 2: A very large inlet filter of the Vardit dripper. 7 8 area and enables water to enter the dripper through one of the many active inlets (Figure 2). The size of the active inlet filter is very important for dripper block resistance. Studies have shown that most of the drippers’ clogs are found on the inlet filter and that the active area size has a major impact on dripper clog resistance. The Assif dripper is an anti -siphon PC dripper designed mainly for SDI. The anti-siphon mechanism prevents the suction of surrounding water and dirt into the dripper, at the end of the irrigation cycle, when the dripline is drained and vacuum pressure conditions develop on some areas along the lateral. The Assif dripper is produced with the Rootguard version for reliable root protection in SDI. Figure 1: The Inbar drippers appear to be almost identical from the outside. Figure 3: Partial clogging of the inlet filter of the Inbar dripper, when using effluent water, still enables the nominal dripper flow-rate. turbulent, high velocity flow pattern to prevent particles from settling in the dripper. Non-drain dripper: a dripper that keeps the lateral filled with water between irrigation cycles, for immediate watering from all drippers along the drip-line with each irrigation cycle. Anti-siphon dripper: a dripper that shuts down simultaneously with the drop of pressure in the lateral at the end of the irrigation cycle, to prevent air and water suction through the dripper outlet and the penetration of sand and soil into the dripper - mainly for SDI. Rootguard dripper: a dripper that contains impregnated chemicals which prevent root intrusion into the dripper in SDI, eliminating the need for any other treatment for many years. The new Inbar dripper collection was developed by Metzerplas to meet the challenges of the new generation of drippers. The group includes three drippers, which seem almost identical from the outside (Figure 1), but are distinguished by unique designs to accomplish special individual features. The Vardit dripper is a small, flat PC dripper with a very large inlet filter that covers most of the dripper surface The Inbar dripper is an ND (Non-Drain) and AS flat PC dripper that keeps the lateral filled with water between the irrigation cycles. In a regular drip-line, the lateral is not filled with water at all times and the first drippers start to irrigate prior to the adjacent ones. In long laterals, the time required for a complete filling and for pressure to be built up can take more than several minutes. Pulse irrigation, characterized by many short irrigation cycles during the day, increases the difference in the watering level of each dripper along the drip-line. In a ND drip-line, all of the drippers along the lateral start watering at the same time for better and uniform water distribution. The revision of the features of both the ND and the AS drippers has included a slight reduction in the size of the inlet filter of the Assif and Inbar models in comparison to the Vardit dripper, but the active inlet filter has remained quite large to ensure free water passage into the dripper, for all water quality levels. Field trials conducted with Inbar drippers, using secondary treated effluent water without additional chemical treatment (chlorination or acidification), have been studied during the past three years. The results indicate that the drippers maintain their nominal flow rate, but the inlet filter shows partial clogging (Figure 3). The inlet filter is large enough and contains several active holes, each of them capable of supplying the entire dripper flow-rate, to ensure clog resistance. gsagi@zahav.net.il 27
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