Workshop on the Establishment of a Geological Model of ...

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Chapter 16 The abyssal Clarion‐Clipperton Zone: ecological characteristics and current research related to biodiversity Dr. Craig R. Smith, Professor, Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America 249 PART III Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 RESOURCE EVALUATION CONSIDERATIONS Polymetallic nodule resource evaluation in the Central Indian Ocean Basin Dr. Vijay Kodagali, Scientists Project/Director, Department Of Ocean Development, New Delhi, India COMRA resource assessment of the polymetallic nodule deposits in the Chinese Area of the Clarion‐Clipperton Zone (The Western Part) Jiancai Jin, Deputy Permanent Representative, Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the International Seabed Authority, Kingston 6, Jamaica Polymetallic nodule resource assessment in the Equatorial South Pacific: considerations in respect of an interpolative geological model Allen L. Clark, Senior Fellow, East‐West Centre, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96734, United States of America 276 286 300 PART IV RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE WORKSHOP Chapter 20 Working group deliberations 319 Chapter 21 Working group reports and recommendations of the <strong>Workshop</strong> for the Establishment of the Geological Model 329 Concluding remarks of the Secretary‐General of the International Seabed Authority H.E. Ambassador Satya N. Nandan Closing remarks of the Director of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission Alfred SImpson 357 358 3 | P age
FOREWORD Welcoming remarks and address by the Honourable Jonetani Cokanasiga, Minister of Home Affairs and Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs of Fiji Honourable Satya Nandan and all participants, welcome to Fiji. Your Excellency, Secretary‐General of the International Seabed Authority, distinguished scientists and workshop participants, I would also like to say good morning and bula to my Fijian colleagues here: the Director of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC), the Director of Mineral Resources and others from Fiji who are here this morning. It is not often that we in Fiji have an opportunity to host such an important gathering of technical experts from the world at large who have been working in such a pioneering frontier such as deep‐sea mineral exploration. This workshop on the establishment of a geological model of polymetallic nodule deposits in the Clarion‐Clipperton Zone is one of several over the years hosted by the International Seabed Authority. I am given to understand that it is only the second time that such an important meeting of the International Seabed Authority is being held outside of Jamaica. We therefore feel very honoured to have been chosen to host this conference. Fiji, ladies and gentlemen, has a long‐standing interest in the oceans. We were one of the first coastal states to ratify the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention when it was opened for signature in 1982, and one of the four applicants to serve as host to the headquarters of the International Seabed Authority. Unfortunately, we lost out to Kingston, Jamaica. However, we remain committed to the Organization and its goals and we are indeed happy to note that one of our esteemed diplomats and a son of Fiji was the first (and continues to be) Secretary‐General. Fiji has a long history of mining and mineral exploration with continuous activity at our gold mine at Vatukoula for over 70 years. Fiji’s location along the Pacific Rim of Fire means that there is good potential for the discovery of other significant deposits on land. We are therefore quite familiar with exploration for minerals being carried out in our land. It has therefore been of tremendous interest for us to see as well (for over three decades now) marine scientific research being carried out in and around our exclusive economic zone and we have actively encouraged and promoted these activities. Whilst some of this research has been for pure science, others have not. This has raised questions among some of us as to what such work entails, and raises hopes as to what economic benefits such research could bring, should some of these discoveries be exploited in the future. We have questions as to whether there will be mining in our offshore seas, and if so when? Fiji and other Pacific island States pin their future hopes on the development of their oceans, which exceed by inordinate orders of magnitude our land areas. We have often wondered, maybe even dreamed about, what vast unknown riches the ocean deeps hold. It is my understanding that the intention of a workshop such as this is to bring about a bit of realism to what we imagine exists. Hence our extreme interest in your forthcoming proceedings. Ever since the discovery of mineral deposits on the seafloor well over a century ago, man has dreamed of potential benefits and untold riches. However, it is only in the past several decades that measured steps have been taken towards quantitatively assessing the deposits, and estimating resource and reserves, and of course, developing technologies to mine them. The difficulty has been one of access, to allow us to get an appreciation of the size, shape and structure of such deep ocean deposits. The Pacific Ocean is home to a wide variety and perhaps the whole spectrum of marine mineral deposits, from manganese nodules, cobaltrich crusts to hydrothermal muds and polymetallic sulphides. While many of these deposits are to be found in international waters (such as the Clarion‐Clipperton region), a significant number are to be found within the exclusive economic zones of the Pacific island States, including my own country, Fiji. As such, they represent a future economic, and possibly only mineral, resource for nations with limited resources on land. 4 | P age
Page 1 and 2: Establishment of a Geological Model
Page 3 and 4: The designations employed and the p
Page 5: PART II Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter
Page 9 and 10: Introductory remarks by His Excelle
Page 11 and 12: PARTICIPANTS Mrs. Naomi Atauea, Min
Page 13 and 14: South Pacific Applied Geoscience Co
Page 15 and 16: waters, where biological activity i
Page 17 and 18: At the Workshop, R
Page 19 and 20: the results of resource assessment
Page 21 and 22: deposits in the CCZ, illustrating t
Page 23 and 24: soft and hard. This transparent lay
Page 25 and 26: athed by cold water, around 4 degre
Page 27 and 28: export productivity - the part of t
Page 29 and 30: activity in the CCZ, seabed topogra
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 2 THE INTERNATIONAL SEABED
Page 33 and 34: eserved area and for their individu
Page 35 and 36: station, that is, nickel, copper, c
Page 37 and 38: Figure 9 illustrates the different
Page 39 and 40: Pioneer investors also provided bat
Page 41 and 42: order to identify possible discrepa
Page 43 and 44: Utilizing these statistics, Mr. de
Page 45 and 46: CHAPTER 3 A RESOURCE MODEL FOR DEEP
Page 47 and 48: The reserved areas are delimited by
Page 49 and 50: Figure 5: Bathymetric map of Blocks
Page 51 and 52: Considering the available data sets
Page 53 and 54: 3,200 million tonnes of nodules (av
Page 55 and 56: Table 1 Global resource model resul
Page 57 and 58:
22 23 Figure 18: Resource model sho
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unlikely that major decisions will
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geological model (Figure 19) to be,
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Recalling Mr. de Souza’s presenta
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The Resource Model • Array of cel
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Copper grade Figure 33 Cobalt grade
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He further said that, in land‐bas
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lock Block 16 Block 17 Block 18 Blo
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CHAPTER 4 REQUIREMENTS FOR DATA SUB
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Data requirements The Authority rec
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Quality of data to be submitted to
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SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION Mr. Diène
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• The programme of work and any c
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CHAPTER 5 GEOLOGICAL MODEL INPUTS D
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Total sediment thickness. Growth of
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water chlorophyll concentrations as
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een used for other spatial estimati
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prospectors, who can then provide i
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Figure 16: Benthic currents from th
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twenty million years was the limit
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comparing the raw data with the co
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CHAPTER 6 INTEGRATION OF GEOPHYSICA
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Figure 1 presents a summary chart o
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Figure 2: This perspective view is
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• (Strategy to access) Parameters
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Dr. Parson suggested that since the
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CHAPTER 7 GEOLOGY OF THE CLARION‐
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eserved areas. With regard to singl
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asis of geological and oceanographi
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America: the Ocean Minerals Company
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information necessary for the devel
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Ocean floor morphology The CCZ is a
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According to the Geostat analysis (
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Figure 12: Comparison of the reserv
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This map is the first to emphasize
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From the earlier stages of sediment
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However, Dr. Morgan’s sketch does
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Figure 25: Manganese and Copper As
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Figure 29 represents a sketch map o
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Copper The copper content of the no
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Moreover, as mentioned above, there
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As indicated by Figure 42, there is
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The following preliminary conclusio
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Halbach, P., Ozkara, M. and Rehm, E
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Yubko ,V.M. and Lygina, T.I., 2002,
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He said that within the CCZ, there
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concentrations and high‐grade nod
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It is obvious that major relief for
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Figure 7: Local relief in the abbys
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The results of nodule research in t
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Metal content and tectonics Mangane
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Cobalt An analysis of the cobalt gr
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION Dr. Kaz
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Dr. Kazmin said that although he co
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deposits first and then attempt to
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The Phoenix Island exclusive econom
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maximum in the south. Thus, in keep
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layers. Nevertheless, enough organi
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Banerjee, R., Roy, S., Dasgupta, S.
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Professor Cronan said that the larg
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declining values as one went toward
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. Figure 1: Location of survey area
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Figure 3: Schematic core diagram fo
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are indicated by I, II, and III. Th
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The earliest nodule growth around n
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Figure 11: Size distributions of ma
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The particle flux in each zone is a
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In area SO‐25‐1 the age of the
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used as marker reflectors for the d
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If one assumes that the total area
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needs to correlate those functions.
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These experts should be invited by
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of the paper for his presentation.
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According to Professor Beiersdorf,
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Professor Hoffert said that a compa
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Figure 1: Location of sectors of Co
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Sediments In the eastern area, thre
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Fe > Mg > Mn to form a series of 5.
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Distribution of the genetic types o
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A gradual increase in contribution
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increases (from 10.3 to 46.8 per ce
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are found. The general north‐sout
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that IOM had been granted pioneer i
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Kotliński, the hydrogenetic, small
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CHAPTER 13 REGIONAL AND LOCAL TREND
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The types of regional zoning made a
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Figure 8b: Scheme of ore accumulati
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other from the north to the south a
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Figure 15: Geomorphological scheme
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Figure 20: Buried downcuttings, str
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topographic feature in the south, w
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测站数 180 160 140 120 100 80
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(a) Large amounts of basic volcanic
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Professor Lu identified the main co
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suggest that the organic matter con
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Prospecting criteria Prospecting cr
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According to Dr. Verlaan, the start
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The final element discussed by Dr.
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EXAMPLES OF LOW RATES - - infaunal
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- Very high local species diversity
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Extrapolation yields an estimated 1
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Apparent ranges of polychaete speci
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In addition to studying the three f
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‐ Distribution and diversity of m
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Because deep‐sea benthos are food
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Megafauna, NW Atlantic slope: (a) X
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“Macrofauna” = animals retained
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Characteristics of Deep Seafloor -
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disturbance, from being inundated b
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ought back in samples from the Paci
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Dr. Smith said there were additiona
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CHAPTER 17 POLYMETALLIC NODULES RES
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Bathymetric and nodule distribution
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Resources A resource evaluation was
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He showed the generalized bathymetr
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Dr. Kodagali said that, for the net
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CHAPTER 18 THE CHINA OCEAN MINERAL
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Deposit: Ore: distribution and cove
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Ni‐equivalent abundance The Ni‐
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Result Based on the data and inform
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Table 1: Tonnage and tonnage per un
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Table 6 Resource amount in blocks o
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Compared with other areas in the CC
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CHAPTER 19 POLYMETALLIC NODULE RESO
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3. The Manihiki Plateau, in the nor
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environments and their impact on oc
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Figure 6: Submarine geomorphologic
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The Cook Islands nodules and those
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Table 1 Comparison of the Cook Isla
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structure and large spiral loops Hi
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Glasby, G.P. et.al., 1986, “Geolo
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the major topographic feature of th
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In conclusion, Dr. Clark stressed t
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The group viewed the carbonate comp
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interpretation and analysis of the
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the geological model. In particular
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In terms of nodule data, let me jus
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very intense, and the waters are ne
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• Complete documentation of metho
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young oceanic plate, with the crust
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Volcanic Activity The general struc
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Data Sources Data sources to be inc
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‐ Transparent‐layer materials a
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• Universities and Institutions
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‐ An evaluation of palaeo to rece
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• Distance of seafloor from CCD
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• Collaborate on a regular basis
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Improved resource assessment The im
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With regard to the programme of wor
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group thinking about how it wanted
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perhaps elsewhere; it could also pr
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processes with geological and benth
Page 361 and 362:
Alf Simpson Director SOPAC Secretar
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