Workshop on the Establishment of a Geological Model of ...

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Co-ordinates Turning Point 4 6 5 7 8 Turning points 30 31 1 2 3 12 11 9 Block 18 Latitude Longitude 1 11 05.00' 128 07.00' 2 10 48.81' 128 07.00' 3 ............ ............... 28 35 18 16 14 13 25 36 23 19 21 20 Sampling data Sampling data B 18 Station Latitude Longitude Depth Abund Mn Fe Ni Cu Co 1 23015 11 05.00' 128 07.00' 4627 10.28 27.78 4.85 1.25 1.30 0.21 2 23016 10 48.81' 128 07.00' 4838 6.95 29.38 4.08 1.21 1.26 0.19 3 ............ ............... ............... ........ ........ ..... .... ... .. ... Figure 5 With regard to coordinates, it is important to bear in mind that the Authority was provided with different sets of data and information by each of the pioneer investors. The first group of applicants for areas in the Clarion‐Clipperton Zone provided coordinates obtained with the transit satellite system, which was based on satellite fixes received every 2‐6 hours. The precision of those coordinates is between a few hundred metres to several kilometres. After 1994, the other group of pioneer investors started to use the Global Positioning System with a fixed point every second, providing an accuracy of 100 metres. Since 2000, the accuracy of positioning systems has increased to 10 metres. As such, the accuracy of the data on coordinates in POLYDAT shows considerable variation (Figure 6). Co-ordinates (positioning) • Transit satellite system • Fixed point every 2 hours • Estimation of drift • 0.5 km to several km accuracy • Better with Loch Doppler (0.5 km) • Navstar Global Positioning System (GPS) • Fixed point every second • Accuracy 100 m from 1994 to 2000 • Accuracy 10 m since 2000 31 | P age Figure 6 Sampling data include the latitude and longitude of each sample station, the abundance of nodules at the station in kilograms per square metres, the metal content of nodules (percentage) recovered from the
station, that is, nickel, copper, cobalt and manganese, and in some cases, the iron content of the nodules (Figure 5). It is important to understand what is referred to as sampling data and how they are acquired. Sampling data are the averages of several measurements that were taken in a nearby location. Some of the pioneer investors, for example, used seven sampling devices that could collect nodules and take pictures of the seafloor. Others used three devices, with two collecting nodules and the other taking pictures of the seafloor. Yet others used four sampling devices. One pioneer investor, however, used only one device at each sampling station, but that device could take pictures before the sampler touched the seafloor to collect nodules and re‐photograph the area. Therefore, different methodologies were used to collect nodules and quantify them with regard to abundance and metal content. On one hand, samplers, such as free‐fall grabs, which were used by most of the pioneers, could sample an area of approximately 20 per cent of a square metre, which is about 20 times the size of a nodule. Others used cable‐operated grabs that could sample an area 20 times larger than a nodule. Still others, using box‐corers, could sample one square metre, representing 100 times the size of a nodule. A photograph, on the other hand, normally shows about four square metres of the seabed, which is, 200 to 400 times the size of a nodule. It is important to point this out, because without photographs of the seafloor, abundance becomes difficult to determine. Figure 7 shows one of the sampling devices used by the pioneer investors. It is a free‐fall grab. It is launched from the surface ship and dives to the sea bottom, where it takes photographs and collects nodules. Upon releasing a dead weight, it starts its ascent to the surface. Free‐fall grabs are generally equipped with a radio, a flashlight and a flag which allows them to be located and recovered by the surface ship. Figure 7 also shows an example of collected nodules along with photographs taken at the location. With the photographs, the pioneer investors could observe nodule density and nodule morphology and through them, determine the abundance of nodules in a given area. Figure 7 The collected nodule samples are first described through the number of pieces, dimensions, colour, shape, texture, size, etc. Their internal structure is also described after cutting and polishing aand a representative part of the sample is extracted for chemical analysis. All of this information is essential for studying resource distribution on the seabed. However, POLYDAT does not contain any of the above information, in particular, in photographs. Therefore, no critical analysis of nodule abundance in the reserved areas is possible. The collected samples also make it possible to proceed with chemical analysis, and to determine the percentage of the metals of economic interest and others in the nodules. 32 | P age
Page 1 and 2: Establishment of a Geological Model
Page 3 and 4: The designations employed and the p
Page 5 and 6: PART II Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter
Page 7 and 8: FOREWORD Welcoming remarks and addr
Page 9 and 10: Introductory remarks by His Excelle
Page 11 and 12: PARTICIPANTS Mrs. Naomi Atauea, Min
Page 13 and 14: South Pacific Applied Geoscience Co
Page 15 and 16: waters, where biological activity i
Page 17 and 18: At the Workshop, R
Page 19 and 20: the results of resource assessment
Page 21 and 22: deposits in the CCZ, illustrating t
Page 23 and 24: soft and hard. This transparent lay
Page 25 and 26: athed by cold water, around 4 degre
Page 27 and 28: export productivity - the part of t
Page 29 and 30: activity in the CCZ, seabed topogra
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 2 THE INTERNATIONAL SEABED
Page 33: eserved area and for their individu
Page 37 and 38: Figure 9 illustrates the different
Page 39 and 40: Pioneer investors also provided bat
Page 41 and 42: order to identify possible discrepa
Page 43 and 44: Utilizing these statistics, Mr. de
Page 45 and 46: CHAPTER 3 A RESOURCE MODEL FOR DEEP
Page 47 and 48: The reserved areas are delimited by
Page 49 and 50: Figure 5: Bathymetric map of Blocks
Page 51 and 52: Considering the available data sets
Page 53 and 54: 3,200 million tonnes of nodules (av
Page 55 and 56: Table 1 Global resource model resul
Page 57 and 58: 22 23 Figure 18: Resource model sho
Page 59 and 60: unlikely that major decisions will
Page 61 and 62: geological model (Figure 19) to be,
Page 63 and 64: Recalling Mr. de Souza’s presenta
Page 65 and 66: The Resource Model • Array of cel
Page 67 and 68: Copper grade Figure 33 Cobalt grade
Page 69 and 70: He further said that, in land‐bas
Page 71 and 72: lock Block 16 Block 17 Block 18 Blo
Page 73 and 74: CHAPTER 4 REQUIREMENTS FOR DATA SUB
Page 75 and 76: Data requirements The Authority rec
Page 77 and 78: Quality of data to be submitted to
Page 79 and 80: SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION Mr. Diène
Page 81 and 82: • The programme of work and any c
Page 83 and 84: CHAPTER 5 GEOLOGICAL MODEL INPUTS D
Page 85 and 86:
Total sediment thickness. Growth of
Page 87 and 88:
water chlorophyll concentrations as
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een used for other spatial estimati
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prospectors, who can then provide i
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Figure 16: Benthic currents from th
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twenty million years was the limit
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comparing the raw data with the co
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CHAPTER 6 INTEGRATION OF GEOPHYSICA
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Figure 1 presents a summary chart o
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Figure 2: This perspective view is
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• (Strategy to access) Parameters
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Dr. Parson suggested that since the
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CHAPTER 7 GEOLOGY OF THE CLARION‐
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eserved areas. With regard to singl
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asis of geological and oceanographi
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America: the Ocean Minerals Company
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information necessary for the devel
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Ocean floor morphology The CCZ is a
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According to the Geostat analysis (
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Figure 12: Comparison of the reserv
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This map is the first to emphasize
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From the earlier stages of sediment
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However, Dr. Morgan’s sketch does
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Figure 25: Manganese and Copper As
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Figure 29 represents a sketch map o
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Copper The copper content of the no
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Moreover, as mentioned above, there
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As indicated by Figure 42, there is
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The following preliminary conclusio
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Halbach, P., Ozkara, M. and Rehm, E
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Yubko ,V.M. and Lygina, T.I., 2002,
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He said that within the CCZ, there
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concentrations and high‐grade nod
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It is obvious that major relief for
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Figure 7: Local relief in the abbys
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The results of nodule research in t
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Metal content and tectonics Mangane
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Cobalt An analysis of the cobalt gr
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION Dr. Kaz
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Dr. Kazmin said that although he co
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deposits first and then attempt to
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The Phoenix Island exclusive econom
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maximum in the south. Thus, in keep
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layers. Nevertheless, enough organi
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Banerjee, R., Roy, S., Dasgupta, S.
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Professor Cronan said that the larg
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declining values as one went toward
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. Figure 1: Location of survey area
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Figure 3: Schematic core diagram fo
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are indicated by I, II, and III. Th
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The earliest nodule growth around n
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Figure 11: Size distributions of ma
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The particle flux in each zone is a
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In area SO‐25‐1 the age of the
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used as marker reflectors for the d
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If one assumes that the total area
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needs to correlate those functions.
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These experts should be invited by
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of the paper for his presentation.
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According to Professor Beiersdorf,
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Professor Hoffert said that a compa
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Figure 1: Location of sectors of Co
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Sediments In the eastern area, thre
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Fe > Mg > Mn to form a series of 5.
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Distribution of the genetic types o
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A gradual increase in contribution
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increases (from 10.3 to 46.8 per ce
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are found. The general north‐sout
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that IOM had been granted pioneer i
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Kotliński, the hydrogenetic, small
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CHAPTER 13 REGIONAL AND LOCAL TREND
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The types of regional zoning made a
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Figure 8b: Scheme of ore accumulati
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other from the north to the south a
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Figure 15: Geomorphological scheme
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Figure 20: Buried downcuttings, str
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topographic feature in the south, w
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测站数 180 160 140 120 100 80
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(a) Large amounts of basic volcanic
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Professor Lu identified the main co
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suggest that the organic matter con
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Prospecting criteria Prospecting cr
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According to Dr. Verlaan, the start
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The final element discussed by Dr.
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EXAMPLES OF LOW RATES - - infaunal
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- Very high local species diversity
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Extrapolation yields an estimated 1
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Apparent ranges of polychaete speci
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In addition to studying the three f
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‐ Distribution and diversity of m
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Because deep‐sea benthos are food
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Megafauna, NW Atlantic slope: (a) X
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“Macrofauna” = animals retained
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Characteristics of Deep Seafloor -
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disturbance, from being inundated b
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ought back in samples from the Paci
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Dr. Smith said there were additiona
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CHAPTER 17 POLYMETALLIC NODULES RES
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Bathymetric and nodule distribution
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Resources A resource evaluation was
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He showed the generalized bathymetr
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Dr. Kodagali said that, for the net
Page 289 and 290:
CHAPTER 18 THE CHINA OCEAN MINERAL
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Deposit: Ore: distribution and cove
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Ni‐equivalent abundance The Ni‐
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Result Based on the data and inform
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Table 1: Tonnage and tonnage per un
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Table 6 Resource amount in blocks o
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Compared with other areas in the CC
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CHAPTER 19 POLYMETALLIC NODULE RESO
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3. The Manihiki Plateau, in the nor
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environments and their impact on oc
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Figure 6: Submarine geomorphologic
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The Cook Islands nodules and those
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Table 1 Comparison of the Cook Isla
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structure and large spiral loops Hi
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Glasby, G.P. et.al., 1986, “Geolo
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the major topographic feature of th
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In conclusion, Dr. Clark stressed t
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The group viewed the carbonate comp
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interpretation and analysis of the
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the geological model. In particular
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In terms of nodule data, let me jus
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very intense, and the waters are ne
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• Complete documentation of metho
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young oceanic plate, with the crust
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Volcanic Activity The general struc
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Data Sources Data sources to be inc
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‐ Transparent‐layer materials a
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• Universities and Institutions
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‐ An evaluation of palaeo to rece
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• Distance of seafloor from CCD
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• Collaborate on a regular basis
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Improved resource assessment The im
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With regard to the programme of wor
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group thinking about how it wanted
Page 357 and 358:
perhaps elsewhere; it could also pr
Page 359 and 360:
processes with geological and benth
Page 361 and 362:
Alf Simpson Director SOPAC Secretar
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