Workshop on the Establishment of a Geological Model of ...

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EEZ. The Aitukaki Passage area shows the most abundant manganese nodule concentration in the Cook Islands Metal concentration in the manganese nodules in particular cobalt, copper and nickel is inferred to be related to the circulation of the Antarctic Bottom Water currents within the Cook Islands EEZ. This physio‐chemical control results in the cobalt content in the nodules being highest (0.5‐0.8%) in the southern and central regions; in addition, in the southern region, the nodule abundance is higher than in the northern region. Conversely, copper and nickel contents are highest in the northern region, where nodule abundance is lower. The geology, microtopography, and ocean environment of the Cook Islands EEZ is quite different than that of the Clarion‐Clipperton Zone (CCZ). As a result, the manganese nodules of the Cook Islands EEZ and the CCZ differ in form, structure and chemical composition. The nodules of the Cook Islands EEZ are generally smaller, smoother in surface and more symmetrical (approaching spherical) than the CCZ nodules, which are characterized by a flatter bottom side of the nodules. The CCZ nodules contain an average metal content of Cu 1%, Ni 1.3% and Co 0.23%, as compared to those of the Cook Islands EEZ, which contain Cu 0.19%, Ni 0.32%, and Co 0.45%. The 2.5 times enrichment of cobalt in the Cook Islands EEZ nodules is obvious, as is the enrichment of the copper and nickel in the CCZ nodules. Average nodule densities in the Cook Islands EEZ areas are generally higher compared to the CCZ areas by almost a factor of two. Variogram analyses of nodule abundance and composition from the Cook Islands EEZ and the CCZ show that the nodule abundance and compositions of the former zone are significantly more spatially correlated, that is,, more uniform in abundance and composition than in the CCZ. The variogram analyses of the cobalt abundance in the central region of the Cook Islands EEZ show particularly high values of 80‐105 g/m² in an area that is between 14 o ‐18 o S lat and 157 o ‐161 o W long. References Cronan, D.S. et al., 1991, “Manganese Nodules in the EEZs of island countries in the Southwestern equatorial Pacific” in Marine Geology 98 (1991), pp. 425‐435. Dalrymple, G.B., Jarrard, R.D. and Clague D.A.,1975, “K‐Ar ages of some volcanic rocks from the Cook and Austral Islands,” in Bulletin of The Geological Society of America 86, pp. 1463‐1467. David, M., 1977, Geostatistical Ore Reserve Estimation, Amsterdam/Oxford,/New York: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., chapter 4. Doutch, H.F. and McDougall, I., 1976, “Liner volcanism in French Polynesia” in Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 1, pp. 197‐227. Exon, N.F. ,1980, Cruise Report No. 42: results of nodule analysis, NR/CCOP/SOPAC (9) CR. 11, June 17, 1980. Exon, N.F., 1981, “Manganese nodules in the Cook Islands region, Southwest Pacific, South Pacific”, Marine Geology Notes, 2,4, 47‐65. Exon, N.F., 1981, “Manganese Nodules in the Cook Islands Region, Southwest Pacific”, Technical Secretariat, CCOP/SOPAC‐ESCAP Series Suva, Fiji, vol. 2 no. 4(Jun, 1981), pp. 47‐65. Exon, N.F., 1983, “Manganese nodule deposits in the central Pacific Ocean and their variation with latitude” in Marine Mining, vol. 4, No.1, pp.79‐107. French Delegation, 1981, “Prospecting for Manganese Nodules by France in the South Pacific”, NR/CCOP/SOPAC (10) CR.7‐I‐51, September 28, 1981. 313 | P age
Glasby, G.P. et.al., 1986, “Geological and Geophysical Studies of the Manihiki Plateau and Adjacent Seamounts and Islands in the Southwest Pacific: H.M.N.Z.S. TUI Cruise, 1986, unpublished CCOP/SOPAC Cruise report. Glasby, G.P. et.al., 1983, “Manganese nodule distribution, mineralogy and geochemistry and relation to sediment type in the Aitutaki Passage, Southwest Pacific”, HIG‐83‐1 publication (March, 1983). Glasby, G.P., 1978, “Notes on the Surface texture, Internal Structure and Mineralogy of Manganese Nodules from the South Pacific”, HIG‐83‐1 publication (March, 1983). Glasby, G.P., 1978, “Notes on the Surface Texture, Internal Structure and Mineralogy of Manganese Nodules from the South Penrhyn Basin” Technical Secretariat CCOP/SOPAC‐ESCAP Series, Suva Fiji, vol. 1 no. 7(Aug, 1978), pp.71‐ 76. Heezen, B.C., Glass, B. and Menard, H.W., 1966, “The Manihiki Plateau” in Deep‐Sea Research 13, pp. 445‐458. Horn, D.R., Horn, B. and Delach, M.N., 1972, “Worldwide Distribution and Metal Content of Deep‐Sea Manganese Deposits”, Manganese Nodule Deposits in the Pacific: Symposium/<strong>Workshop</strong> Proceedings, Oct 16‐17, 1972, Honolulu, Hawaii. Horn, D.R., Horn, B.N. and Delach, M.N., 1973, “Factors which control the distribution of ferromanganese nodules and proposed research vessels track N. Pacific” 1973 Technical Report No. 8, NSF GX33616. Johnson, C.J., and Clark, A.L., 1990, “Introduction in the conference on marine mining technology for the twentyfirst century” in Materials and Society, vol. 14, No. ¾, pp. 205‐208. Journel, A.G. and Ch.J. Huijbregts, 1978 in Mining Geostatistics, London: Academic Press, pp. 26‐147. Kroenke, L.W., Jouannic, C and Woodward, P., 1983, Bathymetry of the southwest Pacific: Chart 1 of the geophysical Atlas of the Southwest Pacific, CCOP/SOPAC, Suva, Fiji. Landmesser, C.W. and Kroenke, L.W., 1976, Cruise Report: Cook Islands Offshore Survey, CCOP/SOPAC Technical Secretariat Project Report No. 4 (July 28, 1976). Landmesser, C.W., et al., 1976, “Manganese Nodules from the South Penrhyn Basin, Southwest Pacific”, Technical Secretariat CCOP/SOPAC‐ESCAP Series, Suva, Fiji, vol. 1, no. 3 (Nov, 1976), pp. 17‐18. Manheim, F.T., 1986, “Marine cobalt resources” in Science 232, pp. 600‐608. Metal Mining Agency of Japan, 1986, “Ocean resources investigation in the sea area of CCOP/SOPAC”, report on the joint basic study for the development of resources. Metal Mining Agency of Japan, 1987. “Ocean resources investigation in the sea area of CCOP/SOPAC”, report on the joint basic study for the development of resources. Metal Mining Agency of Japan, 1991, “Ocean resources investigation in the sea area of CCOP/SOPAC”, report on the joint basic study for the development of resources. Meylan, M.A. Glasby, G.P., Hill P.J., McKelvey, B.C., Walter, P. and Stoffers, P. , 1990, “Manganese crusts and nodules from the Manihiki Plateau and adjacent areas: results of HMNZS Tui cruises” in Marine Mining, v.9, pp. 73‐86. 314 | Page
Page 1 and 2:
Establishment of a Geological Model
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The designations employed and the p
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PART II Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter
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FOREWORD Welcoming remarks and addr
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Introductory remarks by His Excelle
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PARTICIPANTS Mrs. Naomi Atauea, Min
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South Pacific Applied Geoscience Co
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waters, where biological activity i
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At the Workshop, R
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the results of resource assessment
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deposits in the CCZ, illustrating t
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soft and hard. This transparent lay
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athed by cold water, around 4 degre
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export productivity - the part of t
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activity in the CCZ, seabed topogra
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CHAPTER 2 THE INTERNATIONAL SEABED
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eserved area and for their individu
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station, that is, nickel, copper, c
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Figure 9 illustrates the different
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Pioneer investors also provided bat
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order to identify possible discrepa
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Utilizing these statistics, Mr. de
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CHAPTER 3 A RESOURCE MODEL FOR DEEP
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The reserved areas are delimited by
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Figure 5: Bathymetric map of Blocks
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Considering the available data sets
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3,200 million tonnes of nodules (av
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Table 1 Global resource model resul
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22 23 Figure 18: Resource model sho
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unlikely that major decisions will
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geological model (Figure 19) to be,
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Recalling Mr. de Souza’s presenta
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The Resource Model • Array of cel
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Copper grade Figure 33 Cobalt grade
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He further said that, in land‐bas
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lock Block 16 Block 17 Block 18 Blo
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CHAPTER 4 REQUIREMENTS FOR DATA SUB
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Data requirements The Authority rec
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Quality of data to be submitted to
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SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION Mr. Diène
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• The programme of work and any c
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CHAPTER 5 GEOLOGICAL MODEL INPUTS D
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Total sediment thickness. Growth of
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water chlorophyll concentrations as
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een used for other spatial estimati
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prospectors, who can then provide i
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Figure 16: Benthic currents from th
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twenty million years was the limit
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comparing the raw data with the co
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CHAPTER 6 INTEGRATION OF GEOPHYSICA
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Figure 1 presents a summary chart o
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Figure 2: This perspective view is
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• (Strategy to access) Parameters
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Dr. Parson suggested that since the
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CHAPTER 7 GEOLOGY OF THE CLARION‐
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eserved areas. With regard to singl
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asis of geological and oceanographi
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America: the Ocean Minerals Company
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information necessary for the devel
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Ocean floor morphology The CCZ is a
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According to the Geostat analysis (
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Figure 12: Comparison of the reserv
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This map is the first to emphasize
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From the earlier stages of sediment
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However, Dr. Morgan’s sketch does
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Figure 25: Manganese and Copper As
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Figure 29 represents a sketch map o
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Copper The copper content of the no
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Moreover, as mentioned above, there
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As indicated by Figure 42, there is
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The following preliminary conclusio
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Halbach, P., Ozkara, M. and Rehm, E
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Yubko ,V.M. and Lygina, T.I., 2002,
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He said that within the CCZ, there
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concentrations and high‐grade nod
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It is obvious that major relief for
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Figure 7: Local relief in the abbys
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The results of nodule research in t
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Metal content and tectonics Mangane
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Cobalt An analysis of the cobalt gr
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION Dr. Kaz
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Dr. Kazmin said that although he co
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deposits first and then attempt to
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The Phoenix Island exclusive econom
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maximum in the south. Thus, in keep
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layers. Nevertheless, enough organi
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Banerjee, R., Roy, S., Dasgupta, S.
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Professor Cronan said that the larg
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declining values as one went toward
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. Figure 1: Location of survey area
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Figure 3: Schematic core diagram fo
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are indicated by I, II, and III. Th
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The earliest nodule growth around n
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Figure 11: Size distributions of ma
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The particle flux in each zone is a
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In area SO‐25‐1 the age of the
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used as marker reflectors for the d
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If one assumes that the total area
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needs to correlate those functions.
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These experts should be invited by
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of the paper for his presentation.
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According to Professor Beiersdorf,
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Professor Hoffert said that a compa
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Figure 1: Location of sectors of Co
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Sediments In the eastern area, thre
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Fe > Mg > Mn to form a series of 5.
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Distribution of the genetic types o
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A gradual increase in contribution
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increases (from 10.3 to 46.8 per ce
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are found. The general north‐sout
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that IOM had been granted pioneer i
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Kotliński, the hydrogenetic, small
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CHAPTER 13 REGIONAL AND LOCAL TREND
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The types of regional zoning made a
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Figure 8b: Scheme of ore accumulati
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other from the north to the south a
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Figure 15: Geomorphological scheme
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Figure 20: Buried downcuttings, str
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topographic feature in the south, w
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测站数 180 160 140 120 100 80
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(a) Large amounts of basic volcanic
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Professor Lu identified the main co
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suggest that the organic matter con
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Prospecting criteria Prospecting cr
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According to Dr. Verlaan, the start
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The final element discussed by Dr.
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EXAMPLES OF LOW RATES - - infaunal
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- Very high local species diversity
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Extrapolation yields an estimated 1
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Apparent ranges of polychaete speci
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In addition to studying the three f
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‐ Distribution and diversity of m
Page 265 and 266: Because deep‐sea benthos are food
Page 267 and 268: Megafauna, NW Atlantic slope: (a) X
Page 269 and 270: “Macrofauna” = animals retained
Page 271 and 272: Characteristics of Deep Seafloor -
Page 273 and 274: disturbance, from being inundated b
Page 275 and 276: ought back in samples from the Paci
Page 277 and 278: Dr. Smith said there were additiona
Page 279 and 280: CHAPTER 17 POLYMETALLIC NODULES RES
Page 281 and 282: Bathymetric and nodule distribution
Page 283 and 284: Resources A resource evaluation was
Page 285 and 286: He showed the generalized bathymetr
Page 287 and 288: Dr. Kodagali said that, for the net
Page 289 and 290: CHAPTER 18 THE CHINA OCEAN MINERAL
Page 291 and 292: Deposit: Ore: distribution and cove
Page 293 and 294: Ni‐equivalent abundance The Ni‐
Page 295 and 296: Result Based on the data and inform
Page 297 and 298: Table 1: Tonnage and tonnage per un
Page 299 and 300: Table 6 Resource amount in blocks o
Page 301 and 302: Compared with other areas in the CC
Page 303 and 304: CHAPTER 19 POLYMETALLIC NODULE RESO
Page 305 and 306: 3. The Manihiki Plateau, in the nor
Page 307 and 308: environments and their impact on oc
Page 309 and 310: Figure 6: Submarine geomorphologic
Page 311 and 312: The Cook Islands nodules and those
Page 313 and 314: Table 1 Comparison of the Cook Isla
Page 315: structure and large spiral loops Hi
Page 319 and 320: the major topographic feature of th
Page 321 and 322: In conclusion, Dr. Clark stressed t
Page 323 and 324: The group viewed the carbonate comp
Page 325 and 326: interpretation and analysis of the
Page 327 and 328: the geological model. In particular
Page 329 and 330: In terms of nodule data, let me jus
Page 331 and 332: very intense, and the waters are ne
Page 333 and 334: • Complete documentation of metho
Page 335 and 336: young oceanic plate, with the crust
Page 337 and 338: Volcanic Activity The general struc
Page 339 and 340: Data Sources Data sources to be inc
Page 341 and 342: ‐ Transparent‐layer materials a
Page 343 and 344: • Universities and Institutions
Page 345 and 346: ‐ An evaluation of palaeo to rece
Page 347 and 348: • Distance of seafloor from CCD
Page 349 and 350: • Collaborate on a regular basis
Page 351 and 352: Improved resource assessment The im
Page 353 and 354: With regard to the programme of wor
Page 355 and 356: group thinking about how it wanted
Page 357 and 358: perhaps elsewhere; it could also pr
Page 359 and 360: processes with geological and benth
Page 361 and 362: Alf Simpson Director SOPAC Secretar
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