Workshop on the Establishment of a Geological Model of ...

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CHAPTER 1 PURPOSES OF THE MODEL AND THE INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY’S REQUIREMENTS IN RELATION TO MODEL DEVELOPMENT Nii Allotey Odunton, Deputy to the Secretary‐General, International Seabed Authority, Kingston, Jamaica Distinguished workshop participants, before you is the schedule for the workshop, from which you can see that meetings will be from 10:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m. every day. Presentations and subsequent discussions following each presentation have been scheduled for three quarters of an hour. We have also set aside time for a number of working group sessions to take place. As noted earlier by the Secretary‐General, the agenda for this workshop was recommended by a meeting of a Group of Scientists that was convened by the International Seabed Authority (ISA) in January this year. It is recalled that one of the primary responsibilities of the Authority is to assess the quantities of metals of commercial interest to be found in nodules. In this regard, the Authority undertook such an assessment of the reserved areas within the Clarion‐ Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCZ) in the Pacific Ocean, using the data and information that were submitted to it by the registered pioneer investors and that are maintained in the Authority’s POLYDAT database. 1 The resource assessment undertaken by the Authority revealed that the data and information submitted by the six Registered Pioneer Investors (RPIs) with allocated areas in the CCZ, while adequate for some resource assessment, are not sufficient to allow an estimate of the quantities of metals of commercial interest in the reserved areas with a reasonable degree of confidence. 2 The work of the Authority in assessing the resources of the reserved areas will be addressed by Mr. Kaiser de Souza, the Authority’s Marine Geologist, Dr. Robert de L’Etoile of Geostat Systems International (consultants to the Authority) and Mr. Baidy Diène, a member of the Authority’s Legal and Technical Commission. Mr. de Souza will inform you of the Authority’s database for the reserved areas and the structural analysis, validation and adjustment work that was undertaken on the data contained therein; Mr. de L’Etoile will inform you about the results of the geostatistical work on the resulting data and information; and Mr. Diène will inform you of the framework that has been developed by ISA for the submission of data and information by exploration contractors with the Authority. Since the International Seabed Authority does not have the financial resources to assess these resources through exploration of the international areas under its purview, it was determined that geological modelling of the polymetallic nodule deposits in the CCZ is the most cost‐effective approach to overcome this problem. 3 Given the variability of polymetallic nodule occurrences in the CCZ, it was recognized that modelling would not be an easy task. Therefore, the Authority convened a meeting of expert scientists, in Kingston, Jamaica, in January 2003, which considered various aspects and factors to be considered for such modelling. During the meeting, various interrelated processes in oceans, the lithosphere, and its sediment cover, as well as in the atmosphere and the biosphere that are involved in the formation of polymetallic nodule deposits were discussed. Participants also discussed the results of scientific research correlating nodule grade and abundance with, inter alia, a transparent layer to be found at potential nodule mine sites, seismic/volcanic 1 2 3 POLYDAT is the ISA database on polymetallic nodule deposits in seabed areas to found in the Area, which are reserved for the conduct of activities by the Authority through the Enterprise or in association with developing States. The data and information currently contained in POLYDAT were provided by the RPIs upon their registration by the United Nations Preparatory Commission for the International Seabed Authority and for the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. The metals of commercial interest are assumed to be nickel, copper, cobalt and manganese. At a meeting between the Authority and the registered pioneer investors (RPIs) in March 2001, some of the RPIs suggested that the future work of the Authority in resource assessment of the reserved areas in the CCZ would be enhanced through the development of a geological model for this part of the seabed. 25 | P age
activity in the CCZ, seabed topography and certain properties of the sediment layer at known deposits. These discussions were particularly useful given the paucity of grade and abundance data for the CCZ as a whole. Participants additionally discussed geostatistical methods and techniques that have the potential of being very effective in geological modelling. Taking into account the fact that the quality of input data and information will determine the reliability of the model, the expert scientists recommended that the data and information used for the development of the model should be as broad as possible, and that for future work, the date and information should be based on standards to be developed by the Authority. The group also recommended that participants in the workshop include experts from academic institutions, public and private enterprises, contractors, members of the Legal and Technical Commission and representatives of member States. The meeting proposed an agenda for the workshop, as well as a programme of work to establish a reliable model in the next four years, based on all available data. The proposed agenda recommended that the following matters be addressed during the workshop: a review of the theoretical aspects of nodule formation, the basic geology of the CCZ, identification of the components of the geological structure of the CCZ that will be required for resource assessments, identification of key nodule parameters for inclusion in the model, proposals for scientific research to assist in confirming apparent correlations between nodule deposit grade and abundance with various events or environmental characteristics of the CCZ, and the application of geostatistical methods to resource estimation. In addition to the above recommendations, the agenda for the workshop takes into account the work that has been undertaken by the ISA in resource assessment of polymetallic nodule deposits in the CCZ and provides for the use of working groups from among participants for the purpose of examining the candidate proxy variables that are to be the subject of some of the presentations, with a view to establishing their relationship with the formation of nodule deposits, and in particular their relationship to high grade and high abundance nodule fields. It is anticipated that the working groups will comment on the availability of data for tests of the relationship between the concerned proxy variables and high grade and high abundance nodule fields. It is also anticipated that the bulk of the work required to outline subsequent steps in developing the model will take place within the context of these working groups. On the part of the Authority, there is a clear need for both a quantitative and a qualitative model. At the present time, the Authority has grade and abundance data and some of the other applicable information relevant to polymetallic nodule deposits for areas submitted in the applications by contractors. Contractors and potential contractors not only have grade and abundance data for several other areas, including areas under exploration contracts, the reserved areas, other areas of the Clarion‐Clipperton Zone, and relinquished areas, but possibly other data, such as the proxy data that have been identified. There are also data and information available in the public domain on the CCZ that are contained in the Authority’s Central Data Repository. For the vast area that is the Clarion‐Clipperton Zone, therefore, we have sample station data for a relatively small portion. We can try to acquire additional sampling data from private sources, and we can try to acquire and test the use of proxy variable data for the remaining significant chunk. We would like to hear from some of the scientists gathered here this week about the different approaches to finding out if relationships exist between these variables and high grade and high abundance polymetallic nodule deposits. Using the two sides of a coin as an example of the Authority’s objectives with regard to the model and based on the great amount of work that has gone into nodule prospecting and exploration since their discovery by the Challenger Expedition, in particular in the Clarion‐Clipperton Zone, one of the sides of the coin could be estimates of the resources of the metals of commercial interest (nickel, copper, cobalt and manganese) to be found in deposits there, and the data and methods utilized to establish the estimates. The other could contain a cartographic rendition of the distribution of the known and suspected deposits of polymetallic nodule deposits in the zone, along with the structural and other features that would have to be addressed to mine these deposits. In each case, we would hope that the model’s structure lends itself to further development. For example, as additional sampling station data become available on interesting areas 26 | P age
Page 1 and 2: Establishment of a Geological Model
Page 3 and 4: The designations employed and the p
Page 5 and 6: PART II Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter
Page 7 and 8: FOREWORD Welcoming remarks and addr
Page 9 and 10: Introductory remarks by His Excelle
Page 11 and 12: PARTICIPANTS Mrs. Naomi Atauea, Min
Page 13 and 14: South Pacific Applied Geoscience Co
Page 15 and 16: waters, where biological activity i
Page 17 and 18: At the Workshop, R
Page 19 and 20: the results of resource assessment
Page 21 and 22: deposits in the CCZ, illustrating t
Page 23 and 24: soft and hard. This transparent lay
Page 25 and 26: athed by cold water, around 4 degre
Page 27: export productivity - the part of t
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 2 THE INTERNATIONAL SEABED
Page 33 and 34: eserved area and for their individu
Page 35 and 36: station, that is, nickel, copper, c
Page 37 and 38: Figure 9 illustrates the different
Page 39 and 40: Pioneer investors also provided bat
Page 41 and 42: order to identify possible discrepa
Page 43 and 44: Utilizing these statistics, Mr. de
Page 45 and 46: CHAPTER 3 A RESOURCE MODEL FOR DEEP
Page 47 and 48: The reserved areas are delimited by
Page 49 and 50: Figure 5: Bathymetric map of Blocks
Page 51 and 52: Considering the available data sets
Page 53 and 54: 3,200 million tonnes of nodules (av
Page 55 and 56: Table 1 Global resource model resul
Page 57 and 58: 22 23 Figure 18: Resource model sho
Page 59 and 60: unlikely that major decisions will
Page 61 and 62: geological model (Figure 19) to be,
Page 63 and 64: Recalling Mr. de Souza’s presenta
Page 65 and 66: The Resource Model • Array of cel
Page 67 and 68: Copper grade Figure 33 Cobalt grade
Page 69 and 70: He further said that, in land‐bas
Page 71 and 72: lock Block 16 Block 17 Block 18 Blo
Page 73 and 74: CHAPTER 4 REQUIREMENTS FOR DATA SUB
Page 75 and 76: Data requirements The Authority rec
Page 77 and 78: Quality of data to be submitted to
Page 79 and 80:
SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION Mr. Diène
Page 81 and 82:
• The programme of work and any c
Page 83 and 84:
CHAPTER 5 GEOLOGICAL MODEL INPUTS D
Page 85 and 86:
Total sediment thickness. Growth of
Page 87 and 88:
water chlorophyll concentrations as
Page 89 and 90:
een used for other spatial estimati
Page 91 and 92:
prospectors, who can then provide i
Page 93 and 94:
Figure 16: Benthic currents from th
Page 95 and 96:
twenty million years was the limit
Page 97 and 98:
comparing the raw data with the co
Page 99 and 100:
CHAPTER 6 INTEGRATION OF GEOPHYSICA
Page 101 and 102:
Figure 1 presents a summary chart o
Page 103 and 104:
Figure 2: This perspective view is
Page 105 and 106:
• (Strategy to access) Parameters
Page 107 and 108:
Dr. Parson suggested that since the
Page 109 and 110:
CHAPTER 7 GEOLOGY OF THE CLARION‐
Page 111 and 112:
eserved areas. With regard to singl
Page 113 and 114:
asis of geological and oceanographi
Page 115 and 116:
America: the Ocean Minerals Company
Page 117 and 118:
information necessary for the devel
Page 119 and 120:
Ocean floor morphology The CCZ is a
Page 121 and 122:
According to the Geostat analysis (
Page 123 and 124:
Figure 12: Comparison of the reserv
Page 125 and 126:
This map is the first to emphasize
Page 127 and 128:
From the earlier stages of sediment
Page 129 and 130:
However, Dr. Morgan’s sketch does
Page 131 and 132:
Figure 25: Manganese and Copper As
Page 133 and 134:
Figure 29 represents a sketch map o
Page 135 and 136:
Copper The copper content of the no
Page 137 and 138:
Moreover, as mentioned above, there
Page 139 and 140:
As indicated by Figure 42, there is
Page 141 and 142:
The following preliminary conclusio
Page 143 and 144:
Halbach, P., Ozkara, M. and Rehm, E
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Yubko ,V.M. and Lygina, T.I., 2002,
Page 147 and 148:
He said that within the CCZ, there
Page 149 and 150:
concentrations and high‐grade nod
Page 151 and 152:
It is obvious that major relief for
Page 153 and 154:
Figure 7: Local relief in the abbys
Page 155 and 156:
The results of nodule research in t
Page 157 and 158:
Metal content and tectonics Mangane
Page 159 and 160:
Cobalt An analysis of the cobalt gr
Page 161 and 162:
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION Dr. Kaz
Page 163 and 164:
Dr. Kazmin said that although he co
Page 165 and 166:
deposits first and then attempt to
Page 167 and 168:
The Phoenix Island exclusive econom
Page 169 and 170:
maximum in the south. Thus, in keep
Page 171 and 172:
layers. Nevertheless, enough organi
Page 173 and 174:
Banerjee, R., Roy, S., Dasgupta, S.
Page 175 and 176:
Professor Cronan said that the larg
Page 177 and 178:
declining values as one went toward
Page 179 and 180:
. Figure 1: Location of survey area
Page 181 and 182:
Figure 3: Schematic core diagram fo
Page 183 and 184:
are indicated by I, II, and III. Th
Page 185 and 186:
The earliest nodule growth around n
Page 187 and 188:
Figure 11: Size distributions of ma
Page 189 and 190:
The particle flux in each zone is a
Page 191 and 192:
In area SO‐25‐1 the age of the
Page 193 and 194:
used as marker reflectors for the d
Page 195 and 196:
If one assumes that the total area
Page 197 and 198:
needs to correlate those functions.
Page 199 and 200:
These experts should be invited by
Page 201 and 202:
of the paper for his presentation.
Page 203 and 204:
According to Professor Beiersdorf,
Page 205 and 206:
Professor Hoffert said that a compa
Page 207 and 208:
Figure 1: Location of sectors of Co
Page 209 and 210:
Sediments In the eastern area, thre
Page 211 and 212:
Fe > Mg > Mn to form a series of 5.
Page 213 and 214:
Distribution of the genetic types o
Page 215 and 216:
A gradual increase in contribution
Page 217 and 218:
increases (from 10.3 to 46.8 per ce
Page 219 and 220:
are found. The general north‐sout
Page 221 and 222:
that IOM had been granted pioneer i
Page 223 and 224:
Kotliński, the hydrogenetic, small
Page 225 and 226:
CHAPTER 13 REGIONAL AND LOCAL TREND
Page 227 and 228:
The types of regional zoning made a
Page 229 and 230:
Figure 8b: Scheme of ore accumulati
Page 231 and 232:
other from the north to the south a
Page 233 and 234:
Figure 15: Geomorphological scheme
Page 235 and 236:
Figure 20: Buried downcuttings, str
Page 237 and 238:
topographic feature in the south, w
Page 239 and 240:
测站数 180 160 140 120 100 80
Page 241 and 242:
(a) Large amounts of basic volcanic
Page 243 and 244:
Professor Lu identified the main co
Page 245 and 246:
suggest that the organic matter con
Page 247 and 248:
Prospecting criteria Prospecting cr
Page 249 and 250:
According to Dr. Verlaan, the start
Page 251 and 252:
The final element discussed by Dr.
Page 253 and 254:
EXAMPLES OF LOW RATES - - infaunal
Page 255 and 256:
- Very high local species diversity
Page 257 and 258:
Extrapolation yields an estimated 1
Page 259 and 260:
Apparent ranges of polychaete speci
Page 261 and 262:
In addition to studying the three f
Page 263 and 264:
‐ Distribution and diversity of m
Page 265 and 266:
Because deep‐sea benthos are food
Page 267 and 268:
Megafauna, NW Atlantic slope: (a) X
Page 269 and 270:
“Macrofauna” = animals retained
Page 271 and 272:
Characteristics of Deep Seafloor -
Page 273 and 274:
disturbance, from being inundated b
Page 275 and 276:
ought back in samples from the Paci
Page 277 and 278:
Dr. Smith said there were additiona
Page 279 and 280:
CHAPTER 17 POLYMETALLIC NODULES RES
Page 281 and 282:
Bathymetric and nodule distribution
Page 283 and 284:
Resources A resource evaluation was
Page 285 and 286:
He showed the generalized bathymetr
Page 287 and 288:
Dr. Kodagali said that, for the net
Page 289 and 290:
CHAPTER 18 THE CHINA OCEAN MINERAL
Page 291 and 292:
Deposit: Ore: distribution and cove
Page 293 and 294:
Ni‐equivalent abundance The Ni‐
Page 295 and 296:
Result Based on the data and inform
Page 297 and 298:
Table 1: Tonnage and tonnage per un
Page 299 and 300:
Table 6 Resource amount in blocks o
Page 301 and 302:
Compared with other areas in the CC
Page 303 and 304:
CHAPTER 19 POLYMETALLIC NODULE RESO
Page 305 and 306:
3. The Manihiki Plateau, in the nor
Page 307 and 308:
environments and their impact on oc
Page 309 and 310:
Figure 6: Submarine geomorphologic
Page 311 and 312:
The Cook Islands nodules and those
Page 313 and 314:
Table 1 Comparison of the Cook Isla
Page 315 and 316:
structure and large spiral loops Hi
Page 317 and 318:
Glasby, G.P. et.al., 1986, “Geolo
Page 319 and 320:
the major topographic feature of th
Page 321 and 322:
In conclusion, Dr. Clark stressed t
Page 323 and 324:
The group viewed the carbonate comp
Page 325 and 326:
interpretation and analysis of the
Page 327 and 328:
the geological model. In particular
Page 329 and 330:
In terms of nodule data, let me jus
Page 331 and 332:
very intense, and the waters are ne
Page 333 and 334:
• Complete documentation of metho
Page 335 and 336:
young oceanic plate, with the crust
Page 337 and 338:
Volcanic Activity The general struc
Page 339 and 340:
Data Sources Data sources to be inc
Page 341 and 342:
‐ Transparent‐layer materials a
Page 343 and 344:
• Universities and Institutions
Page 345 and 346:
‐ An evaluation of palaeo to rece
Page 347 and 348:
• Distance of seafloor from CCD
Page 349 and 350:
• Collaborate on a regular basis
Page 351 and 352:
Improved resource assessment The im
Page 353 and 354:
With regard to the programme of wor
Page 355 and 356:
group thinking about how it wanted
Page 357 and 358:
perhaps elsewhere; it could also pr
Page 359 and 360:
processes with geological and benth
Page 361 and 362:
Alf Simpson Director SOPAC Secretar
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