Workshop on the Establishment of a Geological Model of ...

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Kotliński R. 1999, “Metallogenesis of the World’s ocean against the background of oceanic crust evolution”, Special Papers, 4. Polish Geological Institute. Warszawa, pp. 1‐59. Kotliński R., 2001, “Current state of knowledge on oceanic deposits. Proceedings of the 1 st International Congress of Seas and Oceans” in Szczecin vol.2, pp. 57‐84. Kotliński R., Zadornov M.M., 2002, “Osobennosti konkrecyenosnosti vostochnoy chasti pola Klarion‐Klipperton (razvedochnyy rayon SO Interokeanmetall)”, Symposium on Minerals of the Ocean, St.‐Petersburg. Kotliński, R. I., 2003, Identification of the nodule‐forming process: selected aspects of a mathematical model based on known relationships between distribution and formation of polymetallic nodules in the Eastern Area of the Clarion‐Clipperton nodule field. International Seabed Authority <strong>Workshop</strong>, Kingston, Jamaica. Morgan Ch.L. 2000, “Resources Estimates of the Clarion‐Clipperton Manganese Nodule Deposits” in Marine Mineral Deposits, CRC. Press LLC, pp. 145‐170. Radziejewska, T., Kotliński, R., 2002, “Acquiring marine life data while experimentally assessing environmental impact of simulated mining in the deep sea”, ICES Annual Scientific Conference and Centenary, ICES, Copenhagen, Denmark; L: 1. Stackelberg U. von, H. Beiersdorf, 1991, “The formation of manganese nodules between the Clarion and Clipperton fracture zones southeast of Hawaii” in Marine Geology 98, pp. 411‐423. Sharma R., Kodagali V.N., 1992, “Influence of seabed topography on the distribution of manganese nodules and associated features in the Central Indian Basin: A study based on photographic observations” in Marine Geology 110, pp. 153‐162. Usui A., Someya M., 1997, “Distribution and composition of marine Hydrogenetic and hydrothermal manganese deposits in the northwest Pacific. Manganese Mineralization: Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Terrestrial and Marine Deposits”, Geological Society Special Publication No. 119, pp. 177‐198. SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION Dr. Kotliński said that his presentation on the relationship between nodule genesis and topography in the Eastern area of the Clarion‐Clipperton region would be based on the results of a cruise undertaken by his institute in 2001. Dr. Kotliński began by speaking about the rules and provisions governing contractors, noting that the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea treated mineral resources on the seafloor and the international seabed area as the common heritage of mankind. He said that on the open seas, prospecting had been conducted in accordance with the Convention and the Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the Convention and the relevant regulations of the International Seabed Authority. He said that exclusive rights to analyze polymetallic nodule deposits, collecting systems and equipment, processing facilities, transportation systems, and studies of the environment within the registered claim area were vested in contractors. He also said that the nodules buried in the Clarion‐Clipperton field extended over some 2,400 square nautical miles, and covered about 2.2 million square kilometres, and that the IOM prospecting area was in the eastern part of that field and covered 543, 000 square kilometres. Dr. Kotliński explained that the Interoceanmetal Joint Organization (IOM) is an intergovernmental consortium that was set up in April 1987 to survey and explore polymetallic nodules in the eastern part of the Clarion‐Clipperton Zone. He said that, during the period 1987‐1990, IOM had prospected an area of about 543,000 square kilometres, conducting multi‐faceted geological and geophysical studies. Dr. Kotliński said that in June 1992, IOM submitted an application for pioneer investor status to the Preparatory Commission. Based on the data submitted, and in accordance with the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and resolution II, Dr. Kotliński said 217 | P age
that IOM had been granted pioneer investor status following its submission of a 150,000 square kilometre application area. Dr. Kotliński said that the area allocated to IOM to conduct its exploration activities was 75,000 square kilometres. He further informed participants that following the establishment of the Authority, it had approved the IOM plan of work for 2001‐2015 in 1997. Subsequently in March 2001, he said that a contract between the ISA and IOM for the implementation of the plan of work was concluded. Dr. Kotliński told participants that as a preliminary to the actual exploration, the IOM pioneer area had been surveyed by means of a SIMRAD multi‐beam echo sounder in 1999. He said that the survey had resulted in the compilation of much better bottom relief maps. He also said that in May 2001, IOM began to implement the first stage of its plan of work for exploration with the launching of a cruise to its pioneer area on board the research vessel Yuzhmorgeologiya. He noted that the cruise was intended to acquire data with which to identify areas most suitable for more detailed geological exploration aimed at mapping potentially valuable nodules. Basement and seafloor topography in the Eastern Clarion Dr. Kotliński said that the seafloor of the IOM pioneer area might be visualized as a series of longitudinal blocks of volcanic and tectonic origin, separated by sub‐latitudinal and longitudinal fractures. He said that judging by the age of the seafloor basalts, the morphology and structure of the bottom dated back to early Miocene and late Oligocene. He said that the seafloor was part of an undulating plain, its morphology being rendered more complex by a system of longitudinal horsts and grabens. He noted that the presence of volcanic massifs had resulted in modification of the basic structural plan of the seafloor, with the horsts and grabens emerging as products of the seafloor fracturing. According to Dr. Kotliński, the 4,300‐metre depth contour seemed to be the reference depth for the undulating horst‐graben relief of the seafloor. He said that the horsts varied in width from 1.0 to 1.5 kilometres and extended from 5 to 70 kilometres in length. He also said that the 4,400‐ metre depth contour appeared to be the reference level for the rifts (grabens) and that along the 4,500‐metre isobaths, the rifts varied in width from 0.8 to 25 kilometres and extended from 4.5 to 150 kilometres in length. In describing the seabed, Dr. Kotliński said that over 30% of the IOM area sloped down at more than 7 degrees, adding that slopes of that kind were typical of volcanic structures, of the feet of the horsts and of the graben walls. He said that one could see in a part of the abyssal plain with slopes of more than 7 degrees, the horsts and grabens that had emerged as a product of that fracture. He also said that most often, the grabens were symmetrical on the cross‐section; and that their depths ran from 225 to 310 metres in the central and western part. Sediments Dr. Kotliński said that in the eastern part of the IOM area, three sedimentary units had been identified above the basement. They had been termed 3.5 kHz seismo‐acoustic facies: the upper transparent layer A (Unit A); the upper stratified layer B (Unit B); and the lower transparent layer C (Unit C); and they correlated with the Deep Sea Drilling Project results for Drill Hole No. 159. He informed participants that Unit A was rarely thicker than 20 metres, and said that its thickness averaged 10 metres. He said that the unit's thickness was not only dependent on topographic variations of the seabed, but also on factors such as deep‐sea currents, which could affect erosion processes. Dr. Kotlinski said that the uppermost layer belonged to the Clipperton Formation. He said that the sediment comprising this layer consisted of elluvial‐diluvial clays and oozes with montmorillonite and chlorite, and was mottled, patchy or smudgy in appearance. He informed participants that the amorphous silica content varied from 1‐ 20 per cent. Dr. Kotliński said that some sites within the IOM area had revealed sediment, completely devoid of nodules. He said that this sediment was formed by reduced bulk density clays and aleuritic siliceous oozes. He informed participants that the amorphous silica content of the sediment was up to 30 per cent. He described the sediment as diluvial‐solifluction in origin, a product of transportation and re‐sedimentation in local, confined depressions. He noted that the distribution of the sediments was clearly visible. 218 | Page
Page 1 and 2:
Establishment of a Geological Model
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The designations employed and the p
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PART II Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter
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FOREWORD Welcoming remarks and addr
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Introductory remarks by His Excelle
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PARTICIPANTS Mrs. Naomi Atauea, Min
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South Pacific Applied Geoscience Co
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waters, where biological activity i
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At the Workshop, R
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the results of resource assessment
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deposits in the CCZ, illustrating t
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soft and hard. This transparent lay
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athed by cold water, around 4 degre
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export productivity - the part of t
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activity in the CCZ, seabed topogra
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CHAPTER 2 THE INTERNATIONAL SEABED
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eserved area and for their individu
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station, that is, nickel, copper, c
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Figure 9 illustrates the different
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Pioneer investors also provided bat
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order to identify possible discrepa
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Utilizing these statistics, Mr. de
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CHAPTER 3 A RESOURCE MODEL FOR DEEP
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The reserved areas are delimited by
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Figure 5: Bathymetric map of Blocks
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Considering the available data sets
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3,200 million tonnes of nodules (av
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Table 1 Global resource model resul
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22 23 Figure 18: Resource model sho
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unlikely that major decisions will
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geological model (Figure 19) to be,
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Recalling Mr. de Souza’s presenta
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The Resource Model • Array of cel
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Copper grade Figure 33 Cobalt grade
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He further said that, in land‐bas
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lock Block 16 Block 17 Block 18 Blo
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CHAPTER 4 REQUIREMENTS FOR DATA SUB
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Data requirements The Authority rec
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Quality of data to be submitted to
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SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION Mr. Diène
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• The programme of work and any c
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CHAPTER 5 GEOLOGICAL MODEL INPUTS D
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Total sediment thickness. Growth of
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water chlorophyll concentrations as
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een used for other spatial estimati
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prospectors, who can then provide i
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Figure 16: Benthic currents from th
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twenty million years was the limit
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comparing the raw data with the co
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CHAPTER 6 INTEGRATION OF GEOPHYSICA
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Figure 1 presents a summary chart o
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Figure 2: This perspective view is
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• (Strategy to access) Parameters
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Dr. Parson suggested that since the
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CHAPTER 7 GEOLOGY OF THE CLARION‐
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eserved areas. With regard to singl
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asis of geological and oceanographi
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America: the Ocean Minerals Company
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information necessary for the devel
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Ocean floor morphology The CCZ is a
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According to the Geostat analysis (
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Figure 12: Comparison of the reserv
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This map is the first to emphasize
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From the earlier stages of sediment
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However, Dr. Morgan’s sketch does
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Figure 25: Manganese and Copper As
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Figure 29 represents a sketch map o
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Copper The copper content of the no
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Moreover, as mentioned above, there
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As indicated by Figure 42, there is
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The following preliminary conclusio
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Halbach, P., Ozkara, M. and Rehm, E
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Yubko ,V.M. and Lygina, T.I., 2002,
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He said that within the CCZ, there
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concentrations and high‐grade nod
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It is obvious that major relief for
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Figure 7: Local relief in the abbys
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The results of nodule research in t
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Metal content and tectonics Mangane
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Cobalt An analysis of the cobalt gr
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION Dr. Kaz
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Dr. Kazmin said that although he co
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deposits first and then attempt to
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The Phoenix Island exclusive econom
Page 169 and 170: maximum in the south. Thus, in keep
Page 171 and 172: layers. Nevertheless, enough organi
Page 173 and 174: Banerjee, R., Roy, S., Dasgupta, S.
Page 175 and 176: Professor Cronan said that the larg
Page 177 and 178: declining values as one went toward
Page 179 and 180: . Figure 1: Location of survey area
Page 181 and 182: Figure 3: Schematic core diagram fo
Page 183 and 184: are indicated by I, II, and III. Th
Page 185 and 186: The earliest nodule growth around n
Page 187 and 188: Figure 11: Size distributions of ma
Page 189 and 190: The particle flux in each zone is a
Page 191 and 192: In area SO‐25‐1 the age of the
Page 193 and 194: used as marker reflectors for the d
Page 195 and 196: If one assumes that the total area
Page 197 and 198: needs to correlate those functions.
Page 199 and 200: These experts should be invited by
Page 201 and 202: of the paper for his presentation.
Page 203 and 204: According to Professor Beiersdorf,
Page 205 and 206: Professor Hoffert said that a compa
Page 207 and 208: Figure 1: Location of sectors of Co
Page 209 and 210: Sediments In the eastern area, thre
Page 211 and 212: Fe > Mg > Mn to form a series of 5.
Page 213 and 214: Distribution of the genetic types o
Page 215 and 216: A gradual increase in contribution
Page 217 and 218: increases (from 10.3 to 46.8 per ce
Page 219: are found. The general north‐sout
Page 223 and 224: Kotliński, the hydrogenetic, small
Page 225 and 226: CHAPTER 13 REGIONAL AND LOCAL TREND
Page 227 and 228: The types of regional zoning made a
Page 229 and 230: Figure 8b: Scheme of ore accumulati
Page 231 and 232: other from the north to the south a
Page 233 and 234: Figure 15: Geomorphological scheme
Page 235 and 236: Figure 20: Buried downcuttings, str
Page 237 and 238: topographic feature in the south, w
Page 239 and 240: 测站数 180 160 140 120 100 80
Page 241 and 242: (a) Large amounts of basic volcanic
Page 243 and 244: Professor Lu identified the main co
Page 245 and 246: suggest that the organic matter con
Page 247 and 248: Prospecting criteria Prospecting cr
Page 249 and 250: According to Dr. Verlaan, the start
Page 251 and 252: The final element discussed by Dr.
Page 253 and 254: EXAMPLES OF LOW RATES - - infaunal
Page 255 and 256: - Very high local species diversity
Page 257 and 258: Extrapolation yields an estimated 1
Page 259 and 260: Apparent ranges of polychaete speci
Page 261 and 262: In addition to studying the three f
Page 263 and 264: ‐ Distribution and diversity of m
Page 265 and 266: Because deep‐sea benthos are food
Page 267 and 268: Megafauna, NW Atlantic slope: (a) X
Page 269 and 270: “Macrofauna” = animals retained
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Characteristics of Deep Seafloor -
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disturbance, from being inundated b
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ought back in samples from the Paci
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Dr. Smith said there were additiona
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CHAPTER 17 POLYMETALLIC NODULES RES
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Bathymetric and nodule distribution
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Resources A resource evaluation was
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He showed the generalized bathymetr
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Dr. Kodagali said that, for the net
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CHAPTER 18 THE CHINA OCEAN MINERAL
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Deposit: Ore: distribution and cove
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Ni‐equivalent abundance The Ni‐
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Result Based on the data and inform
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Table 1: Tonnage and tonnage per un
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Table 6 Resource amount in blocks o
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Compared with other areas in the CC
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CHAPTER 19 POLYMETALLIC NODULE RESO
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3. The Manihiki Plateau, in the nor
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environments and their impact on oc
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Figure 6: Submarine geomorphologic
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The Cook Islands nodules and those
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Table 1 Comparison of the Cook Isla
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structure and large spiral loops Hi
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Glasby, G.P. et.al., 1986, “Geolo
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the major topographic feature of th
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In conclusion, Dr. Clark stressed t
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The group viewed the carbonate comp
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interpretation and analysis of the
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the geological model. In particular
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In terms of nodule data, let me jus
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very intense, and the waters are ne
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• Complete documentation of metho
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young oceanic plate, with the crust
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Volcanic Activity The general struc
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Data Sources Data sources to be inc
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‐ Transparent‐layer materials a
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• Universities and Institutions
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‐ An evaluation of palaeo to rece
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• Distance of seafloor from CCD
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• Collaborate on a regular basis
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Improved resource assessment The im
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With regard to the programme of wor
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group thinking about how it wanted
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perhaps elsewhere; it could also pr
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processes with geological and benth
Page 361 and 362:
Alf Simpson Director SOPAC Secretar
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