Workshop on the Establishment of a Geological Model of ...

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Figure 7: Topography of the Clarion‐Clipperton Zone (modified from GEBCO & Yuzmorgeologiya, 1990) Geologically the CCZ is located within (westward): (1) the western flank of the East Pacific Rise; (2) the abyssal plain; and (3) the eastern flank of the volcanic Line Islands Chain). Many researches consider that bottom relief has a strong influence on nodule abundance and grade. There is a general concept that the highest abundance of nodules is generally associated with high relief. It is explained by the availability of more nucleating material originating from volcanic activity or by the weathering process of basaltic rock. On the other hand, in many parts of the CCZ, no correlation was observed between nodule occurrence and the depths of the ocean floor or with its morphology. One of the first objectives of the geological model is to establish within the CCZ the relationship between nodule abundance and grade and the depths of the sea bottom and its morphology on a global and regional scale. Nodule abundance A natural phenomenon of the CCZ is that polymetallic nodules are continuously distributed over large areas throughout its entire length (from longitudes 110 o W to 160 o W) between the Clarion and Clipperton transform faults. They cover the entire ocean floor surface of the CCZ abyssal plain with its highs and lows. Of course, the continuity of nodule coverage is interrupted by certain gaps, but nodules still populate large fields, generally of a longitudinal or sub‐longitudinal extension. Nodule abundance varies from 1‐2 to 20‐30 kg/m 2 but in general, it averages 5‐10 kg/m 2 , although nodule concentrations of more then 15‐ 20 kg/m 2 are found in all parts of the CCZ. According to the ISA Secretariat’s statistical analysis of the POLYDAT database, the abundance within the reserved areas has a wide range of values from 0 kg/m 2 to 30.19 kg/m 2 with an average of 6.12 kg/m 2 . The histogram of abundance indicates that over 7.5 per cent of the stations have abundance values of 0.0 kg/m 2 and that over 14 per cent of all stations have very low abundance values. 117 | P age
According to the Geostat analysis (R. de l’Etoile, 2003), the abundance average values per block show two clear plateaux, one at around 4.8 kg/m 2 , and another, less clear, at around 7 kg/m 2 . The map of nodule abundance by sampling stations from the POLYDAT database is presented in Figure 8. Figure 8: Nodule abundance by sampling stations from the POLYDAT database The map of kriged nodule abundance compiled by Geostat is shown in Figure 9. Although varying in some detail for some the blocks within the reserved areas, both maps show a certain consistency in reflecting the general trend of nodule abundance throughout the CCZ on a global scale. Figure 9: Kriged nodule abundance in the reserved blocks (modified from ISA Secretariat’s report” Resource assessment of polymetallic nodules in the Authority’s reserved areas”. ISA Meeting of scientists, Kingston, January 2003) The spatial distribution of nodule abundance in Figure 8 indicates that nodules with abundance of more than 10 kg/m 2 are concentrated in areas in the remote east of the CCZ (block 23), in the central region (blocks 13, 14, 15 and 16; to a lesser extent in blocks 10 and 11) and in the remote west of the CCZ (blocks 1 and 2). The highest average abundance levels are typical for the areas located between longitudes 128 o W and 135 o W and between longitudes 118 o W and 124 o W. Even in the areas with high average abundance, there is local variability. The kriged abundance for the reserved blocks by Geostat (Figure 10) indicates the same general trend on a global scale, except for blocks 10 and 11, in which the kriged abundance shows lower values. 118 | Page
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Establishment of a Geological Model
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The designations employed and the p
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PART II Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter
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FOREWORD Welcoming remarks and addr
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Introductory remarks by His Excelle
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PARTICIPANTS Mrs. Naomi Atauea, Min
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South Pacific Applied Geoscience Co
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waters, where biological activity i
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At the Workshop, R
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the results of resource assessment
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deposits in the CCZ, illustrating t
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soft and hard. This transparent lay
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athed by cold water, around 4 degre
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export productivity - the part of t
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activity in the CCZ, seabed topogra
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CHAPTER 2 THE INTERNATIONAL SEABED
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eserved area and for their individu
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station, that is, nickel, copper, c
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Figure 9 illustrates the different
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Pioneer investors also provided bat
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order to identify possible discrepa
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Utilizing these statistics, Mr. de
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CHAPTER 3 A RESOURCE MODEL FOR DEEP
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The reserved areas are delimited by
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Figure 5: Bathymetric map of Blocks
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Considering the available data sets
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3,200 million tonnes of nodules (av
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Table 1 Global resource model resul
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22 23 Figure 18: Resource model sho
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unlikely that major decisions will
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geological model (Figure 19) to be,
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Recalling Mr. de Souza’s presenta
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The Resource Model • Array of cel
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Copper grade Figure 33 Cobalt grade
Page 69 and 70: He further said that, in land‐bas
Page 71 and 72: lock Block 16 Block 17 Block 18 Blo
Page 73 and 74: CHAPTER 4 REQUIREMENTS FOR DATA SUB
Page 75 and 76: Data requirements The Authority rec
Page 77 and 78: Quality of data to be submitted to
Page 79 and 80: SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION Mr. Diène
Page 81 and 82: • The programme of work and any c
Page 83 and 84: CHAPTER 5 GEOLOGICAL MODEL INPUTS D
Page 85 and 86: Total sediment thickness. Growth of
Page 87 and 88: water chlorophyll concentrations as
Page 89 and 90: een used for other spatial estimati
Page 91 and 92: prospectors, who can then provide i
Page 93 and 94: Figure 16: Benthic currents from th
Page 95 and 96: twenty million years was the limit
Page 97 and 98: comparing the raw data with the co
Page 99 and 100: CHAPTER 6 INTEGRATION OF GEOPHYSICA
Page 101 and 102: Figure 1 presents a summary chart o
Page 103 and 104: Figure 2: This perspective view is
Page 105 and 106: • (Strategy to access) Parameters
Page 107 and 108: Dr. Parson suggested that since the
Page 109 and 110: CHAPTER 7 GEOLOGY OF THE CLARION‐
Page 111 and 112: eserved areas. With regard to singl
Page 113 and 114: asis of geological and oceanographi
Page 115 and 116: America: the Ocean Minerals Company
Page 117 and 118: information necessary for the devel
Page 119: Ocean floor morphology The CCZ is a
Page 123 and 124: Figure 12: Comparison of the reserv
Page 125 and 126: This map is the first to emphasize
Page 127 and 128: From the earlier stages of sediment
Page 129 and 130: However, Dr. Morgan’s sketch does
Page 131 and 132: Figure 25: Manganese and Copper As
Page 133 and 134: Figure 29 represents a sketch map o
Page 135 and 136: Copper The copper content of the no
Page 137 and 138: Moreover, as mentioned above, there
Page 139 and 140: As indicated by Figure 42, there is
Page 141 and 142: The following preliminary conclusio
Page 143 and 144: Halbach, P., Ozkara, M. and Rehm, E
Page 145 and 146: Yubko ,V.M. and Lygina, T.I., 2002,
Page 147 and 148: He said that within the CCZ, there
Page 149 and 150: concentrations and high‐grade nod
Page 151 and 152: It is obvious that major relief for
Page 153 and 154: Figure 7: Local relief in the abbys
Page 155 and 156: The results of nodule research in t
Page 157 and 158: Metal content and tectonics Mangane
Page 159 and 160: Cobalt An analysis of the cobalt gr
Page 161 and 162: SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION Dr. Kaz
Page 163 and 164: Dr. Kazmin said that although he co
Page 165 and 166: deposits first and then attempt to
Page 167 and 168: The Phoenix Island exclusive econom
Page 169 and 170: maximum in the south. Thus, in keep
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layers. Nevertheless, enough organi
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Banerjee, R., Roy, S., Dasgupta, S.
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Professor Cronan said that the larg
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declining values as one went toward
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. Figure 1: Location of survey area
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Figure 3: Schematic core diagram fo
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are indicated by I, II, and III. Th
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The earliest nodule growth around n
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Figure 11: Size distributions of ma
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The particle flux in each zone is a
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In area SO‐25‐1 the age of the
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used as marker reflectors for the d
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If one assumes that the total area
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needs to correlate those functions.
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These experts should be invited by
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of the paper for his presentation.
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According to Professor Beiersdorf,
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Professor Hoffert said that a compa
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Figure 1: Location of sectors of Co
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Sediments In the eastern area, thre
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Fe > Mg > Mn to form a series of 5.
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Distribution of the genetic types o
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A gradual increase in contribution
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increases (from 10.3 to 46.8 per ce
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are found. The general north‐sout
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that IOM had been granted pioneer i
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Kotliński, the hydrogenetic, small
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CHAPTER 13 REGIONAL AND LOCAL TREND
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The types of regional zoning made a
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Figure 8b: Scheme of ore accumulati
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other from the north to the south a
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Figure 15: Geomorphological scheme
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Figure 20: Buried downcuttings, str
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topographic feature in the south, w
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测站数 180 160 140 120 100 80
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(a) Large amounts of basic volcanic
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Professor Lu identified the main co
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suggest that the organic matter con
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Prospecting criteria Prospecting cr
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According to Dr. Verlaan, the start
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The final element discussed by Dr.
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EXAMPLES OF LOW RATES - - infaunal
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- Very high local species diversity
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Extrapolation yields an estimated 1
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Apparent ranges of polychaete speci
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In addition to studying the three f
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‐ Distribution and diversity of m
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Because deep‐sea benthos are food
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Megafauna, NW Atlantic slope: (a) X
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“Macrofauna” = animals retained
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Characteristics of Deep Seafloor -
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disturbance, from being inundated b
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ought back in samples from the Paci
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Dr. Smith said there were additiona
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CHAPTER 17 POLYMETALLIC NODULES RES
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Bathymetric and nodule distribution
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Resources A resource evaluation was
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He showed the generalized bathymetr
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Dr. Kodagali said that, for the net
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CHAPTER 18 THE CHINA OCEAN MINERAL
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Deposit: Ore: distribution and cove
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Ni‐equivalent abundance The Ni‐
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Result Based on the data and inform
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Table 1: Tonnage and tonnage per un
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Table 6 Resource amount in blocks o
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Compared with other areas in the CC
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CHAPTER 19 POLYMETALLIC NODULE RESO
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3. The Manihiki Plateau, in the nor
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environments and their impact on oc
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Figure 6: Submarine geomorphologic
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The Cook Islands nodules and those
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Table 1 Comparison of the Cook Isla
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structure and large spiral loops Hi
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Glasby, G.P. et.al., 1986, “Geolo
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the major topographic feature of th
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In conclusion, Dr. Clark stressed t
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The group viewed the carbonate comp
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interpretation and analysis of the
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the geological model. In particular
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In terms of nodule data, let me jus
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very intense, and the waters are ne
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• Complete documentation of metho
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young oceanic plate, with the crust
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Volcanic Activity The general struc
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Data Sources Data sources to be inc
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‐ Transparent‐layer materials a
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• Universities and Institutions
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‐ An evaluation of palaeo to rece
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• Distance of seafloor from CCD
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• Collaborate on a regular basis
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Improved resource assessment The im
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With regard to the programme of wor
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group thinking about how it wanted
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perhaps elsewhere; it could also pr
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processes with geological and benth
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Alf Simpson Director SOPAC Secretar
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