Workshop on the Establishment of a Geological Model of ...

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unavailable for the Authority and the scientific community. Most of the data collected by those entities are still considered to be of a proprietary nature. The French research institute IFREMER developed some numerical models for its pioneer area for reconstruction of the mining environment and possible mining fields within a hypothetical nodule deposit (Lenoble, 1996). The model was based on factors such as topography, nodule facies and mining requirements (based on selected mining technology). It is useful for resource assessment of nodule fields and deposits on a local scale. In 1997, the Secretariat of the International Seabed Authority (ISA) reviewed and analysed the data submitted by the pioneer investors for the reserved areas (23 blocks) in the CCZ, as contained in their applications. The available site‐specific data on nodule abundance and metal content of Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu) and Cobalt (Co) were incorporated into the ISA’s database POLYDAT, which allowed for the production of associated maps showing the location of sampling sites, nodule abundance, and metal content of the four metals separately. A map showing the spatial distribution of nodule deposits of various grades has been also compiled. This work of the ISA Secretariat was continued on the basis of geostatistical analysis. The study revealed some anomalies in variations of nodule abundance and metal grades in various reserved blocks which might be either attributed to natural factors, or considered as discrepancies between data the data submitted by the pioneer investors due to differences in sampling and analytical methods and techniques. Discussion of the problem revealed the need to consider various geological and oceanographic features in order to understand the nature of such variations. The method suggested was through the development of a geological model of the zone as whole on the basis of available information. Data sources The first step to developing a geological model is to identify the availability of necessary data and information and their possible sources. Although some data may be found in academic institutions and in the public domain, the main sources of data for a geological model are still the registered pioneer investors, contractors and other industrial entities, which were previously engaged actively in nodule research and prospecting within the CCZ (Figure 2). 111 | P age These include the six registered pioneer investors (IFREMER/AFERNOD of France; DORD of Japan; Yuzhmorgeologiya of the Russian Federation; COMRA of the People’s Republic of China; the Interoceanmetal Joint Organization of Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Cuba, Poland, the Slovak Republic, Russia; and KORDI of the Republic of Korea), which started and are continuing nodule projects under the framework established by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The other entities possessing appropriate data are four multinational consortia which claimed their sites for nodule development in the CCZ under the unilateral legislation of the United States of Figure 2: Location of sites in the CCZ
America: the Ocean Minerals Company (OMCO), Ocean Management Incorporated (OMI), Ocean Mining Associates (OMA) and the Kennecott consortium (KCON) 1 . The first kind of data that should be used for the project for the CCZ is that of the six pioneer investors, which were submitted for the reserved areas at the time of their registration (Figures 1 and 2). This is the most important dataset at the disposal of the Authority. In addition, for the reserved areas in the Central region (blocks 13, 15, and 16), some additional information was provided by IFREMER/AFERNOD, DORD and Yuzhmorgeologiya in 1991 in their report on the preparatory work in these blocks. In 2001, additional data and information were provided by IFREMER/AFERNOD at the request of the Secretariat, which represented a 20% increase in the Authority’s database for the reserved areas. At present, the Authority’s database POLYDAT contains a total of 2,785 sample stations which have been used in the Secretariat’s geostatistical evaluation of nodule resources in the reserved areas. In general, the POLYDAT data for the reserved areas does not present a total picture of the CCZ, although it provides certain orientations for establishing trends along the CCZ on a global scale. It should be noted that the number of sample stations varies greatly from one block to another. The sampling grid for different blocks varies from 12.5 x 12.5 to 60 x 60 km. The difference in sampling density in various blocks is well illustrated in Figure 3. Figure 3: Density and location of sampling stations in the reserved blocks (modified from the background paper of the ISA Secretariat “Analysis of Discrepancies Between the Data Sets Submitted by the Pioneer Investors” submitted to the RPIs meeting (28‐30 March 2001, Kingston)). _________ 1. Ocean Minerals Company, formed in November 1977 with Amoco Ocan Minerals Company (Standard Oil of Indiana), Lockheed Systems Company, Inc., (Lockheed Aircraft Corporation) and Ocean Minerals Inc., (Royal Dutch/Shell Group). Ocean Management Incorporated (OMI), formed in February 1975 with Inco Ltd of Canada. A,R (Metallge‐sellschaft AG), AMR (Preussag AG and Salzgitter of the Federal Republic of Germany), Sadco Inc of the USA and Deep Ocean Mining Company Ltd (DOMCO) of Japan Ocean Mining Associates (OMA), formed in May 1974 with Essex Minerals Company of US Steel Corporation, Union Seas Inc of Union Minière SA of Belgium, Sun Ocean Ventures of Sun Company Inc., and Samin Ocean Inc of Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi (ENT) of Italy. Kennecott Consortium (KCON), formed in January 1974 with Kennecott Corporation of Sohio, RTE DeepSea Enterprises Ltd of Rio Tinto‐Zinc Corporation Ltd, Consolidated Gold Fields PLC of the UK, BP Petroleum Development Ltd of British Petroleum Company Ltd, Noranda Exploration Inc of Noranda Mines Ltd of Canada and the Mitsubishi Group comprising Mitsubishi Corporation, Mitsubishi Metal Corporatin and Mitsubish Heavy Industries Ltd; all of Japan. 112 | Page
Page 1 and 2:
Establishment of a Geological Model
Page 3 and 4:
The designations employed and the p
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PART II Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter
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FOREWORD Welcoming remarks and addr
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Introductory remarks by His Excelle
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PARTICIPANTS Mrs. Naomi Atauea, Min
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South Pacific Applied Geoscience Co
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waters, where biological activity i
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At the Workshop, R
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the results of resource assessment
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deposits in the CCZ, illustrating t
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soft and hard. This transparent lay
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athed by cold water, around 4 degre
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export productivity - the part of t
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activity in the CCZ, seabed topogra
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CHAPTER 2 THE INTERNATIONAL SEABED
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eserved area and for their individu
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station, that is, nickel, copper, c
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Figure 9 illustrates the different
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Pioneer investors also provided bat
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order to identify possible discrepa
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Utilizing these statistics, Mr. de
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CHAPTER 3 A RESOURCE MODEL FOR DEEP
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The reserved areas are delimited by
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Figure 5: Bathymetric map of Blocks
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Considering the available data sets
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3,200 million tonnes of nodules (av
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Table 1 Global resource model resul
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22 23 Figure 18: Resource model sho
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unlikely that major decisions will
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geological model (Figure 19) to be,
Page 63 and 64: Recalling Mr. de Souza’s presenta
Page 65 and 66: The Resource Model • Array of cel
Page 67 and 68: Copper grade Figure 33 Cobalt grade
Page 69 and 70: He further said that, in land‐bas
Page 71 and 72: lock Block 16 Block 17 Block 18 Blo
Page 73 and 74: CHAPTER 4 REQUIREMENTS FOR DATA SUB
Page 75 and 76: Data requirements The Authority rec
Page 77 and 78: Quality of data to be submitted to
Page 79 and 80: SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION Mr. Diène
Page 81 and 82: • The programme of work and any c
Page 83 and 84: CHAPTER 5 GEOLOGICAL MODEL INPUTS D
Page 85 and 86: Total sediment thickness. Growth of
Page 87 and 88: water chlorophyll concentrations as
Page 89 and 90: een used for other spatial estimati
Page 91 and 92: prospectors, who can then provide i
Page 93 and 94: Figure 16: Benthic currents from th
Page 95 and 96: twenty million years was the limit
Page 97 and 98: comparing the raw data with the co
Page 99 and 100: CHAPTER 6 INTEGRATION OF GEOPHYSICA
Page 101 and 102: Figure 1 presents a summary chart o
Page 103 and 104: Figure 2: This perspective view is
Page 105 and 106: • (Strategy to access) Parameters
Page 107 and 108: Dr. Parson suggested that since the
Page 109 and 110: CHAPTER 7 GEOLOGY OF THE CLARION‐
Page 111 and 112: eserved areas. With regard to singl
Page 113: asis of geological and oceanographi
Page 117 and 118: information necessary for the devel
Page 119 and 120: Ocean floor morphology The CCZ is a
Page 121 and 122: According to the Geostat analysis (
Page 123 and 124: Figure 12: Comparison of the reserv
Page 125 and 126: This map is the first to emphasize
Page 127 and 128: From the earlier stages of sediment
Page 129 and 130: However, Dr. Morgan’s sketch does
Page 131 and 132: Figure 25: Manganese and Copper As
Page 133 and 134: Figure 29 represents a sketch map o
Page 135 and 136: Copper The copper content of the no
Page 137 and 138: Moreover, as mentioned above, there
Page 139 and 140: As indicated by Figure 42, there is
Page 141 and 142: The following preliminary conclusio
Page 143 and 144: Halbach, P., Ozkara, M. and Rehm, E
Page 145 and 146: Yubko ,V.M. and Lygina, T.I., 2002,
Page 147 and 148: He said that within the CCZ, there
Page 149 and 150: concentrations and high‐grade nod
Page 151 and 152: It is obvious that major relief for
Page 153 and 154: Figure 7: Local relief in the abbys
Page 155 and 156: The results of nodule research in t
Page 157 and 158: Metal content and tectonics Mangane
Page 159 and 160: Cobalt An analysis of the cobalt gr
Page 161 and 162: SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION Dr. Kaz
Page 163 and 164: Dr. Kazmin said that although he co
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deposits first and then attempt to
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The Phoenix Island exclusive econom
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maximum in the south. Thus, in keep
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layers. Nevertheless, enough organi
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Banerjee, R., Roy, S., Dasgupta, S.
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Professor Cronan said that the larg
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declining values as one went toward
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. Figure 1: Location of survey area
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Figure 3: Schematic core diagram fo
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are indicated by I, II, and III. Th
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The earliest nodule growth around n
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Figure 11: Size distributions of ma
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The particle flux in each zone is a
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In area SO‐25‐1 the age of the
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used as marker reflectors for the d
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If one assumes that the total area
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needs to correlate those functions.
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These experts should be invited by
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of the paper for his presentation.
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According to Professor Beiersdorf,
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Professor Hoffert said that a compa
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Figure 1: Location of sectors of Co
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Sediments In the eastern area, thre
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Fe > Mg > Mn to form a series of 5.
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Distribution of the genetic types o
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A gradual increase in contribution
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increases (from 10.3 to 46.8 per ce
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are found. The general north‐sout
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that IOM had been granted pioneer i
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Kotliński, the hydrogenetic, small
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CHAPTER 13 REGIONAL AND LOCAL TREND
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The types of regional zoning made a
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Figure 8b: Scheme of ore accumulati
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other from the north to the south a
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Figure 15: Geomorphological scheme
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Figure 20: Buried downcuttings, str
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topographic feature in the south, w
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测站数 180 160 140 120 100 80
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(a) Large amounts of basic volcanic
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Professor Lu identified the main co
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suggest that the organic matter con
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Prospecting criteria Prospecting cr
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According to Dr. Verlaan, the start
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The final element discussed by Dr.
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EXAMPLES OF LOW RATES - - infaunal
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- Very high local species diversity
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Extrapolation yields an estimated 1
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Apparent ranges of polychaete speci
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In addition to studying the three f
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‐ Distribution and diversity of m
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Because deep‐sea benthos are food
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Megafauna, NW Atlantic slope: (a) X
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“Macrofauna” = animals retained
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Characteristics of Deep Seafloor -
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disturbance, from being inundated b
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ought back in samples from the Paci
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Dr. Smith said there were additiona
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CHAPTER 17 POLYMETALLIC NODULES RES
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Bathymetric and nodule distribution
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Resources A resource evaluation was
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He showed the generalized bathymetr
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Dr. Kodagali said that, for the net
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CHAPTER 18 THE CHINA OCEAN MINERAL
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Deposit: Ore: distribution and cove
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Ni‐equivalent abundance The Ni‐
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Result Based on the data and inform
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Table 1: Tonnage and tonnage per un
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Table 6 Resource amount in blocks o
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Compared with other areas in the CC
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CHAPTER 19 POLYMETALLIC NODULE RESO
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3. The Manihiki Plateau, in the nor
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environments and their impact on oc
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Figure 6: Submarine geomorphologic
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The Cook Islands nodules and those
Page 313 and 314:
Table 1 Comparison of the Cook Isla
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structure and large spiral loops Hi
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Glasby, G.P. et.al., 1986, “Geolo
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the major topographic feature of th
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In conclusion, Dr. Clark stressed t
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The group viewed the carbonate comp
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interpretation and analysis of the
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the geological model. In particular
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In terms of nodule data, let me jus
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very intense, and the waters are ne
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• Complete documentation of metho
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young oceanic plate, with the crust
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Volcanic Activity The general struc
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Data Sources Data sources to be inc
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‐ Transparent‐layer materials a
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• Universities and Institutions
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‐ An evaluation of palaeo to rece
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• Distance of seafloor from CCD
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• Collaborate on a regular basis
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Improved resource assessment The im
Page 353 and 354:
With regard to the programme of wor
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group thinking about how it wanted
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perhaps elsewhere; it could also pr
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processes with geological and benth
Page 361 and 362:
Alf Simpson Director SOPAC Secretar
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