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NAVAL DESPATCH FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF at sea, these ships are drawing more attention by terrorist groups. The vulnerability of the Sea Lines of Communications is well known to terrorists. Osama bin Ladin’s audio tape warning of attacks on oil supplies and energy infrastructures clearly indicates that Al-Qaeda is now aiming to target this critical vulnerability. Al-Qaeda has trained with LTTE in the past and has shared training techniques/expertise to conduct acts of maritime terrorism. According to Martin N. Murphy in his article “The Unwanted Challenge”, Al-Suri, Al-Qaeda strategist, writes about • • • carrying out attacks "...the sea remains the next in the Straits of strategic step towards ruling the Hormuz and at Bar world... This region [HOA] el-Mandeb by represents a strategic point to scuttling ships at expel the enemy from the most choke points. In addition, Al-Qaeda important pillars of its battle,,," has been closely Maritime Terrorism a Strategic monitoring the Necessity-posted on a Jihad success of the website. Somali pirates, • • • showing their appreciation of the pirate’s achievements on their web sites. Somali Terror Triangle (Failed State-Piracy- Terrorism) and Implications for International Security Failed State. International security threat perception and policy have changed dramatically since 9/11, with failed states meriting strategic rather than simply political importance. As a failed and ungoverned state since 1991, Somalia poses a threat to international security with a host of associated problems. Lawlessness in Somalia has affected the entire region and created problems such as arms flow, black market in Kenya by Somali refugees, an environmental threat with toxic waste dumping along the coastline, illegal immigrants, illegal fishing by foreign vessels and, of course, piracy. Piracy. Somalia has emerged as a strong base for pirates operating from its shores. Piracy off HOA (Somalia and Gulf of Aden) accounts for 48% of the total number of attacks reported in 2009. Terrorism. Somalia has radical Islam movements, like the Union of Islamic Courts(IC), Al- Ittihad al-Islamiyya (AIAI) and Al-Shabab, which share parallel jihad ideologies and have known links with Al Qaeda. These groups are known to provide assistance to transnational Islamic terrorists. According to Ken Menkhaus in his article ‘Somalia: State Collapse and the Threat of Terrorism’, due to denial of reliable bases in Afghanistan and elsewhere with GWOT, Al- Qaeda has used Somalia not only as a transit or entry port for a safe haven, but also to spread terrorism. He adds that even non-AIAI & IC Somali personnel in Somalia have financial dealings with Al-Qaeda. Implications for International Security. Somalia offers an ideal location for Al-Qaeda and insurgents in maritime terrorism to join hands with the pirates or local Jihad groups like Al-Shabab. As these existing links become stronger, Al-Qaeda, using the expertise and training of these pirates could extend terrorism to the sea, generate money and strengthen into a pirate warlord confederacy. These jihadist groups pose the greatest maritime terror challenge in the near future due to their global reach and viewpoint on Jihad. Understanding & Defining Maritime Terrorism A major factor causing debate regarding the similarities and differences between piracy and terrorism is the lack of a comprehensive definition that captures their overlap and links. The definition of terrorism limits its scope to political objectives, however it can also have economic, religious, psychological and/or social objectives. The definition also does not cover the term “illegal use of violence”, attacks on combatants and military targets (USS Cole) or destruction of property. For example the 9/11 World Trade Center attack was destruction of a ‘symbolic US property’. The definition of piracy does not include acts of maritime crime undertaken within the territorial waters (boundaries of 12 nautical miles) though a majority of these acts are undertaken within this region. These anomalies can be addressed by defining Maritime Terrorism. This would improve counter terrorism and counter piracy actions by preventing any breach of sovereignty, ensure concerted efforts and legalize these actions. FFFFFFFFF SEPTEMBER 2010 FFFFFFFFF25
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF been synchronized. It should be understood that Proposed Definition. Any act of piracy or terrorism undertaken in territorial waters or high seas for personal, financial or political motive against military or civilian targets by non state actors. It also includes acts of piracy conducted with the motive of passing the monetary benefits to support terrorist organization. Proposed Solutions The implications of resolving maritime terrorism piracy and terrorism are no longer two different problems and need to be addressed together by accepting this merger and legally defining it as Maritime Terrorism. Thus, despite increased efforts by the UN and many nations, the international community has not been successful in controlling or eradicating either of this menace. In the near future, pirates and terrorists will either pool their resources or terror groups will hire local pirates for their financial and piracy off the coast of Somalia and throughout resources and the world involves a multi directional approach that maritime extension begins with addressing the problems on land. This of their war on jihad. was evident by the decrease in the piracy attacks in Whatever the • • • the year 2006 when the IC controlled the region for a for motivation this "Assisting Somalia to short period. This approach entails monitoring and merger, ideology, surveillance of Somalia as part of the GWOT, with poverty or rebuild its central emphasis on beaches, ports and cross-border criminality, this government and reestablish the rule of law smuggling points. It may even require landing an nexus of piracy and international military coalition force ashore at those terrorism will be regions which foster piracy. Parallel initiatives already dangerous for both could help prevent and being undertaken by maritime naval forces (CTF 151 the world economy combat piracy." - Bruno etc) need to continue along with these land efforts to and security. eradicate piracy. The aim being to ensure that the Mpondo-Epo The primary reason piracy terrorism link is not established and/or for the alarming rise • • • strengthened, and that it does not become a platform in piracy off Somalia for terrorists in the immediate future. is due to Conclusion overlooking of the emerging alliance between piracy Post 9/11, the international community is faced and terrorism. To win this battle against piracy and with many new challenges, prominent among them terrorism, they need to be resolved as a unified effort being failed states, terrorism and piracy. Though the by extending GWOT to Maritime Terrorism in Somalia efforts are on to curb these problems, they have not to prevent another ‘9/11’, this time at sea. UNDERSTANDING PIRACY, TERRORISM & MARITIME TERRORISM FFFFFFFFF SEPTEMBER 2010 FFFFFFFFF 26
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