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PFOBNF

Yfcnjzott Herjdjlcndj gjlujnjdktyj ghb exfcnbb cktle.ob[ gfhkfvtynfhbtd^
rjnjhst zdkz.ncz ljk;yjcnysvb kbwfvb Rjvbntnf
Vt;gfhkfvtyncrjuj Cj.pf gj djghjcfv hf,jns gfhkfvtynjd^ gj
ghfdjdsv djghjcfv b ghfdfv xtkjdtrf b xktyfvb Rjvbntnf VGC gj
cjltqcndb. cj,k.ltybz Vt;leyfhjlyjuj uevfybnfhyjuj ghfdf% u-;f

Ghtlbckjdbt
D2001 ujle jnvtxftncz 50-z ujljdobyf cj lyz ghbyznbz Rjydtywbb
Jhufybpfwbb J,]tlbytyys[ Yfwbq j cnfnect ,t;tywtd& Ghbyznbt Rjydtywbb
cnfkj pfvtnyjq dt[jq yf genb ecnfyjdktybz cnfylfhnjd gj j,hfotyb.
c ,t;tywfvb& Jyf drk.xbkf d ct,z jcyjdyst gjyznbz ht;bvf pfobns ,t;tywtd b
ghjljk;ftn jcnfdfnmcz gj ctq ltym rhfteujkmysv rfvytv ’njuj ht;bvf&
Rjydtywbz ,skf ghbyznf 28 b.kz 1951 ujlf c wtkm. ghtjljktybz gjcktlcndbq
Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys e;t gjckt yfcnegktybz ‘[jkjlyjq djqys\& Hfphf,jnxbrb
Rjydtywbb ,skb djjleitdktys ntv^ xnj vbhjdjt cjj,otcndj dpzkj yf ct,z
j,zpfntkmcndj yt ljgecnbnm gjdnjhtybz nt[ gthtvtotybq k.ltq b nt[ nhfdv^
rjnjhst ,skb dspdfys ghtcktljdfybtv b hfpheitybtv d ujls djqys& Yj d
gjcktle.obt ltcznbktnbz Rjydtywbz ghbj,htkf ukj,fkmyjt pyfxtybt^ f
Ghjnjrjk 1967 ujlf r ytq hfcibhbk cathe tt ghbvtytybz gj vtht hjcnf xbckf
gthtvtotyys[ kbw dj dctv vbht& D ’njv b cjcnjbn tt ghbpyfyysq uevfybnfhysq
[fhfrnth^ rjnjhsq j,tcgtxbdftn ytps,ktvjcnm tt jcyjdjgjkfuf.ob[
rjywtgwbq&
Cktletn^ jlyfrj^ ghbpyfnm^ xnj pf ghjitlibt gznmltczn ktn vbh cnfk
cdbltntktv pyfxbntkmys[ ghtj,hfpjdfybq^ rjnjhst ,hjcf.n cthmtpysq dspjd
cgjcj,yjcnb ujcelfhcnd jndtnbnm yf ghj[jlzobt d yfcnjzott dhtvz gthtvtotybz
k.ltq& Ytghtrhfof.obtcz frns yfcbkbz b cbcntvfnbxtcrbt yfheitybz
ghfd xtkjdtrf dj vyjub[ xfcnz[ vbhf gjhj;lf.n dct ,jktt b ,jktt
nhelyst cbnefwbb^ rjulf k.lb dsye;ltys gjrblfnm cdjb hjlyst vtcnf&
Vtyz.ofzcz ghbhjlf djjhe;tyys[ rjyakbrnjd b [fhfrnth gthtvtotybz
k.ltq^ cthmtpyst jgfctybz d jnyjitybb ‘ytrjynhjkbhetvjq\ vbuhfwbb d
’gj[e ukj,fkbpfwbb dct d ,jkmitq cntgtyb cnfyjdzncz xfcnm. njq chtls^ d
rjnjhjq ljk;yf jceotcndkznmcz pfobnf ,t;tywtd& Ytpfrjyysq ghjdjp k.ltq
xthtp uhfybwe^ pkjegjnht,ktybz d htfkbpfwbb ghjwtleh ghtljcnfdktybz
e,t;bof b nhelyjcnb d j,hfotybb c ntvb kbwfvb^ boeobvb e,t;bof^ rjnjhst
yt gjkexbkb pfobns^ zdkz.ncz ljgjkybntkmysvb afrnjhfvb^ eceue,kz.obvb
gjkj;tybt ltk& Dj vyjub[ htubjyf[ vbhf cnhfys^ ghtljcnfdkz.obt e,t;bot^
dshf;f.n j,tcgjrjtyyjcnm gj gjdjle njuj^ xnj yt htitys ytrjnjhst
lfdybiybt ghj,ktvs ,t;tywtd^ djghjcs ujhjlcrb[ ,t;tywtd b ytpfrjyyjq
vbuhfwbb^ pfvtnyjuj lbc,fkfycf d hfpltktybb ,htvtyb b jndtncndtyyjcnb^ f
nfr;t gj gjdjle hfcneob[ hfc[jljd gj ghbtve b cjlth;fyb. ,t;tywtd b kbw^
boeob[ e,t;bof&
Tckb Rjydtywb. b jcgfhbdf.n gj hzle df;ys[ djghjcjd^ jyf^ ntv yt vtytt^
ljrfpfkf cdj. ub,rjcnm b ;bpytcnjqrjcnm& "nj j,]zcyztncz ntv^ xnj Rjydtywbz
1951 ujlf ytctn d ct,t ghfdjdjt^ gjkbnbxtcrjt b ’nbxtcrjt pyfxtybt^ rjnjhjt
ds[jlbn pf ghtltks tt rjyrhtnys[ ajhvekbhjdjr% ghfdjdjt pyfxtybt d njv^
xnj jyf jghtltkztn jcyjdyst yjhvs^ yf jcyjdt rjnjhs[ vj;tn ghtlghbybvfnmcz
rfrjt-yb,elm ghbywbgbfkmyjt ltqcndbt* gjkbnbxtcrjt pyfxtybt d njv^
xnj jyf ghtljcnfdkztn ltqcndbntkmyj eybdthcfkmye. jcyjde lkz cjnhelybxtcndf
vt;le ujcelfhcndfvb b hfpltktybz vt;le ybvb jndtncndtyyjcnb pf
dsye;ltyyjt gthtctktybt k.ltq* ’nbxtcrjt pyfxtybt d njv^ xnj jyf zdkztncz
tlbycndtyysv d cdjtv hjlt pfzdktybtv 144 ujcelfhcnd^ rjnjhst d yfcnjzott
dhtvz ghbcjtlbybkbcm r Rjydtywbb^ j cdjtv j,zpfntkmcndt pfobofnm ghfdf
ytrjnjhs[ yfb,jktt ezpdbvs[ b j,tpljktyys[ k.ltq&
Vt;gfhkfvtyncrbq Cj.p e;t d ntxtybt lkbntkmyjuj dhtvtyb dshf;ftn cdj.
jpf,jxtyyjcnm gj gjdjle celm,s ,t;tywtd& D cdjb[ htpjk.wbz[ VGC
yfcnjzntkmyj ghbpsdftn ujcelfhcndf ghbcjtlbybnmcz r Rjydtywbb b bvgkt-

vtynbhjdfnm ghbyznst vt;leyfhjlyst ljrevtyns gj ,t;tywfv& Rhjvt njuj^ jy
ybrjulf yt ghtrhfofk cdjb[ ghbpsdjd rj dctv gfhkfvtynfv dytcnb cdjq drkfl d
ltkj erhtgktybz vt;leyfhjlyjuj ht;bvf pfobns ,t;tywtd gentv ,jktt
yfcnjqxbdjq b ’aatrnbdyjq htfkbpfwbb Rjydtywbb yf ghfrnbrt&
Rfr pfrjyjlfntkb^ gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen cjltqcndjdfnm ghbcjtlbytyb. r
Rjydtywbb 1951 ujlf b Ghjnjrjke 1967 ujlf r ytq^ f nfr;t r lheubv
cjjndtncnde.obv vt;leyfhjlysv b htubjyfkmysv cjukfitybzv^ rjnjhst
tot yt hfnbabwbhjdfys& Jyb nfr;t vjuen hfphf,jnfnm b ghbyznm yfwbjyfkmyjt
pfrjyjlfntkmcndj gj ,t;tywfv^ rjnjhjt cjjndtncndetn vt;leyfhjlyjve ghfde
b cnfylfhnfv^ b cktlbnm pf tuj bvgktvtynfwbtq&
Lfyyjt Herjdjlcndj zdkztncz htpekmnfnjv cjnhelybxtcndf vt;le
Vt;gfhkfvtyncrbv Cj.pjv --- dctvbhyjq jhufybpfwbtq gfhkfvtynjd cnhfy
vbhf --- b EDR< JJY^ jhufybpfwbtq^ gjkexbditq vfylfn Jhufybpfwbb
J,]tlbytyys[ Yfwbq yf pfobne ,t;tywtd b jrfpfybt bv gjvjob d gjbcrt
htitybq b[ nz;tkjuj gjkj;tybz& Gjlujnjdktyyjt ldevz ’rcgthnfvb EDR<
JJY (u-;f Rtqn Zcnhfv b u-;f Vfhbkby Fibhjy) d ntcyjv cjnhelybxtcndt c
nhtvz jgsnysvb gfhkfvtynfhbzvb (u-;f

Cjlth;fybt
Ddtltybt ..................................................................................... 5
Ukfdf 1
Ukfdf 2
Ukfdf 3
Ukfdf 4
Ghfdjdfz jcyjdf vt;leyfhjlyjq cbcntvs
pfobns ,t;tywtd ................................................. 8
Hjkm EDR< JJY .................................................. 21
Ghbpyfybt ,t;tywtd ............................................ 41
Vt;leyfhjlyfz pfobnf yf ghfrnbrt ....................... 63
Ukfdf 5
Ukfdf 6
Ukfdf 7
J,tcgtxtybt fkmnthyfnbd pflth;fyb. b
pfobnf ,t;tywtd jn lbcrhbvbyfwbb ....................... 80
Ghbcjtlbytybt r vt;leyfhjlysv ljujdjhfv
b ghbyznbt bcgjkybntkmyjuj pfrjyjlfntkmcndf ........ 98
Abyfycbhjdfybt .................................................. 112
Ghbkj;tybt 1
Ghbkj;tybt 2
Ghbkj;tybt 3
Nbgjdst ljujdjhs j ghbcjtlbytybb
b ghfdjghttvcndt ................................................ 117
Ukjccfhbq nthvbyjd^ cdzpfyys[
c pfobnjq ,t;tywtd ............................................. 123
Flhtcf Ghtlcnfdbntkmcnd EDR< JJY
d cnhfyf[ vbhf .................................................... 135
Lkz cghfdjr ................................................................................. 143

Ddtltybt
Dntxtybt dtrjd k.lb dj dctv vbht jrfpsdfkb ujcntghbbvcndj
bcgeufyysv b enjvktyysv cnhfyybrfv^ rjnjhst cnfkb ;thndfvb
ghtcktljdfybz b yfcbkbz& "ne uevfybnfhye. nhflbwb. ghtljcnfdktybz
e,t;bof ctqxfc vj;yj dbltnm yf ’rhfyf[ ntktdbpjhjd dj dct[
cnhfyf[ vbhf^ rjulf djqyf b rhegyjvfcinf,yjt ghtcktljdfybt k.ltq
gjhj;lf.n vbkkbjys ,t;tywtd b dyenhtyyt gthtvtotyys[ kbw& Jlyfrj
lf;t njulf^ rjulf k.lb ghjljk;f.n ,t;fnm bp-pf euhjps b[ ;bpyb b
cdj,jlt^ ghfdbntkmcndfv gj hzle ghbxby cnfyjdbncz dct nhelytt
ghbdtcnb d cjjndtncndbt cdjb gj,e;ltybz b j,zpfntkmcndf gj jrfpfyb.
uevfybnfhyjq gjvjob^ gjnht,yjcnb cdjb[ cnhfy b gjkbnbxtcrbt htfkmyjcnb&
D yfxfkt 21-uj dtrf pfobnf ,t;tywtd jpyfxftn dshf;tybt
cjkblfhyjcnb c ntvb k.lmvb d vbht^ rjnjhst cnfkrbdf.ncz c yfb,jkmitq
euhjpjq lkz cdjtq ;bpyb^ f nfr;t gjbcr jndtnjd yf nt djghjcs^ c
rjnjhsvb cnfkrbdftncz vt;leyfhjlyfz cbcntvf^ rjnjhfz ,skf cjplfyf
bvtyyj lkz b[ htitybz&
Gfhnyths gj pfobnt
Jndtncndtyyjcnm pf pfobne ,t;tywtd ytcen d jcyjdyjv ujcelfhcndf& D
ntxtybt 50 ktn cj lyz cdjtuj j,hfpjdfybz Dth[jdysq rjvbccfh JJY gj
ltkfv ,t;tywtd (EDR< JJY) hf,jnftn d ntcyjv cjnhelybxtcndt c
ghfdbntkmcndfvb cnhfy^ dscnegf.obvb d rfxtcndt gfhnythjd gj ghtljcnfdktyb.
pfobns& D rf;ljv htubjyt vbhf ghfdbntkmcndf dtkbrjleiyj
ghtljcnfdkzkb e,t;bot ,t;tywfv b gjpdjkzkb bv jcnfdfnmcz yf
cdjtq nthhbnjhbb lj yfcnegktybz ,kfujghbznys[ eckjdbq lkz b[
,tpjgfcyjuj b ljcnjqyjuj djpdhfotybz yf hjlbye& Ghfdbntkmcndf
gjpdjkzkb EDR< JJY jceotcndkznm cdj. ltzntkmyjcnm yf nthhbnjhbb
b[ cnhfy b jrfpsdfkb abyfycjde. gjllth;re ,t;tywfv rfr gj kbybb
cdjb[ cj,cndtyys[ ghjuhfvv gj jrfpfyb. gjvjob ,t;tywfv^ nfr b gentv
abyfycbhjdfybz jgthfwbq EDR< JJY gj pfobnt b jrfpfyb. gjvjob
,t;tywfv&
q
q
q
q
Jrjkj 22 vbkkbjyjd k.ltq yf gznb rjynbytynf[
ye;lfkbcm d 2000 ujle d vt;leyfhjlyjq pfobnt&
Gj bvt.obvcz cnfnbcnbxtcrbv lfyysv^ jrjkj
50^8 ghjwtynjd yfctktybz^ gjlgflf.otuj gjl rjvgtntywb.
EDR< JJY^ cjcnfdkzkb ;tyobys&
Ghbvthyj 41 ghjwtyn yfctktybz^ gjlgflf.otuj gjl
rjvgtntywb. EDR< JJY^ ,skj vjkj;t 18 ktn b
12 ghjwtynjd --- vjkj;t 5 ktn&
Yf zydfhm 2001 ujlf EDR< JJY ghtljcnfdkzkj pfobne
b gjvjom ghbvthyj 5^2 vbkkbjyfv dyenhtyyt gthtvtotyys[
kbw dj dctv vbht&
5

Dct ,jkmitt xbckj cnhfy dj dctv vbht ghbukfifkb ,t;tywtd yf
gjcnjzyyjt vtcnj;bntkmcndj yf cdjtq nthhbnjhbb& Ghtljcnfdkzz bv
ghfdj yf yfnehfkbpfwb.^ ptvk. b#bkb lfdfz bv ghfdj yf pfrjyyjt
nheljecnhjqcndj^ ghfdbntkmcndf cnhfy e,t;bof b cnhfy gthtctktybz
htifkb nfrbv j,hfpjv ghj,ktvs nt[ ,t;tywtd^ rjnjhst yt vjukb
gjkexbnm pfobne e ct,z yf hjlbyt bkb ;t d cnhfyt gthdjuj e,t;bof&
Ghfdjdfz jcyjdf ht;bvf vt;leyfhjlyjq pfobns ,t;tywtd ,skf
cjplfyf ujcelfhcndfvb& D ntxtybt vyjub[ ktn ujcelfhcndf gjlndth;lfkb
cdjb j,zpfntkmcndf pfobofnm ,t;tywtd^ ghbcjtlbyzzcm r Rjydtywbb
1951 ujlf j cnfnect ,t;tywtd^ rjnjhfz zdkztncz jcyjdjgjkfuf.obv
ljrevtynjv gj pfobnt ,t;tywtd& Rjydtywbz^ rjnjhfz ,skf hfphf,jnfyf
ujcelfhcndfvb^ gthtxbckztn ghfdf b j,zpfyyjcnb ,t;tywtd^ f nfr;t
j,zpfntkmcndf ujcelfhcnd^ rjnjhst gjlgbcfkb tt& Yf ctynz,hm 2001 ujlf
141 ujcelfhcndj ghbcjtlbybkjcm r Rjydtywbb b#bkb Ghjnjrjke r ytq&
Rhjvt njuj^ 57 ghfdbntkmcnd^ rjnjhst zdkz.ncz xktyfvb Bcgjkybntkmyjuj
Rjvbntnf EDR< JJY^ gjvjuf.n d hfphf,jnrt gjkbnbrb d j,kfcnb
pfobns ,t;tywtd b ghjdtltybb vthjghbznbq gj jrfpfyb. bv gjvjob&
Pfobnf gjl euhjpjq
D nj dhtvz rfr d gjcktlybt gznmltczn ktn vt;leyfhjlyjt cjj,otcndj
j,sxyj ,scnhj htfubhjdfkj yf rhbpbcs d vbht^ gjhj;lf.obt ,t;tywtd^
d gjcktlybt ujls vs dblbv gjzdktybt ytrjnjhs[ nhtdj;ys[ ntyltywbq&
Cnhfys^ rjnjhst rjulf-nj dtkbrjleiyj jnrhsdfkb cdjb ldthb ,t;tywfv^
dct ,jkmit crkjyz.ncz r njve^ xnj,s pfrhsnm b[ bp-pf ,jzpyb dpznm yf
ct,z ,tcchjxye. jndtncndtyyjcnm^ gjjohtybz ytrjynhjkbhetvjq vbuhfwbb
b ytpfrjyyjuj ghjdjpf k.ltq bkb ;t bp-pf jgfctybz gjcnfdbnm gjl
euhjpe cdj. yfwbjyfkmye. ,tpjgfcyjcnm& Afrnbxtcrbt b dblbvst
pkjegjnht,ktybz d cbcntvf[ ghtljcnfdktybz e,t;bof^ f nfr;t ytrjynhjkbhetvst
gthtvtotybz k.ltq nfr;t pfcnfdbkb ytrjnjhst cnhfys
,jktt yfcnjhj;tyyj jnyjcbnmcz r kbwfv^ [jlfnfqcnde.obv j ghbpyfybb
b[ ,t;tywfvb^ jgfcfnmcz pf nj^ xnj bvt.obtcz htcehcs yt bcgjkmpe.ncz
d ljcnfnjxyjq vtht hflb nt[^ rnj jcj,tyyj ye;lftncz d gjvjob&

jnjhst e;t j,hfofkbcm pf gjkextybtv cnfnecf ,t;tywf d lheujq
cnhfyt^ yt gbnfkb ybrfrb[ bkk.pbq gjkexbnm tuj jn yb[& Ytrjnjhst
hfccvfnhbdf.n pflth;fybt rfr ’aatrnbdysq cgjcj, rjynhjkz pf
ytktufkmyj ghbtp;f.obvb k.lmvb ytpfdbcbvj jn gjkextyyjuj bvb
cnfnecf e,t;bof yf dhtvz^ d ntxtybt rjnjhjuj bltn ghjdthrf b[
kbxyjcnb^ jwtybdftncz cntgtym euhjps yfwbjyfkmyjq ,tpjgfcyjcnb^
rjnjhe. jyb vjuen ghtlcnfdkznm^ b nt[ ’ktvtynjd^ yf rjnjhs[ jcyjdfyj
b[ ghjitybt j gjkextybb cnfnecf ,t;tywtd& Cxbnftncz^ xnj pflth;fybt
gjvjuftn bp,fdbnmcz jn nt[ k.ltq^ e rjnjhs[ ytn ybrfrb[ jcyjdfybq
jcnfdfnmcz yf nthhbnjhbb cnhfys&
Ytrjnjhst cnhfys e,t;bof d vbht ghjzdkz.n dct ,jkmie.
jpf,jxtyyjcnm gj gjdjle ’rjyjvbxtcrb[ b cjwbfkmys[ pfnhfn yf
ghtljcnfdktybt e,t;bof b xfcnbxyj ufhvjybpbhe.n cdjb cbcntvs
jghtltktybz cnfnecf ,t;tywtd lkz bcghfdktybz ytcjjndtncndbq^ rjnjhst
dsntrf.n bp hfpkbxyjuj ehjdyz ghtljcnfdkztvs[ ,t;tywfv ghfd&
Ytrjnjhst ghfdbntkmcndf-ljyjhs gsnf.ncz cjrhfnbnm hfc[jls gj cdjbv
cj,cndtyysv cbcntvfv gj ghbtve ,t;tywtd b hfccvjnhtyb. [jlfnfqcnd
j ghtljcnfdktybb cnfnecf ,t;tywf b jlyjdhtvtyyj d ntxtybt lkbntkmyjuj
gthbjlf dhtvtyb jrfpsdf.n gjvjom ,jkmijve xbcke ,t;tywtd d
lheub[^ vtytt ,jufns[ cnhfyf[& Hfpdbdf.obtcz ;t cnhfys endth;lf.n^
xnj ,htvz ghtljcnfdktybz e,t;bof hfpltkztncz ythfdyjvthyj% d nj
dhtvz rfr jyb cfvb lf.n ghb.n nsczxfv b byjulf vbkkbjyfv ,t;tywtd^
,jktt ,jufnst cnhfys juhfybxbdf.n ljcneg yf cdjb nthhbnjhbb b
cjrhfof.n j,]tvs gjvjob cnhfyfv gthdjuj e,t;bof& EDR< JJY cfvj
bcgsnsdftn abyfycjdst pfnhelytybz b ,skj dsye;ltyj cjrhfnbnm cdjq
gthcjyfk b ghjuhfvvs&
Df;yfz hjkm gfhkfvtynfhbtd
D ’njv ckj;yjv vbht gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen csuhfnm df;ye.^ rk.xtde.
hjkm d pfobnt ,t;tywtd b d gjbcrt htitybq b[ ghj,ktv&
Rfr k.lb^ rjnjhst cjplf.n j,otcndtyyjt vytybt b ghbybvf.n htitybz^
gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen j,hfnbnmcz r cdjbv bp,bhfntkzv c ghjcm,jq
ghjzdkznm ,jkmitt edf;tybt r ,t;tywfv b gjllth;fnm ghjdtltybt
byajhvbhjdfyyjuj j,ce;ltybz djghjcjd^ cdzpfyys[ c pfobnjq ,t;tywtd&
Rfr kbwf^ jndtxf.obt pf ,.l;tnyst fccbuyjdfybz^ gfhkfvtynfhbb
vjuen j,tcgtxbnm cjjndtncnde.ott b ’rjyjvbxtcrb ’aatrnbdyjt abyfycbhjdfybt
rfr yfwbjyfkmys[ cbcntv gj pfobnt ,t;tywtd^ nfr b EDR<
JJY^ rjnjhjt zdkztncz tlbycndtyysv vt;leyfhjlysv futyncndjv^
gjkexbdibv vfylfn yf ghtljcnfdktybt pfobns ,t;tywfv b cjltqcndbt
gjbcre htitybq b[ ghj,ktv d ljkujchjxyjq gthcgtrnbdt&
Rfr pfrjyjlfntkb^ gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen cjltqcndjdfnm ghbcjtlbytyb. r
Rjydtywbb 1951 ujlf b Ghjnjrjke 1967 ujlf r ytq^ f nfr;t r lheubv
cjjndtncnde.obv vt;leyfhjlysv b htubjyfkmysv cjukfitybzv^ rjnjhst
jyb tot yt hfnbabwbhjdfkb& Jyb vjuen nfr;t hfphf,jnfnm b ghbyznm
yfwbjyfkmyjt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj gj ,t;tywfv^ rjnjhjt ,s cjjndtncndjdfkj
vt;leyfhjlyjve ghfde b cnfylfhnfv^ f nfr;t cktlbnm pf tuj
bcgjkytybtv& n
7

Ukfdf 1
Ghfdjdfz jcyjdf vt;leyfhjlyjq
cbcntvs pfobns ,t;tywtd
Yf ujcelfhcndf[ kt;bn jndtncndtyyjcnm pf pfobne cdjb[ uhf;lfy&
Rjulf ghfdbntkmcndf yt ;tkf.n bkb yt vjuen pfobnbnm cdjb[
uhf;lfy^ k.lb vjuen cnhflfnm d nfrjq cntgtyb jn cthmtpys[
yfheitybq b[ ghfd^ xnj jyb dsye;ltys ,elen gjrblfnm cdjb hjlyst
vtcnf b lf;t cdjb ctvmb^ xnj,s yfqnb e,t;bot d lheujq cnhfyt&
Gjcrjkmre^ gj jghtltktyb.^ ghfdbntkmcndf b[ cnhfy ghjbc[j;ltybz
,jkmit yt pfobof.n jcyjdyst ghfdf ,t;tywtd^ njulf yf cwtye dcnegftn
vt;leyfhjlyjt cjj,otcndj c wtkm. j,tcgtxtybz edf;tybz ’nb[ jcyjdys[
ghfd&
Gjckt Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys Utythfkmyfz Fccfv,ktz Jhufybpfwbb
J,]tlbytyys[ Yfwbq cjplfkf Eghfdktybt Dth[jdyjuj rjvbccfhf JJY
gj ltkfv ,t;tywtd (EDR< JJY)& EDR< JJY gjkexbkj vfylfn yf
jceotcndktybt pfobns ,t;tywtd b gjbcr ljkujchjxys[ htitybq b[
ghj,ktv& Eghfdktybt jceotcndkztn cdj. ltzntkmyjcnm d hfvrf[
vt;leyfhjlyjuj ghfdf b cnfylfhnjd^ rjnjhst drk.xf.n d ct,t Dctj,oe.
Ltrkfhfwb. ghfd xtkjdtrf^ xtnsht :tytdcrbt Rjydtywbb (1949)
gj vt;leyfhjlyjve uevfybnfhyjve ghfde^ f nfr;t ,jkmijt rjkbxtcndj
vt;leyfhjlys[ b htubjyfkmys[ ljujdjhjd b ltrkfhfwbq^ zdkz.ob[cz
j,zpfntkmysvb b ytj,zpfntkmysvb lkz b[ exfcnybrjd^ d rjnjhs[
hfccvfnhbdf.ncz rjyrhtnyst gjnht,yjcnb ,t;tywtd&
Vt;leyfhjlyst frns b cnfylfhns
‚ Rjydtywbz 1951 ujlf j cnfnect ,t;tywtd
Rjydtywbz 1951 ujlf j cnfnect ,t;tywtd^ zdkztncz jcyjdjq
vt;leyfhjlyjuj ghfdf ,t;tywtd& Rjydtywbz j cnfnect ,t;tywtd
jghtltkztn gjyznbt ‘,t;tytw\ (cvjnhbnt dcnfdre yb;t) b ecnfyfdkbdftn
vbybvfkmyst cnfylfhns gj j,hfotyb. c kbwfvb^ rjnjhst vjuen
eljdktndjhznm rhbnthbzv cnfnecf ,t;tywf&
Gjcrjkmre Rjydtywbz hfphf,fnsdfkfcm chfpe gjckt Dnjhjq vbhjdjq
djqys^ tt jghtltktybt ,t;tywf rfcftncz kbw^ rjnjhst yf[jlzncz dyt
cnhfys cdjtuj ghjbc[j;ltybz b zdkz.ncz ,t;tywfvb d htpekmnfnt
cj,snbq^ ghjbcitlib[ lj 1 zydfhz 1951 ujlf& Rjulf d rjywt 1950-[ b
yfxfkt 1960-[ ujljd jnvtxfkbcm yjdst rhbpbcs^ gjhj;lf.obt
,t;tywtd^ cnfkj ytj,[jlbvsv hfcibhbnm rfr dhtvtyyjq^ nfr b utjuhfabxtcrbq
j[dfn Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd& Nfrbv j,hfpjv ,sk
hfphf,jnfy b ghbyzn Ghjnjrjk r Rjydtywbb&
8

Rnj zdkztncz ,t;tywtv$
Gj Rjydtywbb 1951 ujlf^ rfcf.otqcz cnfnecf ,t;tywtd^ ,t;tywtv zdkztncz
kbwj^ rjnjhjt%
q
q
q
bvttn dgjkyt j,jcyjdfyyst jgfctybz cnfnm ;thndjq ghtcktljdfybz
bp-pf cdjtq%
- hfcs
- dthjbcgjdtlfybz
- uhf;lfycndf
- ghbyflkt;yjcnb r jghtltktyyjq cjwbfkmyjq uheggt bkb
- gjkbnbxtcrb[ e,t;ltybq
Yf[jlbncz dyt cnhfys cdjtq uhf;lfycrjq ghbyflkt;yjcnb b
Yt vj;tn gjkmpjdfnmcz pfobnjq ’njq cnhfys bkb yt ;tkftn gjkmpjdfnmcz
nfrjq pfobnjq dcktlcndbt nfrb[ jgfctybq&
Rjydtywbz Jhufybpfwbb fahbrfycrjuj tlbycndf (JFT) gj rjyrhtnysv
fcgtrnfv ghj,ktv ,t;tywtd d Fahbrt --- htubjyfkmysq ljujdjh^ ghbyznsq
d 1969 ujle --- dytckf ljgjkytybt d jghtltktybt gjyznbz ‘,t;tytw\^ lfyyjt
d Rjydtywbb 1951 ujlf^ b drk.xbkf jlyj ,jktt j,]trnbdyjt gjkj;tybt^ f
bvtyyj%
q
K.,jt kbwj^ dsye;ltyyjt gjrbyenm cdj. cnhfye dcktlcndbt dytiytq
fuhtccbb^ jrregfwbb^ byjcnhfyyjuj ujcgjlcndf bkb cj,snbq^ cthmtpyj
yfheif.ob[ j,otcndtyysq gjhzljr d rfrjq-nj xfcnb cnhfys bkb dj
dctq cnhfyt tuj ghjbc[j;ltybz bkb uhf;lfycrjq ghbyflkt;yjcnb&
D 1984 ujle yf cdjtv Rjkkjrdbevt ghtlcnfdbntktq ghfdbntkmcnd cnhfy
Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb b bpdtcnyst .hbcns ghbyzkb Rfhnf[tycre. Ltrkfhfwb.&
Rfr b Rjydtywbz JFT^ ’nf Ltrkfhfwbz lj,fdkztn jlyj ,jktt
j,]trnbdyjt gjkj;tybt r jghtltktyb. gjyznbz ‘,t;tytw\ d Rjydtywbb
1951 ujlf%
q
Kbwf^ rjnjhst ,tuen bp cdjb[ cnhfy ‘gjcrjkmre b[ ;bpyb^ ,tpjgfcyjcnb
bkb cdj,jlt euhj;fkb dctj,ott yfcbkbt^ byjcnhfyyfz fuhtccbz^
dyenhtyybt rjyakbrns^ vfccjdst yfheitybz ghfd xtkjdtrf bkb lheubt
j,cnjzntkmcndf^ ghbdtlibt r cthmtpyjve yfheityb. j,otcndtyyjuj
gjhzlrf\& n
Cvjnhbnt nfr;t Ukfde 4^
Bvt.n kb jyb ghfdj yf cnfnec ,t;tywf% ytcrjkmrj rjyrhtnys[ ltk&
9

‚ Ghjnjrjk 1967 ujlf^ rfcf.obqcz cnfnecf ,t;tywtd
Ghjnjrjk 1967 ujlf^ rfcf.obqcz cnfnecf ,t;tywtd^ zdkztncz jnltkmysv
ljrevtynjv^ [jnz jy b cjcnfdkztn c Rjydtywbtq 1951 ujlf jlyj wtkjt&
Ghjnjrjk cybvftn dhtvtyyst b utjuhfabxtcrbt juhfybxtybz^ cjlth;fobtcz
d jghtltktybb gjyznbz ‘,t;tytw\ d Rjydtywbb 1951 ujlf&
Rjydtywbz b Ghjnjrjk j cnfnect ,t;tywtd hfccvfnhbdf.n nhb jcyjdys[
ntvs%
q
q
q
Jcyjdyjt jghtltktybt gjyznbz ‘,t;tytw\ dvtcnt c nthvbyfvb ‘gjkj;tybz
j ghtrhfotybb cnfnecf ,t;tywf\ b ‘gjkj;tybz j, bcrk.xtybb\&
Ghfdjdjq cnfnec ,t;tywtd d b[ cnhfyf[ e,t;bof^ b[ ghfdf b j,zpfyyjcnb^
drk.xfz ghfdj yf pfobne jn ghbyelbntkmyjuj djpdhfotybz (refoulement)
yf nthhbnjhb.^ ult b[ ;bpym bkb cdj,jlf ,elen gjcnfdktys gjl euhjpe
(cvjnhbnt dcnfdre gj ghbyelbntkmyjve djpdhfotyb.^ cnh& 14)&
J,zpfyyjcnb ujcelfhcnd^ drk.xfz cjnhelybxtcndj c EDR< JJY d dsgjkytybb
tuj aeyrwbq b jrfpfybt tve gjvjob d dsgjkytybb tuj ljkuf gj
jceotcndktyb. rjynhjkz pf ghbvtytybtv gjkj;tybq Rjydtywbb&
Ghbcjtlbyzzcm r Ghjnjrjke^ ujcelfhcndf ,then yf ct,z j,zpfntkmcndj
ghbvtyznm ,jkmibycndj cnfnmtq Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd (cnfnmb 2
-34) gj jnyjityb. rj dctv kbwfv^ gjlgflf.obv gjl jghtltktybt
,t;tywf^ rfr jyj lfyj d Ghjnjrjkt& Jlyfrj ,jkmibycndj ujcelfhcnd
ghtlgjxkj ghbcjtlbybnmcz b r Rjydtywbb^ b r Ghjnjrjke& Ntv cfvsv
ujcelfhcndf gjlndth;lf.n^ xnj j,f ljujdjhf zdkz.ncz rk.xtdsvb d
vt;leyfhjlyjq cbcntvt pfobns ,t;tywtd&
‘Rjyathtywbz ghbpsdftn dct gfhkfvtyns b ghfdbntkmcndf jcjpyfnm cdj.
jndtncndtyyjcnm pf pfobne ,t;tywtd b ghbybvfnm ;thnd gjkbnbxtcrjuj
ghtcktljdfybz^ rfr ’nj jghtltktyj d Rjydtywbb 1951 ujlf j cnfnect
,t;tywtd\&
78-z Rjyathtywbz Vt;gfhkfvtyncrjuj Cj.pf^ jrnz,hm 1987
‘Bcgjkybntkmysq Rjvbntn dyjdm gjlndth;lftn^ xnj Rjydtywbz 1951 ujlf j
cnfnect ,t;tywtd b Ghjnjrjk 1967 ujlf jcnf.ncz jcyjdjq vt;leyfhjlyjuj
ht;bvf pfobns ,t;tywtd\&
Pfrk.xtybt @ 87(f) Bcgjkybntkmyjuj Rjvbntnf EDR< JJY^ 1999
10

Jndtncndtyyjcnm ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd
Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd
D rfxtcndt j,otuj ghbywbgf vt;leyfhjlyjuj ghfdf rf;lsq ltqcnde.obq
ljujdjh zdkztncz j,zpfntkmysv lkz tuj exfcnybrjd b ljk;ty lj,hjcjdtcnyj
bvb bcgjkyznmcz& Cnhfys^ rjnjhst hfnbabwbhjdfkb Rjydtywb.
j cnfnect ,t;tywtd^ j,zpfys pfobofnm ,t;tywtd yf cdjtq nthhbnjhbb d
cjjndtncndbb c tt eckjdbzvb&
Ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd b Ghjnjrjke r ytq
ljk;ys ghbvtyznm cktle.obt tt gjkj;tybz%
q
q
q
Cjnhelybxtcndj c EDR< JJY --- cnfnmz 35 Rjydtywbb b cnfnmz II
Ghjnjrjkf cjlth;fn j,zpfntkmcndf ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd cjnhelybxfnm
c EDR< JJY d dsgjkytybb tuj aeyrwbq b^ d xfcnyjcnb^
cjltqcndjdfnm dsgjkytyb. tuj j,zpfyyjcntq gj rjynhjk. pf ghbvtytybtv
gjkj;tybq ’nb[ ljujdjhjd&
Byajhvfwbz j yfwbjyfkmyjv pfrjyjlfntkmcndt --- Ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb
Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd cjukfif.ncz cjj,ofnm Utythfkmyjve
Ctrhtnfh. JJY ntrcns pfrjyjd b gjcnfyjdktybq^ rjnjhst jyb
vjuen ghbybvfnm d wtkz[ j,tcgtxtybz ghbvtytybz yfcnjzotq Rjydtywbb&
Jcdj,j;ltybt jn dpfbvyjcnb --- Rjulf d cjjndtncndbb c pfrjyjv cnhfys
ghtljcnfdktybt rfrjuj-kb,j ghfdf byjcnhfyyjve uhf;lfybye pfdbcbn
jn ghtljcnfdktybz nfrjuj ;t ghfdf cnhfyjq tuj uhf;lfycrjq ghbyflkt;yjcnb
(dpfbvyjcnm)^ nfrjt gjkj;tybt yt ljk;yj ghbvtyznmcz d
jnyjitybb ,t;tywtd& Gjyznbt ‘dpfbvyjcnm\ yt ghbvtyztncz d jnyjitybb
r ,t;tywfv^ gjcrjkmre jyb yt gjkmpe.ncz pfobnjq cnhfys
cdjtq yfwbjyfkmyjq ghbyflkt;yjcnb& n
11

‚ Ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb Rjydtywbb 1951 ujlf *^ rfcf.otqcz
cnfnecf ,t;tywtd b#bkb Ghjnjrjkf 1967 ujlf
144 ujcelfhcndf yf zydfhm 2003 ujlf ( * Rjydtywbz dcnegbkf d cbke 22 fghtkz 1954 ujlf)
Fdcnhfkbz
Fdcnhbz
Fpth,fql;fy
Fk,fybz
Fk;bh
Fyujkf
Fynbuef b

Htubjyfkmyst pfrjys b cnfylfhns
‚ Rjydtywbz 1969 ujlf Jhufybpfwbb Fahbrfycrjuj
Tlbycndf (JFT) gj rjyrhtnysv fcgtrnfv ghj,ktv
,t;tywtd d Fahbrt
Rjyakbrns^ rjnjhst cjghjdj;lfkb jrjyxfybt rjkjybfkmyjq ’gj[b d
Fahbrt^ dspdfkb hzl rhegyjvfcinf,ys[ gthtldb;tybq ,t;tywtd& "nb
gthtldb;tybz yfctktybz gjlnjkryekb r hfphf,jnrt b ghbyznb. yt njkmrj
Ghjnjrjkf 1967 ujlf j cnfnect ,t;tywtd^ yj b Rjydtywbb 1969 ujlf
Jhufybpfwbb Fahbrfycrjuj Tlbycndf gj rjyrhtnysv fcgtrnfv ghj,ktv
,t;tywtd d Fahbrt& Jnvtxfz^ xnj Rjydtywbz 1951 ujlf j cnfnect
,t;tywtd ‘ghtlcnfdkztn cj,jq jcyjdyjq b eybdthcfkmysq ljrevtyn^
jghtltkz.obq cnfnec ,t;tywtd\^ Rjydtywbz JFT zdkztncz yf yfcnjzobq
vjvtyn tlbycndtyysv ghfdjdsv htubjyfkmysv ljrevtynjv gj
,t;tywfv^ j,zpfntkmysv lkz tuj exfcnybrjd&
Djpvj;yj^ yfb,jktt df;yjq xfcnm. Rjydtywbb JFT zdkztncz jghtltktybt
d ytq ,t;tywf (cvjnhbnt dcnfdre yf cnhfybwt 9)&
Rjydtywbz JFT bcgjkmpetn
jghtltktybt gjyznbz ‘,t;tytw\^
lfyyjt d Rjydtywbb 1951
ujlf^ yj drk.xftn ,jktt j,]trnbdyjt
gjkj;tybt% k.,jt
kbwj^ dsye;ltyyjt gjrbyenm
cdj. cnhfye dcktlcndbt
‘dytiytq fuhtccbb^ jrregfwbb^
byjcnhfyyjuj ujcgjlcndf
bkb cj,snbq^ cthmtpyj
yfheif.ob[ j,otcndtyysq
gjhzljr d rfrjq-nj xfcnb cnhfys
bkb dj dctq cnhfyt tuj ghjbc[j;ltybz
bkb uhf;lfycrjq
ghbyflkt;yjcnb\&
Ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb
Rjydtywbb JFT gj ,t;tywfv
Gj cjcnjzyb. yf fghtkm 2002 ujlf
(dcnegbkf d cbke 29 b.yz 1974 ujlf)
Fk;bh^ Fyujkf^

Ghbywbg ytdscskrb(non-refoulement)
Ghfdj ,t;tywf yf pfobne ghjnbd ghbyelbntkmyjuj djpdhfotybz^ bkb
refoulement^ pfrhtgktyj d Rjydtywbb 1851 ujlf^ rfcf.otqcz cnfnecf
,t;tywtd%
‘ Ljujdfhbdf.obtcz ujcelfhcndf yt ,elen ybrjbv j,hfpjv dscskfnm bkb
djpdhfofnm ,t;tywtd yf uhfybwe cnhfys^ ult b[ ;bpyb bkb cdj,jlt
euhj;ftn jgfcyjcnm dcktlcndbt b[ hfcs^ htkbubb^ uhf;lfycndf^ ghbyflkt;yjcnb
r jghtltktyyjq cjwbfkmyjq uheggt bkb gjkbnbxtcrb[ e,t;ltybq\
Cnfnmz 33(1)&
Dscskrf nfr;t pfghtotyf d ghzvjq ajhvt bkb gentv njkrjdfybz d
Rjydtywbb ghjnbd gsnjr b lheub[ ;tcnrb[^ ,tcxtkjdtxys[ bkb eyb;f.ob[
ljcnjbycndj dbljd j,hfotybz bkb yfrfpfybz (cnfnmz 3)^ xtndthnjq
:tytdcrjq Rjydtywbb 1949 ujlf (cnfnmz 45^ geyrn 4)^ Vt;leyfhjlyjv
gfrnt j uhf;lfycrb[ b gjkbnbxtcrb[ ghfdf[ (cnfnmz 7)^ Ltrkfhfwbb j
pfobnt dct[ kbw jn yfcbkmcndtyyjuj bcxtpyjdtybz (cnfnmz 8) b d Ghbywbgf[
’aatrnbdyjuj ghtleght;ltybz b hfccktljdfybz dytpfrjyys[^ ghjbpdjkmys[
b cevvfhys[ rfpytq (Ghbywbg 5)&
Rhjvt njuj^ dscskrf pfghtotyf d ghzvjq ajhvt bkb gentv njkrjdfybz d
hzlt htubjyfkmys[ ljrevtynjd gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf^ drk.xfz Tdhjgtqcre.
Rjydtywb. j pfobnt ghfd xtkjdtrf b jcyjdys[ cdj,jl (cnfnmz 3)^
Fvthbrfycre. Rjydtywb. j ghfdfv xtkjdtrf (cnfnmz 22)^ Rjydtywb.
JFT gj ,t;tywfv (cnfnmz II) b Rfbhcre. Ltrkfhfwb. j pfobnt ,t;tywtd b
gthtvtotyys[ kbw d fhf,crjv vbht (cnfnmz 2)&
Ibhjrj ghbpyftncz^ xnj ghbywbg pfghtotybz dscskrb zdkztncz xfcnm.
j,sxyjuj vt;leyfhjlyjuj ghfdf& "nj jpyfxftn^ xnj ujcelfhcndf^ rjnjhst
yt zdkz.ncz exfcnybrfvb Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd^ ljk;ys edf;fnm
ghbywbg ytdscskrb&
Gj Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd b d cjjndtncndbb c j,sxysv
vt;leyfhjlysv ghfdjv ujcelfhcndf j,zpfys edf;fnm ghbywbg ytdscskrb&
Rjulf ’njn ghbywbg yfheiftncz bkb ;t tcnm euhjpf tuj yfheitybz^
EDR< JJY ecnfyfdkbdftn rjynfrn c cjjndtncnde.obvb dkfcnzvb b^ ghb
ytj,[jlbvjcnb^ byajhvbhetn j,otcndtyyjcnm j nfrjv yfheitybb& D
ytrjnjhs[ ckexfz[ kbwf^ rjnjhst cnfkrbdf.ncz c euhjpjq dscskrb^ vjuen
j,hfnbnmcz pf gjvjom. r cjjndtncnde.obv jhufyfv gj pfobnt ghfd
xtkjdtrf^ nfrb[ rfr Rjvbntn ghjnbd gsnjr (cvjnhbnt ccskre yf nfrbt
jhufys gj pfobnt ghfd xtkjdtrf yf cnhfybwt 17)& n
14

jnjhjv j,ce;lfkcz djghjc vt;leyfhjlyjq pfobns ,t;tywtd d htubjyt& Yf
’njq dcnhtxt ,sk ghbyzn ljrevtyn^ rjnjhsq cnfk bpdtcnty rfr Rfhnf[tycrfz
Ltrkfhfwbz& D Ltrkfhfwbb cjlth;bncz htrjvtylfwbz^ xnj,s jghtltktybt
,t;tywf^ bcgjkmpetvjt dj dct[ cnhfyf[ htubjyf^ drk.xfkj d ct,t jghtltktybt
,t;tywf gj Rjydtywbb 1951 ujlf j cnfnect ,t;tywtd b kbw^ rjnjhst
,t;fkb bp cdjb[ cnhfy ‘gjcrjkmre b[ ;bpyb^ ,tpjgfcyjcnb bkb cdj,jlt
euhj;fkb dctj,ott yfcbkbt^ byjcnhfyyfz fuhtccbz^ dyenhtyybt rjyakbrns^
vfccjdst yfheitybz ghfd xtkjdtrf bkb lheubt j,cnjzntkmcndf^ ghbdtlibt
r cthmtpyjve yfheityb. j,otcndtyyjuj gjhzlrf\&
{jnz Rfhnf[tycrfz Ltrkfhfwbz yt zdkztncz j,zpfntkmyjq c ghfdjdjq njxrb
phtybz lkz ujcelfhcnd^ gjlgbcfdib[ tt^ ,jkmibycndj cnhfy Kfnbycrjq
Fvthbrb ghbvtyz.n lfyyjt d ytq jghtltktybt gjyznbz ‘,t;tytw\ d cdjtq
ghfrnbrt* ytrjnjhst bp yb[ drk.xbkb ’nj jghtltktybt d cdjt yfwbjyfkmyjt
pfrjyjlfntkmcndj& Ltrkfhfwbz ,skf jlj,htyf Jhufybpfwbtq fvthbrfycrb[
ujcelfhcndf (JFU)^ Utythfkmyjq Fccfv,kttq JJY b rjycekmnfnbdysv
Bcgjkybntkmysv Rjvbntnjv EDR< JJY&
Htpjk.wbb Utythfkmyjq Fccfv,ktq JJY% Ltrkfhfwbz
1967 ujlf j nthhbnjhbfkmyjv e,t;bot
D 1967 ujle Utythfkmyfz Fccfv,ktz JJY ghbyzkf Ltrkfhfwb. j
nthhbnjhbfkmyjv e,t;bot& Ltrkfhfwbz dyjdm gjdnjhztn^ xnj ghtljcnfdktybt
e,t;bof zdkztncz vbhysv b uevfybnfhysv frnjv^ rjnjhsq yt
vj;tn hfccvfnhbdfnmcz ybrfrbv lheubv ujcelfhcndjv rfr ytlhe;tk.,ysq
frn b jnvtxftn^ xnj cnhfyf e,t;bof ljk;yf cfvf lfdfnm jwtyre
pfzdktyb. k.,juj xtkjdtrf c ghjcm,jq j ghtljcnfdktybb tve e,t;bof&
E,t;bot
‘Rf;lsq xtkjdtr bvttn ghfdj bcrfnm e,t;bof jn ghtcktljdfybz d lheub[
cnhfyf[ b gjkmpjdfnmcz ’nbv e,t;botv\&
Dctj,ofz Ltrkfhfwbz ghfd xtkjdtrf^ cnfnmz 14(1)
D Rjydtywbb JFT^ Rfhnf[tycrjq Ltrkfhfwbb b Ltrkfhfwbb JJY j
nthhbnjhbfkmyjv e,t;bot ghbpyftncz^ xnj ghtljcnfdktybt e,t;bof zdkztncz
uevfybnfhysv b ytgjkbnbxtcrbv frnjv& Ckjdj ‘e,t;bot\ yt jghtltkztncz d
vt;leyfhjlyjv ghfdt^ yj jyj cnfkj pjynbxysv nthvbyjv lkz dctq cbcntvs
pfobns^ ghtljcnfdkztvjq cnhfyfvb ,t;tywfv yf cdjtq nthhbnjhbb& E,t;bot
jpyfxftn^ gj rhfqytq vtht^ jcyjdye. pfobne^ --- n&t&^ pfghtotybt ghbyelbntkmyjuj
djpdhfotybz (dscskrb) ,t;tywtd yf uhfybws cnhfy^ ult b[ ;bpyb bkb
cdj,jlt euhj;ftn jgfcyjcnm --- yf jghtltktyysq gthbjl dhtvtyb b ghtljcnfdktybt
djpvj;yjcnb ,t;tywfv jcnfdfnmcz d ghbybvf.otq cnhfyt lj nt[ gjh^
gjrf yt ,eltn yfqltyj htitybt lkz yb[ dyt cnhfys e,t;bof& Dj vyjub[
cnhfyf[ ’nj jpyfxftn ytxnj ,jkmitt --- drk.xtybt ghfd^ jghtltktyys[ d
Rjydtywbb 1951 ujlf^ b lf;t lheub[^ ,jktt ibhjrb[ ghfd& n
15

Pfrk.xtybz Bcgjkybntkmyjuj Rjvbntnf EDR< JJY
Bcgjkybntkmysq Rjvbntn EDR< JJY lftn htrjvtylfwbb Dth[jdyjve
rjvbccfhe gj bcgjkytyb. tuj#tt aeyrwbq (cvjnhbnt Ukfde 2)& T;tujlyst
pfrk.xtybz^ ghbybvftvst Bcgjkybntkmysv Rjvbntnjv^ cjcnfdkz.n
xfcnm cnhernehs ht;bvf vt;leyfhjlyjq pfobns ,t;tywtd& Jyb jcyjdfys
yf ghbywbgf[ Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd^ hfphf,fnsdf.ncz b
ghbybvf.ncz yf jcyjdt rjyctycecf lkz htitybz jghtltktyys[ djghjcjd
pfobns& Pfrk.xtybz Bcgjkybntkmyjuj Rjvbntnf ghtlcnfdkz.n
cj,jq cjukfitybt^ rjnjhjt ljcnbuf.n ,jktt xtv 50 cnhfy^ ghjzdkz.ob[
bynthtc r celm,t ,t;tywtd b bvt.ob[ jgsn hf,jns gj pfobnt ,t;tywtd&
"nb b lheubt cnhfys xfcnj ccskf.ncz yf pfrk.xtybz Bcgjkybntkmyjuj
Rjvbntnf ghb hfphf,jnrt cdjb[ pfrjyjd b gjkbnbrb&
Ghfdf^ buhf.obt df;ye. hjkm d pfobnt ,t;tywtd

Cgtwbfkmyst ghjwtlehs JJY gj ghfdfv
xtkjdtrf^ ljcnegyst ,t;tywfv
bkb gjllth;bdf.obt ,t;tywtd%
Rjvbccbz Jhufybpfwbb J,]tlbytyys[ Yfwbq gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf^ d cjcnfd
rjnjhjq d[jlzn ghtlcnfdbntkb 53 cnhfy^ hfphf,jnfkf hfpkbxyst vt[fybpvs
gj bpextyb. ntvfnbxtcrb[ djghjcjd gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf b hfccktljdfyb.
gjkj;tybz c ghfdfvb xtkjdtrf d cnhfyf[ vbhf& Jnkbxbntkmyjq
xthnjq ’nb[ cgtwbfkmys[ ghjwtleh zdkztncz nj^ xnj jyb gjpdjkz.n
ghtlghbybvfnm ltqcndbz ytpfdbcbvj jn njuj^ zdkztncz kb rfrjt-kb,j
ujcelfhcndj exfcnybrjv vt;leyfhjlys[ ljujdjhjd gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf
bkb ytn& Gj dctv cgtwbfkmysv ghjwtlehfv ghtlecvjnhtyj^ xnj yf
t;tujlye. ctccb. Rjvbccbb^ ghjdjlbvjq d :tytdt^ ghtlcnfdkz.ncz
htpekmnfns bccktljdfybz cjjndtncnde.otuj gjkj;tybz c ghfdfvb xtkjdtrf&
Gj ytrjnjhsv bp yb[ vj;yj j,hfnbnmcz cj chjxysv ghbpsdjv yf
cnhjuj uevfybnfhyjq jcyjdt bcghfdbnm ceotcnde.ott gjkj;tybt& Xnj
rfcftncz ,t;tywtd^ vj;yj ghbyznm dj dybvfybt cktle.ott%
Cgtwbfkmyst ljrkflxbrb bkb cgtwbfkmyst jhufys Rjvbccbb JJY vjuen
j,hfnbnmcz r ghfdbntkmcndfv cnhfy cltkfnm dct djpvj;yjt lkz pfobns
,t;tywtd^ kbw^ boeob[ e,t;bof^ bkb dyenhtyyt gthtvtotyys[ kbw jn
yfheitybz ghfd xtkjdtrf bkb d jndtn yf endth;ltybz j ceotcndjdfybb
nfrb[ yfheitybq&
Rjulf ;t htxm bltn j ytbp,t;yjv yfheitybb ghbywbgf non-refoulement^
j,hfotybt d ytrjnjhs[ ckexfz[ r cktle.obv egjkyjvjxtyysv yf nj
kbwfv vj;tn ,snm jcj,tyyj ytj,[jlbvsv%
q Cgtwbfkmysq ljrkflxbr JJY gj gsnrfv
q Cgtwbfkmysq ljrkflxbr JJY gj cevvfhysv rfpyzv
q Hf,jxfz uheggf JJY gj yfcbkmcndtyysv bcxtpyjdtybzv
Gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen ghbvtyznm d cdjtq hf,jnt dsiterfpfyyst
cgtwbfkmyst ghjwtlehs b dyjcbnm cdjq drkfl d b[ lfkmytqitt hfpdbnbt
gentv%
q Ghtljcnfdktybz byajhvfwbb gj cjjndtncnde.obv ghjwtlehfv j
gjkj;tybb ,t;tywtd^ kbw^ boeob[ e,t;bof^ b dyenhtyytt gthtvtotyys[
kbw
q J,hfotybz c ghjcm,jq r cjjndtncnde.obv egjkyjvjxtyysv gj
ntvfv j kbxyjv dvtifntkmcndt^ rjulf jnltkmyjt kbwj bkb uheggf
kbw ljk;ys ,snm dsckfys d rfre.-kb,j cnhfye d yfheitybt ghbywbgf
ytdscskrb bkb jyb ghjbpdjkmyj pflth;fys& Cktletn gjvybnm^ xnj
nfrfz cbnefwbz vj;tn hfccvfnhbdfnmcz njkmrj cnhfyjq bkb egjkyjvjxtyysv
jhufyjv^ bvt.obv vfylfn yf hfccvjnhtybt ckexftd
euhjps yfheitybz cjjndtncnde.otuj ghfdf
q J,hfotybz r cdjbv ghfdbntkmcndfv lkz ghbyznbz vth ghb gjkextybb
pfghjcf yf ghtljcnfdktybt byajhvfwbb bkb ghb gjkextybb chjxyjuj
j,hfotybz^ gjlfyyjuj d cjjndtncndbb cj cgtwbfkmysvb ghjwtlehfvb&
n
17

Vt;leyfhjlyjt uevfybnfhyjt ghfdj
Vt;leyfhjlyjt uevfybnfhyjt ghfdj ghtlecvfnhbdftn^ xnj r ;thndfv
djjhe;tyyjuj rjyakbrnf^ drk.xfz gthtvtotyys[ kbw^ cktletn jnyjcbnmcz
c edf;tybtv^ pfobofnm b[ jn gjcktlcndbq djqys b
,tcghbcnhfcnyj jrfpsdfnm bv gjvjom& Gjcrjkmre vyjubt ,t;tyws
jrfpsdf.ncz d wtynht vt;leyfhjlys[ bkb dyenhtyyb[ djjhe;tyys[
rjyakbrnjd^ vt;le ghfdjv ,t;tywtd b uevfybnfhysv ghfdjv xfcnj
ceotcndetn ntcyfz cdzpm& Xtndthnfz :tytdcrfz Rjydtywbz j pfobnt
uhf;lfycrjuj yfctktybz dj dhtvz djqys (1949) cjlth;bn cnfnm.^
rjnjhfz rfcftncz rjyrhtnyj ,t;tywtd b gthtvtotyys[ kbw (cnfnmz 44)&
Ghfdj ,t;tywtd b ghfdj ghfd xtkjdtrf%
rfr jyb dpfbvjcdzpfys$
Vt;leyfhjlyjt ghfdj ,t;tywtd zdkztncz xfcnm. ,jktt rhegyjq cbcntvs
vt;leyfhjlyjuj ghfdf^ ghfd xtkjdtrf b vt;leyfhjlyjuj uevfybnfhyjuj
ghfdf& Ghfdj d j,kfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf ghtlcnfdkztn cj,jq ibhjre jcyjde^
dyenhb rjnjhjq cktletn hfccvfnhbdfnm gjkj;tybz ghfdf ,t;tywtd&
Vt;leyfhjlysq gfrn gj uhf;lfycrbv b gjkbnbxtcrbv ghfdfv nhfrnetncz
rfr pfghtotybt djpdhfnf xtkjdtrf r gsnrfv& Rhjvt njuj^ gjxnb dct tuj
gjkj;tybz ghbvtybvs r yt-uhf;lfyfv&

q
Rjydtywbz j ghfdf[ ht,tyrf^ exfcnybrjv rjnjhjq zdkztncz gjxnb
rf;ljt ujcelfhcndj d vbht^ ghbvtyztncz gj jnyjityb. dj dctv ltnzv
,tp rfrjq-kb,j lbcrhbvbyfwbb^ drk.xfz ltntq ,t;tywtd b kbw^
boeob[ e,t;bof& D Rjydtywbb jcj,j jnvtxftncz^ xnj rf;lsq
ht,tyjr^ boeobq cnfnecf ,t;tywf^ bvttn ghfdj yf pfobne b uevfybnfhye.
gjvjom d cjjndtncndbb c ghfdfvb^ jghtltktyysvb d ’njq b
lheub[ rjydtywbz[^ exfcnybrjv rjnjhs[ zdkztncz ujcelfhcndj& n
Ljgjkybntkmysq Ghjnjrjk I (1977) ghtlecvfnhbdftn^ xnj ,t;tyws b kbwf
,tp uhf;lfycndf ljk;ys gjkexfnm pfobne d cjjndtncndbb c gjkj;tybzvb
xfcntq I b III Xtndthnjq :tytdcrjq Rjydtywbb&
Yj uevfybnfhyjt ghfdj vj;tn pfobnbnm ,t;tywtd njkmrj njulf^ rjulf jyj
ghbvtybvj gj jnyjityb. r ybv^ nj tcnm dj dhtvz vt;leyfhjlys[ bkb
dyenhtyyb[ djjhe;tyys[ rjyakbrnjd& Tckb ,t;tytw ,t;bn jn djjhe;tyyjuj
rjyakbrnf b yf[jlbn e,t;bot d lheujq cnhfyt^ rjnjhfz yt
djdktxtyf d vt;leyfhjlysq bkb dyenhtyybq djjhe;tyysq rjyakbrn^ nj
uevfybnfhyjt ghfdj r ytve yt ,eltn ghbvtyznmcz& (

‚ Ghbcjtlbytybt r vt;leyfhjlysv ljujdjhfv (cv& nfr;t Ukfde 6)
Cktletn jrfpfnm gjllth;re ghfdbntkmcnde d ghbyznbb bv vth gj
ghbcjtlbytyb. r Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd b Ghjnjrjke r ytq^ tckb
jyj tot yt cltkfkj ’njuj&
Cktletn nfr;t hfccvjnhtnm djghjc j ghbcjtlbytybb r vt;leyfhjlysv
ljujdjhfv gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf^ rjnjhst rfcf.ncz pfobns ,t;tywtd^
jcj,tyyj r Rjydtywbb ghjnbd gsnjr^ Rjydtywbb j ghfdf[ ht,tyrf br
ljujdjhfv gj vt;leyfhjlyjve uevfybnfhyjve ghfde&
Yf htubjyfkmyjv ehjdyt^ gfhkfvtynfv fahbrfycrb[ cnhfy^ rjnjhst yt
ghbcjtlbybkbcm r Rjydtywbb JFT^ cktletn hfccvjnhtnm djghjc ghbcjtlbytybz
r ytq& Htubjyfkmyst ljujdjhs gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf d Fahbrt^
Tdhjgt^ Ctdthyjq b Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrt nfr;t cjlth;fn cnfylfhns gj
pfobnt ,t;tywtd& Cnhfyfv ’nb[ htubjyjd cktletn hfccvjnhtnm djghjc j
cdjtv ghbcjtlbytybb r ybv&
‚ Gthtcvjnh jujdjhjr b juhfybxbntkmys[ njkrjdfybq
Cktletn gthbjlbxtcrb ghjdjlbnm ghjdthre j,jcyjdfyyjcnb jujdjhjr b
juhfybxbntkmys[ njkrjdfybq&
Ghb jncencndbb rfrb[-kb,j ifujd d ’njv yfghfdktybb cj cnjhjys
bcgjkybntkmyjq dkfcnb xktys gfhkfvtynjd vjuen j,hfnbnmcz c djghjcfvb
r ghfdbntkmcnde bkb lf;t ghtlcnfdbnm cdjq pfrjyjghjtrn&
‚ Ghbvtytybt vt;leyfhjlys[ cnfylfhnjd
D ljgjkytybt r dsitegjvzyensv ljujdjhfv^ ghb hfphf,jnrt yfwbjyfkmyjq
cbcntvs pfobns ,t;tywtd vj;yj bcgjkmpjdfnm ,jkmijt xbckj
vt;leyfhjlys[ cnfylfhnjd^ drk.xfz Pfrk.xtybz Bcgjkybntkmyjuj
Rjvbntnf EDR< JJY b herjdjlzobt ghbywbgs EDR< JJY gj hzle
djghjcjd^ cdzpfyys[ c ,t;tywfvb&
Ghtlcnfdbntkmcndf EDR< JJY vjuen gjvjxm gfhkfvtynfhbzv^ ghtljcnfdkzz
bv byajhvfwb. gj ’nbv cnfylfhnfv b lfdfz cdjb rjvvtynfhbb
gj ghtlkfuftvjve pfrjyjlfntkmcnde&
‚ Gjjohtybt cjnhelybxtcndf c EDR< JJY
Gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen j,tcgtxbnm ghtljcnfdktybt b[ ghfdbntkmcndjv
byajhvfwbb EDR< JJY j xbckt ,t;tywtd b eckjdbz[ b[ ghj;bdfybz yf
nthhbnjhbb cnhfys^ j ghbvtytybb Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd^
pfrjyjd^ gjcnfyjdktybq b ltrhtnjd d jnyjitybb ,t;tywtd& Gfhkfvtynfhbb
vjuen nfr;t ghjcbnm EDR< JJY dscrfpfnm cdjt vytybt gj djghjcfv
pfobns ,t;tywtd^ drk.xfz ghtlkfuftvst b hfccvfnhbdftvst pfrjyjghjtrns^
hfccvfnhbdftvst celjv ltkf b dshf,jnre gjkbnbrb d jnyjitybb
,t;tywtd&
Nfr rfr EDR< JJY bvttn cdjb ghtlcnfdbntkmcndf gjxnb d 120 cnhfyf[
vbhf (cv& Ghbkj;tybt 3)^ gfhkfvtynfhbb d ,jkmibycndt cnhfy vjuen
cdzpfnmcz c ghtlcnfdbntkmcndjv EDR< JJY d cdjb[ cnjkbwf[& n
20

Ukfdf 2
Hjkm EDR< JJY
EDR< JJY zdkztncz uevfybnfhyjq b ytgjkbnbxtcrjq jhufybpfwbtq^
rjnjhfz gjkexbkf vfylfn Jhufybpfwbb J,]tlbytyys[ Yfwbq yf
ghtljcnfdktybt pfobns ,t;tywfv b jrfpfybt bv gjvjob d gjbcrt
htitybq b[ nz;tkjuj gjkj;tybz& Gjcrjkmre ghj,ktvf gthtvtotybz
cnfkf tot ,jktt jcnhjq pf gjcktlybt gznmltczn ktn^ EDR< JJY nfr;t
erhtgbkj cdjq gjntywbfk gj htityb. ’nb[ ghj,ktv& Eghfdktybt
Dth[jdyjuj rjvbccfhf^ cjplfyyjt d 1950 ujle^ ghtdhfnbkjcm bp chfdybntkmyj
yt,jkmijuj cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyjuj jhufyf^ rjnjhsq cjplfdfkcz
chjrjv yf nhb ujlf^ d jhufybpfwb. c gthcjyfkjv ,jktt xtv 4^000 xtkjdtr
b ghtlcnfdbntkmcndfvb gjxnb d 120 cnhfyf[^ c ujljdsv ,.l;tnjv d 1
vbkkbfhl ljkkfhjd CIF& Rhjvt ghtljcnfdktybz ghfdjdjq pfobns EDR<
JJY jrfpsdftn ctqxfc b vfnthbfkmye. gjvjom d jcyjdys[ xhtpdsxfqys[
cbnefwbz[ kb,j ytgjchtlcndtyyj^ kb,j xthtp futyncndf^ c rjnjhsvb
jyj ecnfyjdbkj gfhnythcrbt jnyjitybz& Pf gznmltczn ktn cj lyz cdjtuj
j,hfpjdfybz EDR< JJY ghtljcnfdbkj pfobne b jrfpfkj gjvjom ,jktt
xtv 50 vbkkbjyfv k.ltq b ldf;ls gjkexbkj pf cdj. hf,jne Yj,tktdcre.
ghtvb. vbhf&
Yf vt;leyfhjlyjv ehjdyt EDR< JJY cjltqcndetn hfphf,jnrt b
ghbyznb. vt;leyfhjlys[ cjukfitybq gj ,t;tywfv^ cktlbn pf cj,k.ltybtv
ghfdbntkmcndfvb vt;leyfhjlyjuj ghfdf ,t;tywtd& Gthcjyfk
EDR< JJY ghjgfufylbhetn vt;leyfhjlyjt ghfdj ,t;tywtd chtlb dct[
kbw^ rjnjhst pfybvf.ncz djghjcfvb pfobns ,t;tywtd^ drk.xfz gjuhfybxyst
djqcrf^ ;ehyfkbcnjd^ ytghfdbntkmcndtyyst jhufybpfwbb (YGJ)^
.hbcnjd^ celtq b dscjrjgjcnfdktyys[ ujcelfhcndtyys[ cke;fob[&
Yf vtcnyjv ehjdyt gthcjyfk EDR< JJY ghbybvftn hfpkbxyst vths gj
pfobnt ,t;tywtd^ drk.xfz jrfpfybt gjvjob d xhtpdsxfqys[ cbnefwbz[*
gthtyjc kfuthtq ,t;tywtd gjlfkmit jn gjuhfybxys[ hfqjyjd d wtkz[
gjdsitybz ,tpjgfcyjcnb ,t;tywtd* ghtljcnfdktybt ;tyobyfv-
,t;tyrfv djpvj;yjcnb dkbznm yf hfcghtltktybt ghjljdjkmcndbz b
jrfpfybt cjwbfkmys[ eckeu* djccjtlbytybt hfpltktyys[ ctvtq* ghtljcnfdktybt
,t;tywfv byajhvfwbb j gjkj;tybb ltk e yb[ yf hjlbyt c
ntv^ xnj,s jyb vjukb ghbyznm j,jcyjdfyyjt htitybt j djpdhfotybb d
cnhfye cdjtuj ghjbc[j;ltybz* ljrevtynbhjdfybt gjnht,yjcnb ,t;tywtd
gthtctkbnmcz dj dnjhe. cnhfye e,t;bof* gjctotybt wtynhjd lkz
pflth;fyys[ kbw* b ghtljcnfdktybt htrjvtylfwbq ghfdbntkmcndfv gj
hfphf,jnrt gjkbnbrb b pfrjyjd j ,t;tywf[ b ghjdtltyb. ghfrnbxtcrjq
hf,jns c ybvb&
EDR< JJY botn ljkujchjxyst htitybz nz;tkjuj gjkj;tybz ,t;tywtd^
gjvjufz bv htgfnhbbhjdfnmcz r ct,t yf hjlbye^ tckb ’njve
,kfujghbzncnde.n cjplfdibtcz nfv eckjdbz^ byntuhbhjdfnmcz d cnhfyf[
e,t;bof bkb ;t gthtctkbnmcz d lheubt cnhfys e,t;bof&
21

Vfylfn EDR< JJY
Rjydtywbz j cnfnect ,t;tywtd b Ghjnjrjk r ytq ghtljcnfdkz.n
ujcelfhcndfv^ gjlgbcfdibv b[^ ghfdjde. jcyjde lkz pfobns ,t;tywtd&
Cj cdjtq cnjhjys^ EDR< JJY gjkexbkj vfylfn yf ghtljcnfdktybt
vt;leyfhjlyjq pfobns ,t;tywfv b gjbcr ljkujchjxys[ htitybq b[
ghj,ktv^ bcgjkmpez lkz ’njuj Ecnfd^ ghbyznsq Utythfkmyjq Fccfv,kttq
JJY d ltrf,ht 1950 ujlf&
Ecnfd EDR< JJY jghtltkztn aeyrwbb Dth[jdyjuj rjvbccfhf^ drk.xfz
tuj#tt gjkyjvjxbz gj pfobnt ,t;tywtd^ rfr jyb cajhvekbhjdfys
c[j;bv j,hfpjv^ [jnz b ytcrjkmrj byfxt^ d Rjydtywbb j cnfnect
,t;tywtd& Pf ghjitlibt ujls Utythfkmyfz Fccfv,ktz hfcibhbkf
cathe rjvgtntywbb EDR< JJY^ b ctqxfc jyj ghtljcnfdkztn pfobne
hfpkbxysv uheggfv k.ltq^ rjnjhst yt gjlgflf.n gjl ltqcndbt gjkj;tybq
Rjydtywbb b Ghjnjrjkf& Ytrjnjhst bp ’nb[ k.ltq bpdtcnys rfr
vfylfnyst ,t;tyws* lheubt zdkz.ncz ‘djpdhfotywfvb\^ kbwfvb ,tp
uhf;lfycndf b^ d ytrjnjhs[ cbnefwbz[^ dyenhtyyt gthtvtotyysvb
kbwfvb&
Nfrbv j,hfpjv^ vfylfn EDR< JJY ctqxfc d pyfxbntkmyjq cntgtyb ibht
gj chfdytyb. c j,zpfntkmcndfvb^ dpznsvb yf ct,z ujcelfhcndfvb^
gjlgbcfdibvb Rjydtywb. b Ghjnjrjk& Jlyf bp ghj,ktv^ c rjnjhjq
ctujlyz cnfkrbdf.ncz ,t;tyws b cnhfys^ ghtljcnfdkz.obt e,t;bot^
cjcnjbn d kbrdblfwbb ‘hfphsdf d pfobnt\^ rjnjhsq yf,k.lftncz d nfrb[
cbnefwbz[^ rjulf EDR< JJY gsnftncz pfobnbnm kbw^ d jnyjitybb
rjnjhs[ ujcelfhcndf^ yf nthhbnjhbb rjnjhs[ jyb yf[jlzncz^ yt ghbpyf.n
ybrfrjq jndtncndtyyjcnb gj jnyjityb. r ybv gj rfrjve-kb,j bp
ljrevtynjd gj ,t;tywfv&
Chfdytybt Ecnfdf EDR< JJY b Rjydtywbb 1951 ujlf b
Ghjnjrjkf 1967 ujlf
Ecnfd zdkztncz rjycnbnewbtq EDR< JJY& Jy jghtltkztn aeyrwbb b
rjvgtntywb. Dth[jdyjuj rjvbccfhf b drk.xftn jghtltktybt kbw^ jn bvtyb
rjnjhs[ vj;tn ltqcndjdfnm Dth[jdysq rjvbccfh& Cgbcjr nfrb[ kbw ,sk
hfcibhty d hfpkbxys[ htpjk.wbz[ Utythfkmyjq Fccfv,ktb JJY&
Rjydtywbz 1951 ujlf j cnfnect ,t;tywtd zdkztncz vt;leyfhjlysv ljujdjhjv^
j,zpfntkmysv lkz gjlgbcfdib[ tuj ujcelfhcnd& Jyf jghtltkztn ghfdf b
j,zpfyyjcnb kbw^ rjnjhst ghbpyfys ,t;tywfvb d cjjndtncndbb c jghtltktybtv^
cjlth;fobvcz d Rjydtywbb&
Vfylfnyst ,t;tyws zdkz.ncz kbwfvb^ rjnjhs[ EDR< JJY hfccvfnhbdftn d
rfxtcndt ,t;tywtd d cjjndtncndbb cj cdjbv Ecnfdjv bkb ;t gj ,jktt ibhjrjve
vfylfne^ gjkextyyjve jn Utythfkmyjq Fccfv,ktb JJY& Jghtltktybt EDR<
JJY cnfnecf ,t;tywf yt pfdbcbn jn njuj^ zdkztncz kb cnhfyf e,t;bof
exfcnybrjv Rjydtywbb 1951 ujlf j cnfnect ,t;tywtd bkb Ghjnjrjkf r ytq&
Rjydtywbjyyst ,t;tyws zdkz.ncz kbwfvb^ ghbpyfyysvb ,t;tywfvb dkfcnzvb
ujcelfhcnd^ rjnjhst ghbcjtlbybkbcm r Rjydtywbb b#bkb Ghjnjrjke& D ’njv
rfxtcndt jyb bvt.n jcyjdfybz nht,jdfnm nt ghfdf b kmujns^ rjnjhst ’nb
ujcelfhcndf cjukfcbkbcm ghtljcnfdkznm ,t;tywfv& n
22

Kbwf^ gjlgflf.obt gjl rjvgtntywb. EDR< JJY
‘Kbwf^ gjlgflf.obt gjl rjvgtntywb. EDR< JJY\ zdkz.ncz kbwfvb^
gjnht,yjcnm rjnjhs[ d pfobnt b gjvjob kt;bn d catht bynthtcjd EDR<
JJY& D ’ne uhegge d[jlzn%
q
q
q
q
q

Kbwf ,tp uhf;lfycndf
Kbwjv ,tp uhf;lfycndf zdkztncz kbwj^ rjnjhjt yt hfccvfnhbdftncz
uhf;lfybyjv rfrjq-kb,j cnhfys gj tt ltqcnde.otve pfrjyjlfntkmcnde&
Jy bkb jyf yt j,zpfntkmyj ljk;ys ,snm ,t;tywfvb& Dj dctv vbht tcnm
vbkkbjys kbw ,tp uhf;lfycndf&
D 1966 ujle Utythfkmyfz Fccfv,ktz JJY ghbpdfkf EDR< JJY jrfpfnm
cjltqcndbt ghbcjtlbytyb. cnhfy r ldev vt;leyfhjlysv rjydtywbzv gj
,tpuhf;lfycnde b ghtljcnfdbnm b[ ghfdbntkmcndfv nt[ybxtcre. b
ghfdjde. gjvjom ghb hfphf,jnrt b[ pfrjyjlfntkmcndf j uhf;lfycndt&
Nfrbv j,hfpjv^ EDR< JJY hf,jnftn c ghfdbntkmcndfvb gj hfphf,jnrt
yfwbjyfkmyjuj pfrjyjlfntkmcndf^ gjvjuftn rjjhlbybhjdfnm cjplfdftvst
ghfdjdst cbcntvs^ jrfpsdftn gjvjom b lftn rjycekmnfwbb gj
jnltkmysv bkb uheggjdsv ckexfzv ,tpuhf;lfycndf b gjvjuftn dtcnb
gthtujdjhs gj pfrk.xtyb. ljujdjhjd^ cdzpfyys[ c cjcnjzybtv
,tpuhf;lfycndf&
Hf,jnf EDR< JJY c kbwfvb ,tp uhf;lfycndf jcyjdfyf yf ghjxys[ cdzpz[
vt;le gjyznbzvb ‘,tpuhf;lfycndj\ b ‘gthtvtotybt\& Yfghbvth%
q
q
q
Gthtvtotybt vj;tn dspsdfnm cjcnjzybt ,tpuhf;lfycndf (rjulf^ yfghbvth^
pf gthtvtotybtv xtkjdtrf cktletn bkb jyj cjghjdj;lftncz gthtrhfbdfybtv
nthhbnjhbfkmys[ uhfybw)&
Gthtvtotybt vj;tn ,snm cktlcndbtv cjcnjzybz ,tpuhf;lfycndf (rjulf
yfctktybt ,tp uhf;lfycndf b yfwbjyfkmys[ ghfd dsye;ltyj gjrblfnm
vtcnf cdjtuj gjcnjzyyjuj ;bntkmcndf)&
Cjcnjzybt ,tpuhf;lfycndf vj;tn ,snm ghtgzncndbtv yf genb hfphtitybz
ghj,ktv ,t;tywtd rjulf^ yfghbvth^ cnhfys jnrfpsdf.ncz dyjdm ghbyznm
,sdib[ ,t;tywtd gj ghbxbyt jncencndbz e yb[ uhf;lfycndf)&
Ujcelfhcndf ljk;ys htibnm ghj,ktve ,tpuhf;lfycndf& Ghfdbntkmcndf
ljk;ys ghtlghbyznm ifub^ ghtljndhfof.obt kbitybt bkb jnrfp jn
ghtljcnfdktybz uhf;lfycndf wtksv ckjzv yfctktybz^ rjnjhst vjuen
gjrfpfnm^ xnj e yb[ tcnm ltqcndbntkmyst b ghjxyst cdzpb c lfyyjq
cnhfyjq b rjnjhst jcnfyencz ,tp uhf;lfycndf^ tckb lfyyjt ujcelfhcndj
yt ghtlghbvtn cjjndtncnde.ob[ ltqcndbq&
‘ Bcgjkybntkmysq Rjvbntn dyjdm gjlndth;lftn df;yjcnm ghfdf yf
uhf;lfycndj b ghbpsdftn ujcelfhcndf ghbybvfnm dct ytj,[jlbvst vths gj
ghtleght;ltyb. bkb cjrhfotyb. cbnefwbq ,tpuhf;lfycndf^ d njv xbckt
gjchtlcndjv dyenhtyytuj pfrjyjlfntkmcndf b yflkt;fotuj ghbcjtlbytybz r
Rjydtywbb 1954 ujlf j cnfnect fgfnhbljd b Rjydtywbb 1961 ujlf j cjrhfotybb
,tpuhf;lfycndf\&
Pfrk.xtybt @ 85(m) Bcgjkybntkmyjuj Rjvbntnf EDR< JJY^ 1998
24

Ldt jcyjdyst vt;leyfhjlyst Rjydtywbb
gj ,tpuhf;lfycnde
Ghj,ktvf ,tpuhf;lfycndf ceotcndetn d jghtltktyys[ xfcnz[ vbhf b jyf
jcj,tyyj jcnhj cnjbn d ckexft ltntq jn hjlbntktq cvtifyyjuj ,hfrf bkb
ltntq^ rjnjhst hjlbkbcm yt d cnhfyt ghjbc[j;ltybz cdjb[ hjlbntktq^
gjcrjkmre jyb yt dctulf vjuen j,zpfntkmyj gjkexbnm uhf;lfycndj njuj
ujcelfhcndf^ d rjnjhjv jyb hjlbkbcm& Rfr b ,t;tywtd^ kbw ,tp uhf;lfycndf
vjuen dsye;lfnm gjrbyenm cnhfye bp-pf njuj^ xnj jyb yt vjuen gjkexbnm
cjjndtncnde.oe. pfobne& D 1994 ujle Bcgjkybntkmysq Rjvbntn EDR<
JJY ghbpdfk EDR< JJY ecbkbnm hf,jne gj htityb. djghjcf j
,tpuhf;lfycndt^ jrfpsdfz d njv xbckt b cjltqcndbt cnhfyfv d ghbcjtlbytybb
r Rjydtywbzv 1954 b 1961 ujljd gj ,tpuhf;lfycnde^ ghjdjlbnm gjlujnjdre
cgtwbfkbcnjd b cbcntvfnbxtcrb cj,bhfnm byajhvfwb. gj ’njq df;yjq
ghj,ktvt& Dtleottcz d yfcnjzott dhtvz bccktljdfybt ghj,ktvs gjrfpsdftn^
xnj vbkkbjys k.ltq d vbht vjuen ,snm kbwfvb ,tp uhf;lfycndf&
Rjydtywbz 1954 ujlf j cnfnect fgfnhbljd gjvjuftn htuekbhjdfnm b gjdsifnm
cnfnec kbw ,tp uhf;lfycndf^ gjvjuftn ufhfynbhjdfnm kbwfv ,tp uhf;lfycndf
gjkmpjdfybt jcyjdysvb ghfdfvb b cdj,jlfvb ,tp lbcrhbvbyfwbb&
Rjydtywbz 1961 ujlf j cjrhfotybb ,tpuhf;lfycndf jghtltkztn genb njuj^ rfr
kbwf^ rjnjhst byfxt ,skb ,s ,tp uhf;lfycndf^ vjuen gjkexbnm bkb cj[hfybnm
uhf;lfycndj ,kfujlfhz ecnfyjdktyyjq cdzpb c rfrbv-kb,j ujcelfhcndjv
dcktlcndbt cdjtuj hj;ltybz bkb ghjbc[j;ltybz& D Rjydtywbb hfccvfnhbdf.ncz
nfrbt djghjcs rfr ghtljcnfdktybt uhf;lfycndf^ enhfnf bkb jnrfp jn
uhf;lfycndf^ kbitybt uhf;lfycndf b gthtyjc nthhbnjhbfkmys[ uhfybw&
Gjlxthrbdftncz nfr;t b djghjc cj[hfytybz e;t gjkextyyjuj uhf;lfycndf&
Ghbcjtlbytybt r Rjydtywbb 1954 ujlf lftn kbwfv ,tp uhf;lfycndf vyjubt bp
nt[ ghfd^ rjnjhst ytj,[jlbvs bv lkz dtltybz yjhvfkmyjq ;bpyb& Ghbcjtlbytybt
r Rjydtywbb 1961 ujlf gjvjuftn htibnm vyjubt ghj,ktvs^
rjnjhst cdzpfys c ,tpuhf;lfycndjv& Jyf nfr;t cke;bn jhbtynbhjv lkz
yfwbjyfkmyjuj pfrjyjlfntkmcndf&
Uhf;lfycndj --- ’nj cnfnec^ rjnjhsq ghtljcnfdkztn xtkjdtre lheubt ghfdf&
Rjydtywbz 1961 ujlf gj cjrhfotyb. ,tpuhf;lfycndf jnvtxftn^ xnj kbwj yt
vj;tn ,snm kbityj uhf;lfycndf gj ghbpyfre tuj hfcs^ ’nybxtcrjuj
ghjbc[j;ltybz^ dthjbcgjdtlfybz bkb gjkbnbxtcrb[ e,t;ltybq* jghtltkztn
vths gj ghtljndhfotyb. enhfns uhf;lfycndf bp-pf gthtyjcf nthhbnjhbfkmys[
uhfybw* ecnfyfdkbdftn ghfdbkf ghtljcnfdktybz uhf;lfycndf kbwfv^
rjnjhst hjlbkbcm d rfrjq-kb,j cnhfyt b vjukb ,s jcnfnmcz ,tp uhf;lfycndf&
Rjydtywbz ghtlecvfnhbdftn^ xnj ;fkj,s b ghtntypbb gj Rjydtywbb ,elen
hfccvfnhbdfnmcz rfrbv-kb,j jhufyjv JJY& Nfrjq jhufy ybrjulf yt ,sk
cjplfy^ yj Utythfkmyfz Fccfv,ktz JJY (htpjk.wbz 3274 XXIX) djpkj;bkf
bcgjkytybt aeyrwbq ’njuj jhufyf yf EDR< JJY&
‘
25

Gj cjcnjzyb. yf ctynz,hm 2001 ujlf Rjydtywb. 1954 ujlf (jyf dcnegbkf d
cbke 6 b.yz 1960 ujlf) gjlgbcfkb cktle.obt ujcelfhcndf% Fdcnhfkbz^
Fpth,fql;fy^ Fk;bh^ Fynbuef b

^ dj vyjub[ ckexfz[^ ytfltrdfnysq [fhfrnth&

EDR< JJY bvttn ltkj c kbwfvb^ gthtvtotyysvb dyenhb cnhfys^ njkmrj
ghb eljdktndjhtybb jghtltktyys[ rhbnthbtd^ ecnfyjdktyys[ Utythfkmyjq
Fccfv,kttq JJY d 1993 ujle& EDR< JJY ljk;yf gjkexbnm lkz ’njuj%
q
q
q
q
q
q
Pfghjc bkb gjkyjvjxbz Utythfkmyjq Fccfv,ktb bkb rfrjuj-yb,elm
lheujuj ukfdyjuj rjvgtntynyjuj jhufyf JJY
Cjukfcbt pfbynthtcjdfyyjuj ujcelfhcndf b^ gj djpvj;yjcnb^ lheub[
exfcnybrjd rjyakbrnf
Ljcneg r yfctktyb.^ gjcnhflfditve d htpekmnfnt rjyakbrnf
Cjjndtncnde.oe. ,tpjgfcyjcnm lkz gthcjyfkf EDR< JJY b pfltqcndjdfyys[
gfhnythjd
Zcyj jghtltktyye. cntgtym jndtncndtyyjcnb b jnxtnyjcnb dvtcnt c
gjkyjvjxbzvb dvtibdfnmcz ytgjchtlcndtyyj d ltkf pfobns kbw^ gthtvtotyys[
dyenhb cnhfys
Cjjndtncnde.obt htcehcs b gjntywbfk
Cnhfntubz EDR< JJY jhbtynbhjdfyf yf gjbcr htitybq& Eghfdktybt
Dth[jdyjuj rjvbccfhf ,eltn eltkznm gthdjjxthtlyjt dybvfybt exfcnb.
d nfrb[ cbnefwbz[^ rjulf e;t ghbybvftncz bkb gkfybhetncz ghbyznm
gjkbnbxtcrjt htitybt& EDR< JJY hf,jnftn d ntcyjv cjnhelybxtcndt c
Rjjhlbyfnjhjv JJY gj jrfpfyb. xhtpdsxfqyjq gjvjob b lheubvb
cjjndtncnde.obvb jhufybpfwbzvb lkz ljcnb;tybz tlbyjuj gjybvfybz
rf;lsv cdjtq hjkb b jndtncndtyyjcnb ghb jrfpfybb gjvjob kbwfv^
gthtvtotyysv dyenhb cnhfys&
‚ Jwtyrb xbcktyyjcnb kbw^ gthtvtotyys[ dyenhb cnhfys^ gjlgflf.ob[
gjl rjvgtntywb. EDR< JJY d 2000 ujle
(gj cjcnjzyb. yf 31 ltrf,hz 2000 ujlf)
Htubjy DGK Djpdhfnbdibtcz
DGK
Djcnjxyfz Tdhjgf 1^343^282 70^284
>uj-Djcnjxyfz Tdhjgf 819^886 74^841
>uj-Pfgflyfz Fpbz 758^625 0
>;yfz Fpbz 706^514 0
>;yfz Fvthbrf 525^000 0
Djcnjxyfz Fahbrf 384^834 0
b Fahbrfycrbq Hju
>;yfz Fahbrf 257^508 0
Pfgflyfz b Wtynhfkmyfz Fahbrf 86^539 213^361
Dtkbrbt Jpthf (Fahbrf) 59^000 0
Wtynhfkmyfz Fpbz 0 5^569
Djcnjxyfz Fpbz # Nb[bq Jrtfy 0 5^000
Dctuj 4^941^188 369^055
Djpdhfnbdibtcz DGK% dyenhtyyt gthtvtotyyst kbwf^ djpdhfnbdibtcz d vtcnf cdjtuj
ghjbc[j;ltybz d ntxtybt lde[ gjcktlybt ktn&
Lfyyst wbahs ytj,zpfntkmyj ghtlcnfdkz.n j,ott xbckj DGK d cnhfyf[ lfyys[ htubjyjd&
28

Vt;leyfhjlysq Rjvbntn Rhfcyjuj Rhtcnf b
kbwf^ gthtvtotyyst dyenhb cnhfys
D k.,jv ckexft^ rjulf kbwf^ gthtvtotyyst dyenhb cnhfys^ gjldthuf.ncz
yfcbkb. d htpekmnfnt rjyakbrnjd bkb djkytybq^ Vt;leyfhjlysq rjvbntn
Rhfcyjuj Rhtcnf ,eltn cxbnfnm cdjbv ljkujv ghbyznm frnbdyjt exfcnbt d
jrfpfybb gjvjob d cjjndtncndbb cj cdjbv vfylfnjv b djpvj;yjcnzvb b d
nfrjv j,]tvt^ d rjnjhjv tve gjpdjkz.n ltqcndjdfnm cjjndtncnde.obt
jhufys dkfcnb b eckjdbz ,tpjgfcyjcnb& D utjuhfabxtcrjv gkfyt nfrjt exfcnbt
vj;tn ds[jlbnm pf ghtltks pjys dtltybz frnbdys[ djtyys[ ltqcndbq^ nfr
xnj VRRR htiftn djghjcs ghtljcnfdktybz pfobns kbwfv^ gthtvtotyysv
dyenhb cnhfys^ b afrnbxtcrb lheubv uhf;lfyfv ytpfdbcbvj jn njuj^ d rfrjq
xfcnb cnhfys jyb vjuen yf[jlbnmcz&
Rhbnthbtv exfcnbz VRRR zdkztncz tuj ghbcencndbt b frnbdyjt exfcnbt^ d
gthde. jxthtlm^ d rjyrhtnys[ cbnefwbz[& Rfr ytqnhfkmysq gjchtlybr d
ckexft djjhe;tyyjuj rjyakbrnf bkb ,tcgjhzlrjd^ VRRR ltkftn dct
djpvj;yjt^ xnj,s ghtljcnfdbnm pfobne b gjvjom ;thndfv vt;leyfhjlys[
b dyenhtyyb[ djjhe;tyys[ rjyakbrnjd^ dyenhtyyb[ ,tcgjhzlrjd b
yfghz;tyyjcnb& D nfrb[ cbnefwbz[ VRRR eltkztn gthdjjxthtlyjt
dybvfybt ntv^ rnj jcj,tyyj ye;lftncz d gjvjob^ d cjjndtncndbb c
ghbywbgjv ,tcghbcnhfcnyjcnb& D ’njv jnyjitybb VRRR hfccvfnhbdftn
rf;ljt kbwj^ gthtvtotyyjt dyenhb cnhfys^ ght;lt dctuj rfr uhf;lfycrjt
kbwj^ rjnjhjt^ ,elexb nfrjdsv^ gjkexftn pfobne gj vt;leyfhjlyjve
uevfybnfhyjve ghfde&
Jxtym xfcnj kbwf^ gthtvtotyyst dyenhb cnhfys^ cnhflf.n jn cnhfiys[
kbitybq^ xnj cnfdbn gjl djghjc b[ ds;bdfybt^ b jxtym xfcnj jyb
gjldthuf.ncz ,jkmijq jgfcyjcnb^ rfr dj dhtvz gthtvtotybz^ nfr b d
ntxtybt dhtvtyyjuj ghj;bdfybz yf yjdjv vtcnt& Gj’njve b xbckj
gjub,f.ob[ chtlb kbw^ gthtvtotyys[ dyenhb cnhfys^ xfcnj ,sdftn
pyfxbntkmysv^ jcj,tyyj chtlb abpbxtcrb jckf,ktyys[ kbw^ nfrb[ rfr
ltnb^ gj;bkst k.lb bkb ,thtvtyyst ;tyobys& Nhelyjcnb b kbitybz^
rjnjhst bcgsnsdf.n nt^ rnj jcnfkcz yf vtcnt^ bkb rjnjhst bcgsnsdf.n
vtcnyst cjj,otcndf^ eckj;yz.n ghj,ktve&
C extnjv jgfcyjuj gjkj;tybz^ d rjnjhjv yf[jlzncz kbwf^ gthtvtotyyst
dyenhb cnhfys^ cnhflf.obt jn djtyys[ rjyakbrnjd --- f jyb cjcnfdkz.n
jlye bp ukfdys[ rfntujhbq gthtvtotyys[ kbw b dj vyjub[ ckexfz[
yf[jlzncz d j,cnfyjdrt yfb,jktt jgfcyjq lkz ;bpyb --- jyb xfcnj cnfyjdzncz
ukfdyjq uheggjq yfctktybz^ yf rjnjhe. yfghfdktyf ltzntkmyjcnm VRRR&
{jnz gj hzle ghbxby cnfnbcnbxtcrbt lfyyst gj kbwfv^ gthtvtotyysv
dyenhb cnhfys^ jcnf.ncz ghb,kbpbntkmysvb^ VRRR cxbnftn^ xnj d 1999
ujle jy jrfpfk gjvjom gjxnb gznb vbkkbjyfv xtkjdtr^ chtlb rjnjhs[
,jkmie. xfcnm cjcnfdkzkb kbwf^ gthtvtotyyst dyenhb cnhfys& Nhblwfnm
jlyf cnhfyf hfphf,fnsdfkf yf 2000 ujl ghjuhfvvs^ yfghfdktyyst yf
pfobne b jrfpfybt gjvjob kbwfv^ gthtvtotyysv dyenhb cnhfys& n
Cvjnhbnt Web-cfqn VRRR - www.icrc.org
29

Gjvjom
Gjvjom ghtljcnfdkztncz lkz eljdktndjhtybz abpbxtcrb[ b vfnthbfkmys[
gjnht,yjcntq kbw^ gjlgflf.ob[ gjl rjvgtntywb. EDR< JJY& Jyf
vj;tn drk.xfnm ghjlerns gbnfybz^ vtlbrfvtyns^ jlt;le^ rhjd^ ctvtyf b
ctkmcrj[jpzqcndtyysq bycnhevtyn^ cjwbfkmyst eckeub^ eckeub gcb[jkjujd^
cjplfybt bkb djccnfyjdktybt byahfcnhernehs^ yfghbvth irjk b
ljhju& ‘Uevfybnfhyfz gjvjom\ jnyjcbncz r gjvjob^ ghtljcnfdkztvjq
uevfybnfhysvb jhufybpfwbzvb d uevfybnfhys[ wtkz[^ nj tcnm d ytgjkbnbxtcrb[^
ytrjvvthxtcrb[ b ytdjtyys[ wtkz[& D ghfrnbrt hf,jns EDR<
JJY jrfpsdftvfz gjvjom gjllth;bdftn b ljgjkyztn pfobne&
Rjulf ,jkmijt xbckj ,t;tywtd ghb,sdftn d ntxtybt rjhjnrjuj gthbjlf
dhtvtyb^ df;yj ,scnhj ljcnfdbnm ghjlerns gbnfybz^ gfkfnrb^ vtlbrfvtyns
b lheubt ghtlvtns gthdjq ytj,[jlbvjcnb& Vfnthbfkmyfz b
nt[ybxtcrfz gjvjom vj;tn ,snm jrfpfyf cnhfyjq e,t;bof^ cjctlytq
cnhfyjq bkb lheubvb cnhfyfvb-ljyjhfvb& C wtkm. ,scnhjuj htfubhjdfybz
yf xhtpdsxfqyst j,cnjzntkmcndf^ EDR< JJY lth;bn yf crkflf[ d
hzlt vtcn d vbht cjjndtncnde.obt pfgfcs&
‘Rjyathtywbz ghbpsdftn ujcelfhcndf^
dct[ exfcnybrjd djjhe;tyys[ rjyakbrnjd^
jhufys JJY b lheubt jhufybpfwbb d chjxyjv
gjhzlrt j,hfnbnm dybvfybt yf ghtljcnfdktybt
pfobns b gjvjob yfb,jktt ezpdbvsv
uheggfv ,t;tywtd b kbw^ gthtvtotyys[
dyenhb cnhfys^ jcj,tyyj ;tyobyfv b ltnzv^
rjnjhst vjuen gjldthufnmcz ctrcefkmyjve
yfcbkb.^ uhe,jve j,hfotyb. bkb ’rcgkefnfwbb
b gjldthufnmcz hbcre djjhe;tyys[
rjyakbrnjd^ drk.xfz yfcbkmcndtyysq ghbpsd
ltntq yf djtyye. cke;,e\&
103-z Rjyathtywbz Vt;gfhkfvtyncrjuj Cj.pf^
vfq 2000
Ghb ghjdtltybb d gjcktlytt
dhtvz jgthfwbq gj
jrfpfyb. gjvjob
,t;tywfv lkz ljcnfdrb
uevfybnfhyjq gjvjob ytj,[jlbvj
,skj bcgjkmpjdfnm
nt[ybxtcrbq
gjntywbfk djjhe;tyys[
cbk ytrjnjhs[ cnhfy-ljyjhjd^
Gjlj,yfz ghfrnbrf
bcgjkmpetncz njkmrj d ckexft
rhegyjvfcinf,ys[
xhtpdsxfqys[ cbnefwbq b
njkmrj d rhfqytv ckexft&
Bp-pf cdjb[ vfcinf,jd b hfc[jljd jgthfwbb gj jrfpfyb. ’rcnhtyyjq
gjvjob nht,e.n ljgjkybntkmys[ chtlcnd b jyb yt ghjdjlzncz pf cxtn
chtlcnd^ rjnjhst vjukb ,s ,snm ghtljcnfdktys d hfcgjhz;tybt EDR<
JJY&
{jnz bcgjkmpjdfybt djjhe;tyys[ cbk lkz ljcnfdrb uevfybnfhyjq
gjvjob cgfckj^ dyt dczrjuj cjvytybz^ ;bpym vyjub[ k.ltq^ jyj nfr;t
gjlyzkj djghjcs j, jnyjitybz[ vt;le uevfybnfhysvb jhufybpfwbzvb b
djtyysvb&
EDR< JJY cxbnftn^ xnj jgthfwbb gj ljcnfdrt uevfybnfhyjq gjvjob
ljk;ys jcnfdfnmcz uhf;lfycrbvb gj cdjtve [fhfrnthe&
Ytj,[jlbvj edf;fnm ghbywbgs ,tcghbcnhfcnyjcnb b ytpfdbcbvjcnb jn
gjkbnbxtcrb[ cjj,hf;tybq&
30

Rfr pfobnf b gjvjom vjuen ljgjkyznm lheu lheuf
D vjvtyn cdjtuj j,hfpjdfybz EDR< JJY ltqcndjdfkj ukfdysv j,hfpjv
d Tdhjgt^ ult vfnthbfkmyfz gjvjom j,sxyj ghtljcnfdkzkfcm cnhfyfvb^
ghtljcnfdbdibvb e,t;bot ,t;tywfv& Gjp;t^ gj vtht gjzdktybz d
hfpdbdf.ob[cz cnhfyf[ vyjub[ ghj,ktv c ,t;tywfvb^ EDR< JJY^ ghb
gjllth;rt vt;leyfhjlyjuj cjj,otcndf^ ,skj ghbpdfyj jrfpsdfnm
vfnthbfkmye. gjvjom b pfobne ,t;tywfv b d ’nb[ cnhfyf[&
‘Rjyathtywbz ghbpsdftn ghfdbntkmcndf b gfhkfvtyns hfccvjnhtnm vths gj
ufhfynbhjdfyb. ,tpjgfcyjcnb gthtvtotyys[ kbw^ drk.xfz kbw^ gthtvtotyys[
dyenhb cnhfys^ b b[ cj,cndtyyjcnb dj dhtvz b gjckt htgfnhbfwbb\&
99-z Rjyathtywbz Vt;gfhkfvtyncrjuj Cj.pf^ fghtkm 1998
Yf ghfrnbrt jrfpsdftvst pfobnf b gjvjom xfcnj dpfbvjcdzpfys&
Gfkfnrb^ gjcnfdktyyst yf crjhe. here bp ujke,juj gkfcnbxtcrjuj
vfnthbfkf EDR< JJY^ cnfkb kturj hfcgjpyfdftvsvb cbvdjkfvb pfobns
d eckjdbz[ xhtpdsxfqys[ cbnefwbq jn

ghbcencndbt d jgfcys[ hfqjyf[ cfvj gj ct,t zdkztncz ajhvjq pfobns^ nfr
rfr jyj vj;tn jpyfxfnm ltqcndtyyjt chtlcndj d ,jhm,t cj pkjegjnht,ktybzvb&
Jrjkj 85 ghjwtynjd gthcjyfkf EDR< JJY^ rjnjhsq yfcxbnsdftn
,jktt 4^000 xtkjdtr^ hf,jnf.n pf ghtltkfvb tuj inf,-rdfhnbhs d
:tytdt& D ckexft rhegyjvfcinf,yjq xhtpdsxfqyjq cbnefwbb c ,t;tywfvb
gthcjyfk EDR< JJY vj;tn ,snm pfltqcndjdfy d ntxtybt 72 xfcjd* yf nfrjq
ckexfq gjlgbcfys cjukfitybz b c gfhnythcrbvb futyncndfvb gj ,scnhjve
bcgjkmpjdfyb. b[ cj,cndtyyjuj gthcjyfkf&
‚ Cnjkbws% ,kb;t r ntv^ rnj ghbybvftn htitybz
Jceotcndkzz rjynhjkm pf bcgjkytybtv Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd^ xnj
d[jlbn d tuj j,zpfyyjcnb^ EDR< JJY bvttn cdjb ghtlcnfdbntkmcndf d
cnjkbwf[ vyjub[ cnhfy& EDR< JJY gjllth;bdftn cdzpm d jcyjdyjv c
vbybcnthcndfvb byjcnhfyys[ ltk& Jlyfrj^ gjcrjkmre djghjcs pfobns
,t;tywtd rfcf.ncz b vyjub[ lheub[ exht;ltybq^ EDR< JJY xfcnj
cjnhelybxftn c vbybcnthcndfvb bkb eghfdktybzvb^ rjnjhst pfybvf.ncz
djghjcfvb dyenhtyyb[ ltk^ exht;ltybzvb .cnbwbb b bvvbuhfwbb^ jhufybpfwbzvb
gj pfobnt ghfd xtkjdtrf^ gjkbwbtq b djtyysvb&
EDR< JJY nfr;t cjnhelybxftn c gfhkfvtynfhbzvb^ gthtlfdfz yf
hfccvjnhtybt gfhkfvtyncrb[ rjvbntnjd hfpkbxyst vfnthbfks gj djghjcfv
pfrjyjlfntkmcndf j ,t;tywf[& Jceotcndkzz rjynhjkm pf ghtlkfuftvsv
pfrjyjv^ EDR< JJY vj;tn hf,jnfnm c gfhkfvtynfhbzvb b
lj,bdfnmcz njuj^ xnj,s ghbybvftvsq pfrjy cjjndtncndjdfk
vt;leyfhjlyjve ghfde ,t;tywtd b vt;leyfhjlysv cnfylfhnfv& Gfhkfvtynfhbb
vjuen j,hfofnmcz r EDR< JJY pf hfp]zcytybtv rjyrhtnys[
cbnefwbq c ,t;tywfvb d b[ cj,cndtyyjq cnhfyt bkb gj lheubv
bynthtce.obv b[ djghjcfv&
Bp-pf juhfybxtyys[ chtlcnd EDR< JJY yt bvttn cdjb[ ghtlcnfdbntkmcnd
d rf;ljq cnjkbwt& Ntv yt vtytt^ e rf;ljq cnhfys tcnm gj,kbpjcnb
ghtlcnfdbntkmcndj EDR< JJY* xfcnj EDR< JJY dscnegftn pf htubjyfkmysq
gjl[jl r htityb. djghjcjd ,t;tywtd&
Jhufys eghfdktybz
‚ Utythfkmyfz Fccfv,ktz JJY
Utythfkmyfz Fccfv,ktz JJY bp,bhftn Dth[jdyjuj rjvbccfhf gj
ghtlcnfdktyb. Utythfkmyjuj Ctrhtnfhz j,sxyj chjrjv yf gznm ktn&
Dth[jdysq rjvbccfh jnxbnsdftncz pf cdj. hf,jne gthtl Utythfkmyjq
Fccfv,kttq JJY xthtp "rjyjvbxtcrbq b Cjwbfkmysq Cjdtn ("RJCJC)&
‚ Dth[jdysq rjvbccfh
D yfcnjzott dhtvz Dth[jdysv rjvbccfhjv zdkztncz u-y Heel K.,,thc^
rjnjhsq ,sk bp,hfy yf ’njn gjcn Utythfkmyjq Fccfv,kttq d jrnz,ht
2000 ujlf& U-y K.,,thc zdkztncz extysv b ,sdibv ujcelfhcndtyysv
ltzntktv Yblthkfyljd^ jy ,sk ghtvmth-vbybcnhjv ’njq cnhfys c 1982
gj 1994 ujls&
32

‚ Bcgjkybntkmysq Rjvbntn
Bcgjkybntkmysq Rjvbntn EDR< JJY^ d rjnjhsq d[jlzn ghtlcnfdbntkb
cnhfy-xktyjd JJY^ ,sk j,hfpjdfy "RJCJC d 1958 ujle gj ghjcm,t
Utythfkmyjq Fccfv,ktb JJY& Ukfdysvb pflfxfvb Bcgjkybntkmyjuj
Rjvbntnf zdkz.ncz endth;ltybt ghjuhfvv gj jrfpfyb. gjvjob^ rjnjhst
ghtlcnfdkztn Dth[jdysq rjvbccfh* ghtljcnfdktybt htrjvtylfwbq
Dth[jdyjve rjvbccfhe gj bcgjkytyb. tuj#tt ecnfdys[ aeyrwbq^ jcj,tyyj
d j,kfcnb vt;leyfhjlyjq pfobns^ b ghjdthrf dctq abyfycjdjq b
flvbybcnhfnbdyjq ltzntkmyjcnb Eghfdktybz& Xktys Bcgjkybntkmyjuj
Rjvbntnf bp,bhf.ncz "RJCJC& Bcgjkybntkmysq Rjvbntn ghjdjlbn cdjb
t;tujlyst pfctlfybz d ntxtybt ytltkb d jrnz,ht^ d :tytdt* pfctlfybz
gjcnjzyyjuj rjvbntnf ghjdjlzncz lj gznb hfp d ujl&
Gfhnythcrbt jnyjitybz EDR< JJY c ujcelfhcndfvb
‚ Bcgjkybntkmyst b flvbcnhfnbdyst jhufys
Ghfdbntkmcndf cjnhelybxf.n c EDR< JJY^ ghtljcnfdkzz ,t;tywfv
e,t;bot b hfphtifz bv jcnfdfnmcz yf cdjtq nthhbnjhbb& Vyjubt
ghfdbntkmcndf nfr;t gjvjuf.n ,t;tywfv ecnhjbnmcz d cdjb[ cnhfyf[^
ghtljcnfdkzz bv lkz ’njuj abyfycjde. gjvjom&
EDR< JJY cjnhelybxftn c ghfdbntkmcndfvb^ jrfpsdfz bv gjvjxm d
hfpltktybb jndtncndtyyjcnb pf pfobne ,t;tywtd^ b gjllth;bdftn
ghfdbntkmcndf d hfphtitybb ghbxby^ gjhj;lf.ob[ gjnjrb ,t;tywtd&
Rjulf dyenhtyybt rjyakbrns gjhj;lf.n ghj,ktvs c ,t;tywfvb d
vt;leyfhjlyjv vfcinf,t^ dct cnhfys^ jcj,tyyj cjctlybt cnhfys^
ljk;ys dpznm yf ct,z jndtncndtyyjcnm pf djccnfyjdktybt vbhf b
,tpjgfcyjcnb d cnhfyt rjyakbrnf& Cnhfys e,t;bof ytcen yf ct,t cfvjt
nz;rjt ,htvz dj dhtvz rhbpbcf c ,t;tywfvb^ gjcrjkmre ghtljcnfdktybt
e,t;bof xfcnj jpyfxftn yfheitybt ;bpyb d hfqjyf[^ relf ghb,sdf.n
,t;tyws& Yj ’nbv cnhfyfv yt ye;yj ,hfnm njkmrj yf ct,z dc.
jndtncndtyyjcnm& Lheubt cnhfys^ rfr d htubjyt^ nfr b dyt tuj^ vjuen
hfpltkbnm jndtncndtyyjcnm gentv ghtljcnfdktybz abyfycjdjq b vfnthbfkmyjq
gjvjob lkz cjlth;fybz b pfobns ,t;tywtd& EDR< JJY
gjvjuftn vj,bkbpjdfnm b yfghfdkznm nfre. gjvjom&
D ytrjnjhs[ cnhfyf[ EDR< JJY gjvjuftn ghfdbntkmcndfv d hfccvjnhtybb
[jlfnfqcnd kbw^ boeob[ e,t;bof (cvjnhbnt Ukfde 3)& Ajhvs b
vfcinf,s exfcnbz EDR< JJY vjuen vtyznmcz d pfdbcbvjcnb jn eckjdbq b
gjnht,yjcntq d rf;ljq jnltkmyjq cnhfyt&
‚ Gfhkfvtyns
Gfhkfvtyns b gfhkfvtynfhbb buhf.n rk.xtde. hjkm d hfphf,jnrt
yfwbjyfkmyjq ghfdjdjq ,fps gj pfobnt ,t;tywtd b^ nfrbv j,hfpjv^
zdkz.ncz df;ysvb gfhnythfvb EDR< JJY&
D cnhfyf[^ rjnjhst tot yt ghbcjtlbybkbcm r Rjydtywbb j cnfnect
,t;tywtd b Ghjnjrjke r ytq bkb r ldev vt;leyfhjlysv rjydtywbzv gj
,tpuhf;lfycnde^ EDR< JJY cjltqcndetn ghbcjtlbytyb. r ybv&
D cnhfyf[^ rjnjhst e;t ghbcjtlbybkbcm r ’nbv rjydtywbzv^ EDR< JJY
gjlxthrbdftn ytj,[jlbvjcnm ghbvtytybz vt;leyfhjlys[ cnfylfhnjd
33

gentv ghbyznbz cjjndtncnde.otuj pfrjyjlfntkmcndf b dsltktybz
ytj,[jlbvs[ chtlcndf&
‘Rjyathtywbz ghbpsdftn gfhkfvtynfhbtd r frnbdyjve cjnhelybxtcnde d
htitybb ghj,ktvs ,t;tywtd gentv ghbyznbz pfrjyjd b gjcnfyjdktybq^
rjnjhst cjlth;fn d ct,t ghbywbg hfpltktybz ,htvtyb\&
102-z Rjyathtywbz Vt;gfhkfvtyncrjuj Cj.pf^ jrnz,hm 1999
EDR< JJY vj;tn jpyfrjvbnm gfhkfvtynfhbtd b ghtljcnfdbnm bv
vfnthbfks gj b[ ghjcm,t gj cbnefwbzv c ,t;tywfvb& Eghfdktybt
ghbpsdftn gfhkfvtynfhbtd bcgjkmpjdfnm cdjt gjkj;tybt^ c ntv xnj,s
j,hfnbnm dybvfybt yf wtyyjcnm njuj drkflf^ rjnjhsq ,t;tyws dyjczn d
b[ cnhfys^ b cgjcj,cndjdfnm hjcne edf;tybz r ,t;tywfv rfr r k.lzv&
EDR< JJY ecnfyjdbkj ntcyst hf,jxbt cdzpb c Vt;gfhkfvtyncrbv Cj.pjv
(VGC)& EDR< JJY b VGC cjnhelybxf.n c ntv^ xnj,s gjvjxm gfhkfvtynfhbzv
kexit gjyznm vt;leyfhjlye. cnhernehe pfobns ,t;tywtd b
j,]zcybnm bv jndtncndtyyjcnm ujcelfhcnd b vfylfn EDR< JJY gj pfobnt
,t;tywtd b gjbcre htitybz b[ ghj,ktv& "nb ldt jhufybpfwbb cjnhelybxf.n
nfr;t b d ghtljcnfdktybb byajhvfwbb b htrjvtylfwbq gj njq df;yjq hjkb^
rjnjhe. gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen buhfnm d pfobnt ,t;tywtd^ b d hfccvjnhtybb
njuj^ rfr jnltkmyst cnhfys b vt;leyfhjlyjt cjj,otcndj d wtkjv vjuen
cghfdbnmcz c njq euhjpjq^ rjnjhfz cnjbn d yfcnjzott dhtvz gthtl
vt;leyfhjlysv ht;bvjv pfobns ,t;tywtd&
Vt;gfhkfvtyncrbq Cj.pf gthbjlbxtcrb pfzdkztn^ xnj Rjydtywbz j
cnfnect ,t;tywtd b Ghjnjrjk r ytq zdkz.ncz df;ytqibvb ljrevtynfvb
gj j,tcgtxtyb. pfobns ,t;tywtd^ b ghbpsdftn ujcelfhcndf^ rjnjhst
tot yt ghbcjtlbybkbcm r ’nbv ljrevtynfv^ cltkfnm ’nj b dsgjkyznm
dgjcktlcndbb cdjb j,zpfntkmcndf gj ybv& Htpjk.wbz^ ghbyznfz d vft
2000 ujlf^ dshfpbkf cdj. gjllth;re ltqcndbzv JJY gj j,tcgtxtyb.
cj,k.ltybz ghfd ,t;tywtd b gthtvtotyys[ kbw b ghbpdfkf gfhkfvtyns
‘jceotcndkznm c EDR< JJY rjkktrnbdyst b yjdfnjhcrbt ltqcndbz &&& d
wtkz[ erhtgktybz cnhernehs vt;leyfhjlyjq pfobns\&
Ujljv gjp;t VGC erfpfk d cdjtq htpjk.wbb gj ghfplyjdfyb. gznbltcznjq
ujljdobys cj lyz ghbyznbz Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd yf
‘ytj,[jlbvjcnm hfphf,jnrb yjds[ gjl[jljd^ bycnhevtynjd b cnfylfhnjd
lkz j,tcgtxtybz ghjljk;f.otqcz ;bpytcgjcj,yjcnb b df;yjcnb Rjydtywbb
j cnfnect ,t;tywtd yf ajyt lbcreccbb gj vfcinf,ysv b
pfnzyedibvcz cbnefwbzv c ,t;tywfvb* ,jkmib[ hfc[jljd gj cjlth;fyb.
kbw^ boeob[ e,t;bof^ d ghjvsiktyyj hfpdbns[ cnhfyf[*
,htvtyb^ rjnjhjt ytcen hfpdbdf.obtcz cnhfys^ ghbybvf.obt
,t;tywtd^ b htfkmys[ bkb ghtlgjkfuftvs[ pkjegjnht,ktybq^ cjdthiftvsv
d jnyjitybb kbw^ boeob[ e,t;bof\&
Dshf;fz ‘nhtdjue gj gjdjle hfcneotuj xbckf ,t;tywtd dj dctv vbht b
b[ nz;tkjuj gjkj;tybz^ f nfr;t hfcneotuj xbckf ghj,ktv^ c rjnjhsvb
cnfkrbdftncz Eghfdktybt Dth[jdyjuj rjvbccfhf JJY gj ltkfv
,t;tywtd (EDR< JJY)^ VGC ghbpdfk gfhkfvtynfhbtd ghjzdbnm bynthtc
b dytcnb cdjq drkfl d erhtgktybt vt;leyfhjlyjuj ht;bvf pfobns
,t;tywtd gentv erhtgktybz gjkj;tybq Rjydtywbb b tt ,jktt ’aatrnbdyjq
bvgktvtynfwbb&
34

‚ Celmb
Celmb buhf.n df;ye. hjkm d pfobnt ,t;tywtd^ jcj,tyyj rjulf yfwbjyfkmyfz
cbcntvf pfobns jcyjdfyf yf pfrjyt^ f yt njkmrj yf flvbybcnhfnbdyjv
eghfdktybb& EDR< JJY gjvjuftn celmzv^ ghjdjlz lkz yb[ ext,yst
ctvbyfhs gj gjdsityb. rdfkbabrfwbb d j,kfcnb vt;leyfhjlyjuj ghfdf
,t;tywtd^ gj cbnefwbb c ghfdfvb xtkjdtrf d cnhfyf[ ghjbc[j;ltybz
,t;tywtd& D ytrjnjhs[ ckexfz[ EDR< JJY vj;tn ghtlkj;bnm celmzv cdj.
njxre phtybz gj rfrjve-yb,elm rjyrhtnyjve pfrjye^ djghjce bkb jnltkmyjve
ltke^ xnj,s jrfpfnm gjvjom ghb dsytctybb celt,ys[ htitybq&
EDR< JJY ntcyj cjnhelybxftn c Vt;leyfhjlyjq Fccjwbfwbtq celtq gj
ghfde ,t;tywtd (IARLJ)& "nf Fccjwbfwbz gjvjuftn celmzv jcjpyfnm nt
j,zpfntkmcndf^ rjnjhst cnhfys ,then yf ct,z gj Rjydtywbb j cnfnect
,t;tywtd^ cnbvekbhetn bcgjkmpjdfybt celt,yjuj ghjwtccf ghb hfphtitybb
cgjhjd d jnyjitybb ghfd pfzdbntktq-,t;tywtd^ gjvjuftn gjyznm
ytpfdbcbvjcnm celtq d rjyntrcnt ghfdf ,t;tywtd d cnhfyf[ c yfhj;lf.otqcz
ltvjrhfnbtq b hfpdbdf.ob[cz cnhfyf[ b lftn djpvj;yjcnm
j,vtyznmcz byajhvfwbtq^ yfb,jktt gthcgtrnbdysvb
vtnjlfvb b hfphf,fnsdfnm gjcktljdfntkmyst gjl[jls r njkrjdfyb. b
ghbvtytyb. vt;leyfhjlyjuj ghfdf ,t;tywtd&
Gfhnythcrbt jnyjitybz EDR< JJY c futyncndfvb
JJY b lheubvb jhufybpfwbzvb
EDR< JJY zdkztncz xfcnm. ctnb ajyljd^ ghjuhfvv^ cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyys[
exht;ltybq b rjvbccbq Jhufybpfwbb J,]tlbytyys[ Yfwbq& EDR<
JJY xfot dctuj ecnfyfdkbdftn gfhnythcrbt jnyjitybz c%
q
q
q
q
q
q
Vbhjdjq ghjljdjkmcndtyyjq ghjuhfvvjq (VGG)^ gj kbybb rjnjhjq
jrfpsdftncz uevfybnfhyfz ghjljdjkmcndtyyfz gjvjom
Ltncrbv Ajyl JJY (>YBCTA)^ rjnjhsq gjvjuftn ghfdbntkmcndfv d
dsgjkytybb ghjuhfvv gj erhtgktyb. pljhjdmz ltntq^ ghjuhfvv gj
gbnfyb.^ j,hfpjdfyb.^ gjlujnjdrt b cjwbfkmysv eckeufv& >YBCTA
nfr;t pfybvftncz djghjcfvb pfobns ytcjghjdj;lftvs[ ytcjdthityyjktnyb[
ltntq b djccjtlbytybz ctvtq^ xktys rjnjhs[ vjukb ,snm
hfp]tlbytys^ rjulf ,t;fkb bp cdjtq cnhfys
Dctvbhyjq Jhufybpfwbtq plhfdjj[hfytybz (DJP)^ rjnjhfz yfghfdkztn b
rjjhlbybhetn hf,jne d j,kfcnb plhfdjj[hfytybz b^ chtlb ghjxb[ dtotq^
ghjdjlbn rjvgfybb ghbdbdjr b ,jhm,s cj CGBLjv
Ghjuhfvvjq hfpdbnbz Jhufybpfwbb J,]tlbytyys[ Yfwbq (GHJJY)^
rjnjhfz rjjhlbybhetn dct ghjuhfvvs hfpdbnbz JJY^ rjynhjkbhetn gkfys
ljkujchjxyjuj hfpdbnbz gjckt xhtpdsxfqys[ cbnefwbq b buhftn df;ye.
hjkm d dsgjkytybb ghjuhfvv byntuhfwbb b htbyntuhfwbb
Eghfdktybtv Dth[jdyjuj rjvbccfhf JJY gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf (EDRGX)^
rjnjhjt buhftn dtleoe. hjkm d htitybb djghjcjd gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf^
rjjhlbybhetn ltqcndbz JJY gj pfobnt ghfd xtkjdtrf b htfubhetn yf
cthmtpyst yfheitybz ghfd xtkjdtrf
Eghfdktybt JJY gj rjjhlbyfwbb uevfybnfhyjq ltzntkmyjcnb (ERUL)^
rjnjhjt rjjhlbybhetn jrfpfybt gjvjob JJY ghb uevfybnfhys[ rhbpbcf[^
35

q
q
ghtdsif.ob[ gjntywbfkmyst djpvj;yjcnb b vfylfn k.,juj jnltkmyjuj
exht;ltybz gj jrfpfyb. uevfybnfhyjq gjvjob
Lheubv df;ysv gfhnythjv zdkztncz Vt;leyfhjlyfz jhufybpfwbb gj
vbuhfwbb (VJV)^ rjnjhfz zdkztncz vt;ghfdbntkmcndtyysv jhufyjv^ yt
d[jlzobv d cbcntve JJY& Jyf gjvjuftn jceotcndkznm gthtlfxe
,t;tywtd^ gthtvtotyys[ b lheub[ kbw^ ye;lf.ob[cz d eckeuf[ yfwbjyfkmys[
bkb vt;leyfhjlys[ vbuhfwbjyys[ cke;,
EDR< JJY nfr;t cjnhelybxftn c nfrbvb htubjyfkmysvb jhufyfvb^ rfr
Fahbrfycrbq Cj.p (FC)^ Jhufybpfwbz fvthbrfycrb[ ujcelfhcnd (JFU)^
Cjdtn Tdhjgs (CT)^ Jhufybpfwbz gj ,tpjgfcyjcnb b cjnhelybxtcnde d
Tdhjgt (J

‘Rjyathtywbz jlj,hztn ltzntkmyjcnm
ytghfdbntkmcndtyys[ jhufybpfwbq^
jrfpsdf.ob[
uevfybnfhye.
gjvjom ,t;tywfv b gthtvtotyysv
kbwfv^ b gjlxthrbdftn^ xnj ujcelfhcndfv
ytj,[jlbvj gjllth;fnm ’nb
jhufybpfwbb\&
78-z Rjyathtywbz Vt;gfhkfvtyncrjuj
Cj.pf^ jrnz,hm 1987
Lheubt nbgs xfcnys[ bkb htkbubjpys[
jhufybpfwbq xfcnj jrfpsdf.n
ghfdjde. gjvjom kbwfv^ boeobv
e,t;bof^ bkb ghtlcnfdkz.n b[
bynthtcs* gjctof.n wtynhs lkz
pflth;fyys[ byjcnhfywtd* jrfpsdf.n
gjvjom gthtctktyysv
,t;tywfv* pfobof.n ghfdf jnltkmys[
,t;tywtd b ghjgfufylbhe.n
yfwbjyfkmyst pfrjys b
ghjwtlehs^ rjnjhst gjvjuf.n b[ cnhfyfv cj,k.lfnm cdjb vt;leyfhjlyst
j,zpfntkmcndf& YGJ yt j,zpfntkmyj vjuen bvtnm rjyrhtnyst
vfylfns d hfvrf[ vt;leyfhjlys[ rjydtywbq lkz ghtljcnfdktybz
pfobns ,t;tywfv& Ntv yt vtytt^ vyjubt YGJ jceotcndkz.n cdj.
ltzntkmyjcnm d cjjndtncndbb cj cdjbvb wtkzvb b pflfxfvb^ rjnjhst
j,zpsdf.n b[ ghtljcnfdkznm pfobne& Nfrbv j,hfpjv^ jyb jrfpsdf.n
yfceoye. b wtyye. gjvjom^ rjnjhfz vj;tn d pyfxbntkmyjq vtht
gjdscbnm ’aatrnbdyjcnm pfobns ,t;tywtd& n
‘Rjyathtywbz gjlxthrbdftn df;yjcnm ,tpjgfcyjuj b ytjuhfybxtyyjuj
ljcnegf uevfybnfhyjuj gthcjyfkf r uhf;lfycrbv kbwfv^ gjcnhflfdibv
d htpekmnfnt djjhe;tyyjuj rjyakbrnf^ drk.xfz ,t;tywtd b kbw^
gthtvtotyys[ dyenhb cnhfys^ f nfr;t pfobns jrfpsdftvjq bv uevfybnfhyjq
gjvjob^ b ghbpsdftn ujcelfhcndf b pfbynthtcjdfyyst cnjhjys
ghtlghbyznm dct djpvj;yst vths gj ufhfynbb ,tpjgfcyjcnb b cdj,jls
gthtldb;tybz gthcjyfkf JJY b fccjwbbhjdfyys[ uevfybnfhys[ jhufybpfwbq\&
103-z Rjyathtywbz Vt;gfhkfvtyncrjuj Cj.pf^ vfq 2000
J,tcgtxtybt pfobns b gjbcr htitybq%
xnj ds vj;tnt cltkfnm$
Hfphf,jnfnm cjjndtncnde.oe. ghfdjde. ,fpe
q Ds vj;tnt ghbukfcbnm EDR< JJY jrfpfnm dfv gjvjom d hfphf,jnrt yfwbjyfkmyjq
ghfdjdjq ,fps lkz pfobns ,t;tywtd b gjbcrf htitybq b[ ghj,ktv&
q Ds vj;tnt gjkexbnm rjvvtynfhbb EDR< JJY gj ghtlkfuftvsv pfrjyfv b
j,tcgtxbnm jnhf;tybt njxrb phtybz EDR< JJY d k.,s[ ghtybz[ d gfhkfvtynt
bkb ghb j,ce;ltybb df;ys[ djghjcjd pfobns&
J,tcgtxbnm cjjndtncnde.ott abyfycbhjdfybt
q Ds vj;tnt dsltkbnm ljcnfnjxyj chtlcnd lkz abyfycbhjdfybz cnherneh pfobns
,t;tywtd d cdjtq cj,cndtyyjq cnhfyt b vj;tnt hfccvjnhtnm djghjc j dsltktybb
chtlcnd lkz EDR< JJY& "nb chtlcndf jcj,tyyj wtyys^ rjulf b[ dsltkztn cnhfyf^
rjnjhfz hfymit yt dsltkzkf chtlcnd EDR< JJY^ gjcrjkmre ’nj erfpsdftn yf
hfcibhtybt j,]tvjd vt;leyfhjlyjq gjllth;rb^ jrfpsdftvjq Eghfdktyb.^ b
ltkftn tuj ,jktt ytpfdbcbvsv d jceotcndktybb cdjtq ltzntkmyjcnb& ‘
37

Gjvjxm EDR< JJY d jceotcndktybb rjynhjkz pf ghbvtytybtv Rjydtywbb j
cnfnect ,t;tywtd
q Ds vj;tnt gjvjxm EDR< JJY d jceotcndktybb rjynhjkz pf ghbvtytybtv
Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywfv b Ghjnjrjkf r ytq^ ghtljcnfdkzz tve byajhvfwb.
j xbckt ,t;tywtd b eckjdbz[ b[ ghj;bdfybz d cdjtq cnhfyt b byajhvfwb.
j ltqcnde.ob[ d cnhfyt pfrjyf[ b ghjwtlehf[&
q
EDR< JJY ljk;yj bvtnm ljcneg r ,t;tywfv& Gj vtht ytj,[jlbvjcnb^ ds
vj;tnt cjltqcndjdfnm njve^ xnj,s ghfdbntkmcndj hfphtibkj nfrjq ljcneg&
Jceotcndkznm rjynhjkm pf ltzntkmyjcnm. ghfdbntkmcndf
q Ds vj;tnt jceotcndkznm rjynhjkm pf ltzntkmyjcnm. ghfdbntkmcndf d jnyjitybb
ghbvtytybz Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd b Ghjnjrjkf r ytq^ b^ chtlb ghjxb[
dbljd ltzntkmyjcnb^ gentv gjctotybz vtcn ghj;bdfybz b kfuthtq ,t;tywtd& n
‚ Kbwf^ gjlgflf.obt gjl rjvgtntywb. EDR< JJY
gj cjcnjzyb. yf 31 ltrf,hz 2000 ujlf (wbahs vjuen vtyznmcz)

‚ Kbwf^ gjlgflf.obt gjl rjvgtntywb. EDR< JJY^ gj
rfntujhbzv (gj cjcnjzyb. yf 1 zydfhz 2000 u&)
Htubjy

‚ Pfzdktybz c ghjcm,jq j ghtljcnfdktybb e,t;bof^ gjlfyyst d
ytrjnjhs[ cnhfyf[ (d 1999 ujle)
Cnhfyf Ukfdyst cnhfys ghjbc[j;ltybz Xbckj
e,t;bof
pfzdktybq
Uthvfybz 1 >ujckfdbz^ Nehwbz^ Bhfr^ Faufybcnfy^ 95^110
Bhfy^ Fpth,fql;fy^ Dmtnyfv^ Fhvtybz^
Cbhbz^ Hjccbqcrfz Atlthfwbz^ ujckfdbz^ Cjvfkb^ Ihb-Kfyrf^ 71^150
Rjhjktdcndj 2 Hjccbqcrfz Atlthfwbz^ Faufybcnfy^
Nehwbz^ Rbnfq^ Gfrbcnfy^ Hevsybz^
Gjkmif^ Bhfr
Idtqwfhbz >ujckfdbz^ Bhfr^ ujckfdbz^ Cjvfkb^ 39^300
Fpth,fql;fy^ Celfy^ Fyujkf^ Bhfy
ujckfdbz^ Hevsybz 33^780
Bnfkbz >ujckfdbz^ Bhfr 33^360
Cjtlbytyyst Rbnfq^ Udfntvfkf^ Cfkmdfljh^ Vtrcbrf^ 31^740
Infns Fvthbrb 3 Ufbnb^ Cjvfkb
Ahfywbz Rbnfq^ >ujckfdbz^ LHR^ Nehwbz^ 30^910
Ihb-Kfyrf^ Vfkb
Rfyflf Ihb-Kfyrf^ Rbnfq^ Gfrbcnfy^ Dtyuhbz 29^390
Fdcnhbz >ujckfdbz^ Bhfy^ Faufybcnfy^ Bhfr 20^100
1& Bcrk.xfz pfzdktybz^ gjlfyyst d gjhzlrt gthtcvjnhf&
2& Wbahs gjrfpsdf.n xbckj gjlfyys[ pfzdktybq^ D chtlytv yf jlyj pfzdktybt
ghb[jlbncz 1^3 xtkjdtrf&
3& Wbahs gjrfpsdf.n xbckj gjlfyys[ pfzdktybq& D chtlytv yf jlyj pfzdktybt
ghb[jlbncz 1^45 xtkjdtrf&
‚ Jcyjdyst gjnjrb lj,hjdjkmyj htgfnhbbhjdfdib[cz ,t;tywtd
(d 1999 ujle^ gj vtcne ghb,snbz% ltcznm rhegytqib[ gjnjrjd)
Relf Jnrelf Dctuj
>ujckfdbz Fk,fybz^ ujck& Htcg& 755^450
Vfrtljybz^ Uthvfybz^ Nehwbz^
Idtqwfhbz^

Ukfdf 3
Ghbpyfybt ,t;tywtd
Cjdthitycndjdfybt vt;leyfhjlys[ cbcntv cdzpb b nhfycgjhnys[
ctntq j,ktuxbkj gthtldb;tybt k.ltq vt;le cnhfyfvb b rjynbytynfvb&

Bvt.n kb jyb ghfdj yf gjkextybt cnfnecf
,t;tywf$
Ytcrjkmrj cgtwbfkmys[ ckexftd
q Vj;tn kb cjklfn ,snm ,t;tywtv$
ujckfdbb^ gjcrjkmre njkmrj ,scnhjt jnghfdktybt cghfdtlkbdjuj ghfdjcelbz
vj;tn ecnfyjdbnm gjlkbyysq vbh b ghbdtcnb r ghbvbhtyb. b^ nfrbv j,hfpjv^
j,tcgtxbnm ghjxyst jcyjds lkz htgfnhbfwbb ,t;tywtd&
‘
42

q Vj;tn kb ;tyobyf^ gjldthuf.ofzcz nhfdkt bp-pf jnrfpf cvbhbnmcz c
juhfybxtybzvb cjwbfkmyjuj gkfyf^ ,snm ,t;tywtv$
Hfpevttncz^ xnj ;tyobys vjuen gjldthufnmcz ghtcktljdfyb. gj gjkbnbxtcrbv^
’nybxtcrbv bkb htkbubjpysv cjj,hf;tybzv bp-pf cdjtq hfcs bkb ghbyflkt;yjcnb
r hfpkbxysv cjwbfkmysv uheggfv& Rhjvt njuj^ EDR< JJY cxbnftn^ xnj k.,jt
kbwj^ rjnjhjt cgfcftncz jn ;tcnjrb[ ajhv lbcrhbvbyfwbb bkb lheujq ajhvs
,tcxtkjdtxyjuj j,hfotybz^ ghbhfdybdftvjt r ghtcktljdfyb.^ pf ytcj,k.ltybt
cnhjub[ yjhv cjwbfkmyjuj rjltrcf^ bvttn dct jcyjdfybz yf gjkextybt cnfnecf
,t;tywf& Nfrjt ghtcktljdfybt vj;tn bc[jlbnm jn rfrjuj-yb,elm ghfdbntkmcndtyyjuj
jhufyf bkb^ ghb jncencndbb cjjndtncnde.otq pfobns cj cnjhjys ghfdbntkmcndf^
jn ytujcelfhcndtyys[ exht;ltybq& Nfrbt ajhvs ctrcefkmyjuj yfcbkbz^ rfr
bpyfcbkjdfybt^ vjuen ghtlcnfdkznm cj,jq ghtcktljdfybt&
:tyobyf^ rjnjhfz jgfcftncz yfgfltybq yf ct,z bp-pf jnrfpf yjcbnm ghtlgbcfyye.
jlt;le bkb bp-pf cdjtuj ;tkfybz cfvjq ds,hfnm ct,t cegheuf b ;bnm ytpfdbcbvj^
vj;tn ltqcndbntkmyj ,snm ,t;tywtv& D 1984 ujle Tdhjgtqcrbq gfhkfvtyn dsytc
jghtltktybt^ gj rjnjhjve ;tyoby^ cnfkrbdf.ob[cz c ;tcnjrbv bkb
,tcxtkjdtxysv j,hfotybtv^ gjcrjkmre jyb zrj,s yfheif.n cjwbfkmyst j,sxfb
b eckjdyjcnb^ cktletn hfccvfnhbdfnm rfr ghtlcnfdbntktq jghtltktyyjq cjwbfkmyjq
uheggs ghb jghtltktybb b[ cnfnecf ,t;tywtd& Fdcnhfkbz^ Rfyflf^ Cjtlbytyyjt
Rjhjktdcndj b Cjtlbytyyst Infns Fvthbrb hfphf,jnfkb bcxthgsdf.obt
ghfdbkf d jnyjitybb ghtcktljdfybz gj utylthysv jcyjdfybzv* gj ’njve genb
blen nfr;t Uthvfybz^ Yblthkfyls b Idtqwfhbz& EDR< JJY j,hfoftncz r lheubv
cnhfyfv jabwbfkmyj ghbyznm nfre. ;t gjpbwb.&
q Vj;tn kb ;tyobyf^ rjnjhfz jgfcftncz^ xnj jyf bkb tt vfkjktnyzz ljxm ,elen
gjldthuyens rfktxfotq jgthfwbb yf ;tycrb[ gjkjds[ jhufyf[ gj djpdhfotybb d
cnhfye cdjtuj ghjbc[j;ltybz^ ,snm ,t;tywtv$
Ahfywbz^ Rfyflf b Cjtlbytyyst Infns Fvthbrb jabwbfkmyj ghbpyfkb^ xnj
rfktxfofz jgthfwbz yf ;tycrb[ gjkjds[ jhufyf[ ghtlcnfdkztn cj,jq ajhve
ghtcktljdfybz^ b xnj ;tyobys^ rjnjhst jgfcf.ncz nfrjq jgthfwbb d cdjb[
cnhfyf[^ bvt.n j,jcyjdfyyjt jcyjdfybt lkz ghtljcnfdktybz bv cnfnecf ,t;tywtd&
D jlyjv ytlfdyj hfccvfnhbdftvjv ckexft ;tyobyf^ rjnjhfz jgfcfkfcm ghtcktljdfybz
d cdjtq cnhfyt bp-pf cdjtuj jnrfpf gjldthuyenm cdj. vfkjktny.. ljxm
rfktxfotq jgthfwbb yf gjkjds[ jhufyf[^ ,skf ghbpyfyf ,t;tywtv& EDR< JJY
ghbpsdftn lheubt cnhfys pfyznm nfre. ;t gjpbwb.&
q Vj;tn kb kbwj^ rjnjhjt jgfcftncz ghtcktljdfybz bp-pf cdjtq ctrcefkmyjq
jhbtynfwbb^ ,snm ,t;tywtv$
Ujvjctrcefkbcns vjuen bvtnm ghfdj yf cnfnec ,t;tywf gj ghbpyfrfv ghtcktljdfybz
bp-pf cdjtq ghbyflkt;yjcnb r jghtltktyyjq cjwbfkmyjq uheggt& Gjkbnbrf
EDR< JJY cjcnjbn d njv^ xnj,s kbwf^ cnfkrbdf.obtcz c nhfdktq^ ,tcxtkjdtxysv
jnyjitybtv bkb cthmtpyjq lbcrhbvbyfwbtq pf ujvjctrcefkbpv^ b xmb cnhfys yt
vjuen bkb yt ;tkf.n pfobnbnm b[^ ghbpyfdfkbcm ,t;tywfvb&
q Tcnm kb rfrbt herjdjlzobt erfpfybz d jnyjitybb ,tp,bktnys[ gfccf;bhjd^ bkb
‘pfqwtd\^ bkb k.ltq^ cgfctyys[ yf vjht^ rjnjhst j,hfof.ncz c ghjcm,jq j
gjkextybb e,t;bof$
Rfgbnfys rjhf,ktq ytcen j,zpfyyjcnm gj vt;leyfhjlyjve ghfde cgfcfnm k.,jt
kbwj d ckexft ,tlcndbz yf vjht& D ytrjnjhs[ ckexfz[^ nfrb[ rfr bc[jl dmtnyfvwtd
yf kjlrf[^ ’nb kbwf zdkz.ncz kbwfvb^ boeobvb e,t;bof& Rfgbnfys rjhf,ktq
vjuen nfr;t j,yfhe;bnm^ xnj yf ,jhne tcnm cghznfdibtcz ,tp,bktnyst gfccf;bhs^
rjnjhst nj;t vjuen ,snm kbwfvb^ boeobvb e,t;bof&
‘
43

D jnyjitybb cghznfdib[cz yf rjhf,kt ,tp,bktnys[ kbw^ boeob[ e,t;bof^ ytn
ybrfrb[ j,zpfntkmys[ r bcgjkytyb. vt;leyfhjlys[ rjydtywbq^ b ghfrnbrf jnyjitybz
r nfrbv kbwfv vj;tn ,snm hfpyfz& EDR< JJY dscnegftn pf nj^ xnj,s ,tp,bktnysv
gfccf;bhfv hfphtifkb^ rjulf ’nj djpvj;yj^ cjqnb yf ,thtu d gthdjv gjhne pf[jlf
rjhf,kz^ ult vtcnysvb dkfcnzvb vju ,s ,snm jghtltkty b[ cnfnec ,t;tywtd&
Tckb ujcelfhcndj gjhnf pf[jlf yt hfphtiftn ,tp,bktnyjve gfccf;bhe cjqnb yf
,thtu^ f gjhn cktle.otuj pf[jlf rjhf,kz yf[jlbncz d ujcelfhcndt^ ult lkz tuj
;bpyb tcnm jgfcyjcnm^ njulf nfrjt ltqcndbt hfdyjcbkmyj dscskrt& D nfrb[ ckexfz[
cjnhelybrb EDR< JJY bvt.n erfpfybz gjgsnfnmcz ghjdtcnb cj,tctljdfybt c
gfccf;bhjv yf ,jhne rjhf,kz& Tckb lfyyjt kbwj^ boeott e,t;bof^ ghbpyftncz
,t;tywtv^ jyb ljk;ys jrfpfnm tve gjvjom d gjbcrt htitybz tuj celm,s --- j,sxyj
’nj gthtctktybt d nhtnm. cnhfye& n
Lkz pfobns ,t;tywtd ujcelfhcndj ljk;yj gjyznm^ rnj jyb nfrbt&
Ujcelfhcndj ljk;yj evtnm jnkbxbnm nt[^ rnj ye;lftncz d vt;leyfhjlyjq
pfobnt^ jn lheub[ kbw^ gsnf.ob[cz d]t[fnm yf tuj nthhbnjhb.& Rfr
ujcelfhcndj ,eltn ’nj ltkfnm^ pfdbcbn jn njuj^ cvj;tn kb jyj bylbdblefkmyj
hfccvfnhbdfnm [jlfnfqcndf c ghjcm,jq j ghtljcnfdktybb
e,t;bof bkb ,eltn hfccvfnhbdfnm [jlfnfqcndf d uheggjdjv gjhzlrt^
xnj ,jktt ghfrnbxyj d ckexft ghb,snbz k.ltq d ,jkmijv rjkbxtcndt&
Cdzpm vt;le e,t;botv
b ytdscskrjq (non-refoulement)
Dctj,ofz Ltrkfhfwbz ghfd xtkjdtrf b Rjydtywbz j
cnfnect ,t;tywtd
Ghfdj yf gjbcr e,t;bof b gjkmpjdfybt bv ghbpyftncz d vt;leyfhjlyjv
ghfdt ghfd xtkjdtrf b zdkztncz df;ysv d pfobnt ,t;tywtd& D 1992 ujle
Bcgjkybntkmysq Rjvbntn EDR< JJY pfzdbk^ xnj ‘Bycnbnen e,t;bof^
rjnjhsq dsntrftn ytgjchtlcndtyyj bp ghfdf yf gjbcr e,t;bof b
gjkmpjdfybt bv^ rfr jyj jghtltktyj d cnfnmt 14(1) Dctj,otq
Ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf^ zdkztncz jlybv bp cfvs[ df;ys[ vt[fybpvjd
gj vt;leyfhjlyjq pfobnt ,t;tywtd\ (Pfrk.xtybt @ 28(c))&
E,t;bot cke;bn ldev wtkzv% jyj ghtljcnfdkztn jcyjde lkz pfobns b
j,tcgtxbdftn gjbcr htitybq ghj,ktv ,t;tywtd&
‘Vt;gfhkfvtyncrbq Cjdtn &&& ghbdtncndetn htpjk.wb. Utythfkmyjq
Fccfv,ktb JJY^ ghbyzne. 4 ltrf,hz 2000 ujlf^ d rjnjhjq htityj^
xnj^ yfxbyfz c 20 b.yz 2001 ujlf^ ltym 20 b.yz ,eltn jnvtxfnmcz rfr
‘Dctvbhysq Ltym ,t;tywtd\^ b ghbpsdftn gfhkfvtyns ghjdjlbnm
d ’njn ltym vthjghbznbz gj gjllth;rt ,t;tywtd\&
Cjdtn Vt;gfhkfvtyncrjuj Cj.pf^ fghtkm 2001
44

Ljgjkybntkmyfz pfobnf d hfvrf[ ghfdf ghfd
xtkjdtrf
D ljgjkytybt r gjkj;tyb. Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd j pfghtotybb
dscskrb^ ghfdj ghfd xtkjdtrf jghtltkztn j,zpfntkmcndj yt dscskfnm
ybrjuj^ rjve euhj;ftn jgfcyjcnm^ [jnz b ytcrjkmrj bysv zpsrjv&
Rjydtywbz ghjnbd gsnjr^ rjnjhe. yf ctynz,hm 2001 ujlf gjlgbcfkj 131
ujcelfhcndj^ pfghtoftn dsldjhtybt bkb djpdhfotybt d vtcnf^ ult
xtkjdtre euhj;ftn jgfcyjcnm cnfnm ;thndjq gsnjr&
‚ Ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb Rjydtywbb ghjnbd gsnjr
b lheub[ ;tcnrb[^ ,tcxtkjdtxys[ bkb eyb;f.ob[
ljcnjbycndj dbljd j,hfotybz b yfrfpfybz
Dcnegbkf d cbke 26 b.yz 1987 ujlf
Fdcnhfkbz^ Fdcnhbz^ Fpth,fql;fy^ Fk,fybz^ Fk;bh^ Fynbuef b

Rfrbt ghfdf b j,zpfyyjcnb bvttn ,t;tytw$

zdkztncz rjvbntnjv ’rcgthnjd gj rjynhjk. pf dsgjkytybtv Rjydtywbb
ghjnbd gsnjr^ hfccvjnhtk hzl ltk d gjkmpe kbw^ boeob[ e,t;bof^ xmb
ghjcm,s j ghtljcnfdktybb e,t;bof ,skb jnrkjytys dkfcnzvb^ ghjdjlzobvb
ghjwtlehe jghtltktybz cnfnecf ,t;tywf d cnhfyt e,t;bof&
‚ Cathf ghbvtytybz ghbywbgf ytdscskrb% Chfdytybt
Rjydtywbz j cnfnect ,t;tywtd b Ghjnjrjk
q Rnj bvttn pfobne$

Gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen jrfpfnm cfvjt cbkmyjt djpltqcndbt yf pfobne
,t;tywtd^ ghbybvfz pfrjys^ rjnjhst cjjndtncnde.n gjkj;tybzv Rjydtywbb
j cnfnect ,t;tywtd^ Ghjnjrjke r ytq b lheubv vt;leyfhjlysv
cnfylfhnfv& Yfwbjyfkmyst ghjwtlehs jghtltktybz cnfnecf ,t;tywf
ghtlcnfdkz.n jcj,e. df;yjcnm lkz gfhkfvtynfhbtd^ gjcrjkmre ’nb ghjwtlehs
df;ys lkz wtktq pfobns ,t;tywtd^ b gjcrjkmre Rjydtywbz 1951 ujlf
jcnfdkztn cjlth;fybt nfrb[ ghjwtleh yf ecvjnhtybt cnhfys e,t;bof&
Kbwf^ boeobt e,t;bof^ b ,t;tyws%
Rfrfz vt;le ybvb hfpybwf$
‘Kbwj^ boeott e,t;bof\ --- ’nj j,obq nthvby lkz xtkjdtrf^ d jnyjitybb
rjnjhjuj tot yt dsytctyj htitybt gj tuj#tt [jlfnfqcnde j ghtljcnfdktybb
cnfnecf ,t;tywf& "njn nthvby vj;tn jnyjcbnmcz r kbwe^ rjnjhjt tot
yt gjlfkj [jlfnfqcndf^ bkb r njve kbwe^ rjnjhjt ;ltn jndtnf yf gjlfyyjt
[jlfnfqcndj& Yt rf;ljt kbwj^ boeott e,t;bof^ ,eltn^ d rjytxyjv cxtnt^
ghbpyfyj d rfxtcndt ,t;tywf^ [jnz vyjubt b ,elen&
Gjrf [jlfnfqcndj ,tcghbcnhfcnyj yt hfccvjnhtyj^ kbwj^ boeott
e,t;bof^ yt ljk;yj ,snm djpdhfotyj j,hfnyj d cjjndtncndbb c ghbywbgjv
ytdscskrb b vj;tn gjkmpjdfnmcz ghbdbktubzvb d cjjndtncndbb c
uevfybnfhysvb cnfylfhnfvb j,hfotybz&
Xnj rfcftncz vt;leyfhjlyjuj ghfdf^ kbwj zdkztncz ,t;tywtv rfr njkmrj
dsgjkyz.ncz rhbnthbb^ cjlth;fobtcz d jghtltktybb gjyznbz ‘,t;tytw\&
Ghbpyfybt cnfnecf ,t;tywf yjcbn ltrkfhfnbdysq [fhfrnth^ nj tcnm
jnvtxftncz njn afrn^ xnj lfyyjt kbwj zdkztncz ,t;tywtv& Kbwj yt
cnfyjdbncz ,t;tywtv njkmrj bp ghbpyfybz tuj nfrjdsv^ f ghbpyftncz^
gjnjve xnj jy#jyf zdkztncz ,t;tywtv& n
Vtnjls^ bcgjkmpetvst d ghbyznbb htitybz j ghbpyfybb rjuj-kb,j
,t;tywtv^ hfpkbxys d rf;ljq jnltkmyjq cnhfyt vbhf b jnhf;f.n
hfpyjj,hfpbt ghfdjds[ nhflbwbq^ vtcnys[ eckjdbq b yfwbjyfkmys[
htcehcjd& Ghb nfrjv hfpyjj,hfpbb vtnjljd Bcgjkybntkmysq Rjvbntn
EDR< JJY hfphf,jnfk j,obt herjdjlzobt erfpfybz gj vbybvfkmysv
cnfylfhnfv jghtltktybz cnfnecf ,t;tywf&
Rjycekmnfnbdyfz hjkm EDR< JJY% EDR< JJY yfrjgbkj ,jkmijq
ghfdjdjq b ghfrnbxtcrbq jgsn d njkrjdfybb b ghbvtytybb Rjydtywbb j
cnfnect ,t;tywtd& Dj vyjub[ cnhfyf[ EDR< JJY buhftn hjkm rjycekmnfynf
ghb jceotcndktybb ghjwtleh jghtltktybz cnfnecf ,t;tywf& EDR<
JJY gjkexftn edtljvktybz j gjlfyys[ pfzdktybz[* tve ufhfynbhjdfy
ljcneg r kbxysv ltkfv ,t;tywtd b r ghbybvftvsv d jnyjitybb b[
htitybzv b ghtljcnfdktyj ghfdj lfdfnm cdjb pfvtxfybz& D ytrjnjhs[
cnhfyf[ ghtlcnfdbntkb EDR< JJY zdkz.ncz xktyfvb fgtkkzwbjyys[
jhufyjd^ rjnjhst bpexf.n jnhbwfntkmyst htitybz gj ghtljcnfdktyb.
e,t;bof& EDR< JJY byjulf ghbybvftn frnbdyjt exfcnbt d ghjdtltybb
cgtwbfkmys[ ghjwtleh d f’hjgjhnf[ bkb d ghjwtlehf[ gj dsldjhtyb. b
ltgjhnfwbb^ rjnjhst rfcf.ncz ghbpyfyys[ ,t;tywtd&
48

Cghfdtlkbdst ghjwtlehs% ghjdthjxysq cgbcjr
Rjydtywbz 1951 ujlf yt ecnfyfdkbdftn ybrfrb[ rjyrhtnys[ nht,jdfybq r
yfwbjyfkmysv cbcntvfv jghtltktybz cnfnecf ,t;tywtd& Djghjcs^ ghbdtltyyst
yb;t^ jcyjdfys yf herjdjlzob[ ghbywbgf[ Bcgjkrjvf^ jgsnt b
pyfybz[ EDR< JJY b vjuen bcgjkmpjdfnmcz ghb jwtyrt ,tcghbcnhfcnys[
ghjwtleh^ ghbvtyztvs[ gj jnyjityb. r kbwe^ boeotve e,t;bof&
Ljcneg
q Tcnm kb e kbwf^ boeotuj e,t;bof^ ljcneg r ghjwtleht jghtltktybz
cnfnecf ,t;tywf^ n&t&^ vj;tn kb jy (jyf) gjlfnm [jlfnfqcndj yf
gjkextybt e,t;bof$
Lj ghjdtltybz cj,tctljdfybz
q Jpyfrjvktyj kb kbwj^ boeott e,t;bof^ c ghjdjlbvjq ghjwtlehjq$
q Gjkexbkj kb kbwj^ boeott e,t;bof^ djpvj;yjcnm cdzpfnmcz c EDR<
JJY$
q Ljcnfnjxyj kb dhtvtyb gjkexbkj kbwj^ boeott e,t;bof^ lkz
gjlujnjdrb r ghtlcnjzotve cj,tctljdfyb.$
Ghjdtltybt cj,tctljdfybz
q Ghjdjlbn kb gjkyjwtyyjt cj,tctljdfybt c kbwjv^ boeotv e,t;bof^
rdfkbabwbhjdfyysq cjnhelybr exht;ltybz^ ghfdjvjxyjuj jghtltkznm
cnfnec ,t;tywf$
q Rdfkbabwbhjdfy kb gthtdjlxbr b pfybvftn kb jy ytqnhfkmye.
gjpbwb.$
q Bvttn kb pfzdbntkm ljcneg r eckeufv fldjrfnf$
q Tckb kbwjv^ boeobv e,t;bof^ zdkztncz ;tyobyf^ bvttncz kb
rdfkbabwbhjdfyysq bynthdm.th ;tycrjuj gjkf b^ tckb gjnht,etncz^
gthtdjlxbr lkz ghjdtltybz cj,tctljdfybz$
q Xnj ghtlghbyznj lkz ghjdtltybz cj,tctljdfybz c ltnmvb^ rjnjhst
hfpltktys cj cdjbvb hjlbntkzvb$
Fgtkkzwbjyyst ;fkj,s
q Tcnm kb rfrjq-kb,j jabwbfkmysq vt[fybpv gjlfxb fgtkkzwbjyys[
;fkj, d ckexft jnhbwfntkmyjuj htitybz^ dsytctyyjuj d gthdjq
bycnfywbb$
q Hfccvfnhbdftn kb fgtkkzwbjyye. ;fkj,e rfrjt-yb,elm lheujt exht;ltybt$
q Pf bcrk.xtybtv nt[ ckexftd^ rjulf ltkj zdyj yjcbn [fhfrnth
pkjegjnht,ktybz^ bvttn kb kbwj^ boeott e,t;bof^ ghfdj jcnfdfnmcz
d cnhfyt^ gjrf tuj (tt) ;fkj,f yf[jlbncz yf hfccvjnhtybb$
Rjynhjkbhe.ofz hjkm EDR< JJY
q Bvttn kb EDR< JJY gjkysq ljcneg r byajhvfwbb j kbwt^ boeotv
e,t;bof^ b j [jlt ghjwtlehs jghtltktybz tuj cnfnecf$ n
49

"aatrnbdyst ghjwtlehs
Ghjwtlehs ljk;ys ,snm ’aatrnbdysvb^ hfdyj rfr b cghfdtlkbdsvb&
Gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen gjdscbnm ’aatrnbdyjcnm ghjwtleh^ dsltkzz ljcnfnjxyj
chtlcnd lkz ghjdtltybz ghjwtlehs jghtltktybz cnfnecf ,t;tywf& D
bynthtcf[ ,t;tywf gjkexbnm crjhsq jndtn yf gjlfyyjt bv [jlfnfqcndj^
,snm edthtyysv d cdjtq ,tpjgfcyjcnb b yfxfnm cnhjbnm cdj. yjde. ;bpym&
J,otcndtyyjcnm ,jktt crkjyyf gjllth;bdfnm pfobne ,t;tywtd^ rjulf
zcyj^ xnj yfwbjyfkmyst dkfcnb htfubhe.n yf ghbcencndbt d cnhfyt kbw^
boeob[ e,t;bof& D bynthtcf[ ghfdbntkmcndf cnhfys^ rjulf hfccvjnhtybt
[jlfnfqcnd kbw^ boeob[ e,t;bof^ bltn ,scnhj b ,tp bpkbiyb[ pfnhfn^ f
nfr;t c ljk;ysv extnjv ghbywbgjd pfobns ghfd xtkjdtrf& "aatrnbdyfz
ghjwtlehf lftn djpvj;yjcnm jghtltkbnm kbw^ yt bvt.ob[ ghfdf yf
vt;leyfhjlye. pfobne^ b ,scnhj dthyenm b[ j,hfnyj&
Lheubt cjj,hf;tybz d jnyjitybb jghtltktybz
cnfnecf ,t;tywf
D ghjwtcct jghtltktybt njuj^ rnj bvttn ghfdj yf pfobne^ tcnm ldf ’nfgf&
Dj-gthds[^ jndtxftn kb kbwj jghtltktyb. gjyznbz ‘,t;tytw\$ Djdnjhs[^
tckb ’nj kbwj ltqcndbntkmyj jndtxftn ’njve jghtltktyb.^ tcnm
kb rfrfz-yb,elm ghbxbyf^ gj rjnjhjq jyj^ ntv yt vtytt^ yt ljk;yj
gjkexfnm vt;leyfhjlye. pfobne$
‚ Rfr exbnsdfnm bpvtybdibtcz eckjdbz$
Ghb hfccvjnhtybb [jlfnfqcnd j gjkextybb e,t;bof dcnftn jlby djghjc%
ceotcnde.n kb dct tot nt eckjdbz^ rjnjhst lfdfkb xtkjdtre^ boeotve
e,t;bof^ jcyjdfybz yf gjkextybt cnfnecf ,t;tywf& {jnz nfr yfpsdftvst
gjkj;tybz j ghtrhfotybb d Rjydtywbb gj ,t;tywfv (cnfnmz 1^ C^ 5)
yfghfdktys yf ghtrhfotybt cnfnecf e;t ghbpyfyyjuj ,t;tywf^ nt ;t
cfvst cjj,hf;tybz xfcnj ghbvtyz.ncz d rjyntrcnt yfxfkmyjuj jghtltktybz
cnfnecf& Bcgjkrjv EDR< JJY ghtljcnthtu^ xnj ujcelfhcndf yt ljk;ys
gjcgtiyj ghbvtyznm gjkj;tybz j ghtrhfotybb& Jyb ljk;ys e,tlbnmcz d
njv^ xnj e kbwf ,jkmit ytn gjnht,yjcnb d vt;leyfhjlyjq pfobnt&
Gjkj;tybz j ghtrhfotybb vjuen ghbvtyznmcz^ rjulf bpvtytybz d cnhfyt
ghjbc[j;ltybz kbwf^ boeotuj e,t;bof^ pyfxbntkmys b uke,jrb gj cdjbv
vfcinf,fv& "nb bpvtytybz ljk;ys nfr;t ghjqnb ghjdthre dhtvtytv&
Gjcrjkmre ghtrhfotybt cnfnecf ,t;tywf d cdzpb c bpvtybdibvbcz
j,cnjzntkmcndfvb d cnhfyt ghjbc[j;ltybz jcyjdfyj yf j,]trnbdyjq
cbnefwbb^ ’nj gjkj;tybt vj;yj ghbvtyznm rfr jghjdthuftve. ghtpevgwb.
gj jnyjityb. rj dctv ,t;tywfv bp ’njq cnhfys& Jlyfrj e kbwf^
boeotuj e,t;bof^ ljk;yf ,snm djpvj;yjcnm gjghjcbnm hfccvjnhtnm tuj
bylbdblefkmye. cbnefwb.&
Lf;t rjulf gjnht,yjcnm d vt;leyfhjlyjq pfobnt ,jktt yt ceotcndetn^
vjuen bvtnm vtcnj dsntrf.obt bp ght;ytuj ghtcktljdfybz
e,tlbntkmyst ghbxbys^ dcktlcndbt rjnjhs[ ythfpevyj j;blfnm jn
xtkjdtrf bkb xktyjd tuj ctvmb djpdhfotybz d cnhfye ghjbc[j;ltybz&
50

Kbwf^ yfghbvth gtht;bdibt cthmtpye. nhfdve^ yt ljk;ys ghbye;lfnmcz
r djpdhfotyb. d cnhfye cdjtuj ghjbc[j;ltybz&
‘Ujcelfhcndf ljk;ys nofntkmyj jwtybdfnm ceotcndtyysq [fhfrnth
gthtvty d cnhfyt uhf;lfycrjq ghbyflkt;yjcnb bkb ghjbc[j;ltybz^
drk.xfz j,ott gjkj;tybt d j,kfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf^ f nfr;t rjyrhtnye.
ghbxbye jgfctybq ghtcktljdfybq^ c ntv xnj,s j,]trnbdysv b gjllf.obvcz
ghjdthrt cgjcj,jv e,tlbnmcz d njv^ xnj gjkj;tybt^ j,jcyjdsdf.ott
ghtljcnfdktybt cnfnecf ,t;tywf^ gthtcnfkj ceotcndjdfnm\&
Pfrk.xtybt @ 69 (1992) Bcgjkybntkmyjuj Rjvbntnf EDR< JJY (1992)
‚ Xnj vj;yj crfpfnm j k.lz[^ rjnjhst yt pfcke;bdf.n
pfobns$
Cnhfys yt j,zpfys ghtljcnfdkznm pfobne kbwe^ rjnjhjt yt pfcke;bdftn
vt;leyfhjlyjq pfobns& D cjjndtncndbb c Rjydtywbtq j cnfnect
,t;tywtd (cnfnmz 1 F)^ kbwj yt pfcke;bdftn vt;leyfhjlyjq pfobns^
tckb tcnm cthmtpyst jcyjdfybz ghtlgjkfufnm^ xnj jyj cjdthibkj
ghtcnegktybt ghjnbd vbhf^ djtyyjt ghtcnegktybt bkb ghtcnegktybt
ghjnbd xtkjdtxtcndf* cjdthibkj cthmtpyjt ytgjkbnbxtcrjt ghtcnegktybt
dyt cnhfys e,t;bof lj cdjtuj ghbyznbz d ’njq cnhfyt d rfxtcndt
,t;tywf^ bkb tckb jy (jyf) ghbpyfy dbyjdysv d cjdthitybb ltzybq^
ghjnbdjhtxfob[ wtkzv b ghbywbgfv Jhufybpfwbb J,]tlbytyys[ Yfwbq&
Rhjvt njuj^ kbwj^ rjnjhjt ghjljk;ftn ghbybvfnm exfcnbt d djtyys[
ltqcndbz[ ghjnbd tuj (tt) cnhfys ghjbc[j;ltybz^ yt zdkztncz ,t;tywtv&
Djjhe;tyyfz ,jhm,f ytcjdvtcnbvf c uhf;lfycrbv b uevfybnfhysv
[fhfrnthjv cnfnecf ,t;tywf&
EDR< JJY htrjvtyletn^ xnj,s yfwbjyfkmyjt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj gj
bcrk.xtyb. bp cnfnecf ,t;tywf ,skj cajhvekbhjdfyj yf zpsrt
cjjndtncnde.ob[ gjkj;tybq Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd&
‚ Vjuen kb ujcelfhcndf ddjlbnm cdjb cj,cndtyyst
rhbnthbb$
K.,jt ujcelfhcndj cdj,jlyj ghbybvfnm drk.xf.obt rhbnthbb d ljgjkytybt
r ntv^ rjnjhst jghtltktys d Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd^
yfghbvth^ jghtltktybt ‘,t;tytw\ d Rjydtywbb JFT b d Rfhnf[tycrjq
Ltrkfhfwbb& Ltqcndbntkmyj^ rf;lfz cnhfyf vj;tn ghtljcnfdkznm e,t;bot
k.,jve d jceotcndktybt cdjtuj cedthtybntnf& Jlyfrj cnhfyf^ gjlgbcfdifz
Rjydtywb.^ yt vj;tn ddjlbnm ljgjkybntkmyst juhfybxbntkmyst
rhbnthbb d jghtltktybt ‘,t;tytw\^ gj rjnjhsv ,s jyf jnrfpsdfkf d
ghtljcnfdktybb cnfnecf ,t;tywfv-bydfkblfv bkb ,t;tywfv bp rfrjq-kb,j
rjyrhtnyjq cnhfys& Nfrbt k.lb^ tckb jyb cjjndtncnde.n jghtltktyb.
gjyznbz ‘,t;tytw\^ ljk;ys gjkexfnm pfobne& Lkz yb[ ytj,[jlbvj yfqnb
cjjndtncnde.oe. gjvjom b htitybz^ djpvj;yj^ bcgjkmpez lkz ’njuj
vt;leyfhjlye. gjvjom^ d cnhfyt e,t;bof^ bkb d lheujq cnhfyt^ gthtctkzz
,t;tywtd d xhtpdsxfqys[ kb,j yt nthgzob[ ghjvtlktybz ckexfz[&
51

Gj vtht cnf,bkbpfwbb gjkj;tybz c ,t;tywfvb ghjuhfvvf ,jhm,s c
hfcghjcnhfytybtv DBX- byatrwbb ljk;yf j[dfnbnm dct[ ,t;tywtd^ f k.lb
c DBX-byatrwbtq b dbhecjv CGBL ljk;ys ,snm jrhe;tys dctj,obv
dybvfybtv& Ghjuhfvvf ,jhm,s c DBX-byatrwbtq b dbhecjv CGBL
ljk;yf gkfybhjdfnmcz b jceotcndkznmcz d rjyntrcnt jcyjdyjq byntuhbhjdfyyjq
ghjuhfvvs plhfdjj[hfytybz& Gjcrjkmre DBX#CGBL zdkztncz
yt njkmrj djghjcjv pljhjdmz^ f vj;tn jnhbwfntkmyj crfpfnmcz yf
’rjyjvbrt^ hfpdbnbb cnhfys b yf ghfdf[ xtkjdtrf d j,otcndt^ lkz htitybz
’njuj djghjcf cktletn ghbvtybnm vyjujjnhfcktdjq gjl[jl^ drk.xf.obq
djghjcs j,hfpjdfybz^ rjvveyfkmys[ cke;, b gkfybhjdfybz hfpvtotybz
kfuthtq lkz ,t;tywtd&

ghtljcnfdktybb e,t;bof^ lf;t tckb b tcnm rfrjt-nj cjvytybt d
jnyjitybb ghbpyfybz nfrb[ k.ltq ,t;tywfvb& Rjulf j,cnjzntkmcndf^
ghb rjnjhs[ ,jkmijt xbckj k.ltq ,t;bn^ erfpsdf.n yf nj^ xnj xktyjd
nfrjq uheggs vj;yj ,skj ,s hfccvfnhbdfnm rf;ljuj d jnltkmyjcnb rfr
,t;tywf^ cnhfyt e,t;bof ,skj ,s kexit bcgjkmpjdfnm ghbywbg prima
facie bkb uheggjdjt jghtltktybt cnfnecf& "nj lftn djpvj;yjcnm jrfpfnm
pfobne b gjvjom ntv^ rnj d yb[ ye;lftncz^ d j;blfybb ljkujchjxyjuj
htitybz b[ celm,s ,tp yfxfkmyjuj hfccvjnhtybz b[ cnfnecf gj
Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd b Ghjnjrjke r ytq&
‘Bcgjkybntkmysq Rjvbntn ghbpyftn^ xnj vt;leyfhjlyfz cjkblfhyjcnm
b hfpltktybt ,htvtyb bvt.n ytgjchtlcndtyyjt pyfxtybt lkz eljdktndjhbntkmyjuj
jceotcndktybz ghbywbgjd pfobns ,t;tywtd* d ’njq cdzpb^
jlyfrj^ gjlxthrbdftn^ xnj ljcneg r e,t;boe b cj,k.ltybt ujcelfhcndfvb
cdjb[ j,zpfntkmcnd gj pfobnt yt ljk;ys ,snm j,eckjdktys ghtldfhbntkmysv
jceotcndktybtv vth gj hfpltktyb. ,htvtyb^ d xfcnyjcnb
gjnjve^ xnj edf;tybt jcyjdys[ ghfd xtkjdtrf b uevfybnfhys[ ghbywbgjd
zdkztncz j,zpfyyjcnm. dct[ xktyjd vt;leyfhjlyjuj cjj,otcndf\&
Pfrk.xtybt @ 85(h) Bcgjkybntkmyjuj Rjvbntnf EDR< JJY (1998)
‚ Dhtvtyyfz pfobnf
Dhtvtyyfz pfobnf zdkztncz ytvtlktyyjq b rhfnrjchjxyjq htfrwbtq yf
ghb,snbt ,jkmijuj xbckf k.ltq^ cgfcf.ob[cz jn djjhe;tyyjuj rjyakbrnf^
vfccjds[ yfheitybq ghfd xtkjdtrf bkb lheub[ ajhv ghtcktljdfybz&
Wtkm dhtvtyyjq pfobns^ rfr jyf ,skf hfphf,jnfyf
tdhjgtqcrbvb cnhfyfvb lkz k.ltq^ ,tueob[ bp ,sditq >ujckfdbb^
cjcnjbn d njv^ xnj,s j,tcgtxbnm pfobne d ‘ghbahjynjds[\ cnhfyf[
e,t;bof b dshf,jnfnm gjcktljdfntkmysq htubjyfkmysq gjl[jl& Dhtvtyyfz
pfobnf jcyjdfyf yf ghbywbgf[ ht;bvf vt;leyfhjlyjq pfobns
,t;tywtd^ gjcrjkmre dct gthtvtotyyst
kbwf zdkz.ncz
,t;tywfvb gj vfylfne EDR<
JJY^ b vyjubt nfr;t gjlgflf.n
gjl jghtltktybt gjyznbz
‘,t;tytw\ gj :tytdcrjq Rjydtywbb
1951 ujlf&
‘Rjyathtywbz ghbpsdftn ghfdbntkmcndf
b gfhkfvtyns jcelbnm bcgjkmpjdfybt
,t;tywtd d rfxtcndt ;bds[ obnjd
d djjhe;tyys[ rjyakbrnf[ bkb
rfr gtitr d cdjb[ gjkbnbxtcrb[ buhf[\&
99-z Rjyathtywbz Vt;gfhkfvtyncrjuj
Cj.pf^ fghtkm 1998
Cnhfys e,t;bof vjuen ghtrhfnbnm jrfpfybt dhtvtyyjq pfobns^ rjulf d
j,cnjzntkmcndf[^ rjnjhst pfcnfdbkb k.ltq ,t;fnm^ ghjbpjikb ceotcndtyyst
bpvtytybz& Rjulf nfrjt bpvtytybt ghjbpjikj^ jgsn gjrfpsdftn^
xnj gjlfdkz.ott ,jkmibycndj k.ltq vj;tn b ,eltn djpdhfofnmcz
yf hjlbye lj,hjdjkmyj^ lf;t rjulf cbnefwbz lfktrf jn bltfkmyjq&
Cnhfys e,t;bof ljk;ys ,snm jcvjnhbntkmys b yt gjlnfkrbdfnm
,t;tywtd r ght;ltdhtvtyyjve djpdhfotyb.^ gjcrjkmre ’nj vj;tn
ltcnf,bkbpbhjdfnm gjkj;tybt yf b[ hjlbyt& Ckbirjv ,scnhjt djpdhfotybt
ckbirjv ,jkmijuj xbckf k.ltq vj;tn ktxm nz;tksv
,htvtytv yf [hegrbq vbh b yf hfpheityye.^ rfr ghfdbkj^ byahfcnhernehe&
54

Rhjvt njuj^ cnhfys e,t;bof ljk;ys dszdkznm b pfobofnm ytpyfxbntkmyjt
vtymibycndj nt[^ rnj yt vj;tn dthyenmcz yf hjlbye^ drk.xfz
nt[^ e rjnjhs[ tcnm ljcnfnjxyst jcyjdfybz yt djpdhfofnmcz bp-pf
ghtcktljdfybz d ghjikjv& Nt^ rnj yt ;tkftn djpdhfofnmcz^ ljk;ys
gjkexbnm ljcneg r ghjwtleht ghtljcnfdktybz e,t;bof&
Dhtvtyyfz pfobnf yt ljk;yf ghjljk;fnmcz ckbirjv ljkuj^ lf;t tckb
kt;fobt d tuj jcyjdt j,cnjzntkmcndf yt ekexibkbcm^ gjnjve xnj k.ltq
ytkmpz jcnfdkznm ,tcrjytxyj d eckjdbz[ vbybvfkmyjq pfobns& Ujcelfhcndf
ljk;ys ghbvtyznm cdjb j,sxyst ghjwtlehs ghtljcnfdktybz
e,t;bof bkb ;t epfrjybnm ghfdj yf ghj;bdfybt gjkexfntktq dhtvtyyjq
pfobns& EDR< JJY vj;tn ghtlkj;bnm cdjb htrjvtylfwbb gj nfrbv
djghjcfv rfr% rjulf ghbvtyznm ghbywbg dhtvtyyjq pfobns^ rfrjt
j,hfotybt ljk;yj ,snm gj jnyjityb. r pfoboftvsv kbwfv^ b rjulf b
rfr nfrfz pfobnf ,eltn ghtrhfotyf&
‘Rjyathtywbz ghbpsdftn vt;leyfhjlyjt cjj,otcndj jrfpsdfnm
cdjtdhtvtyye. b ytpfvtlkbntkmye. uevfybnfhye. gjvjom b gjllth;re
cnhfyfv^ d rjnjhst ecnhtvkztncz gjnjr ,t;tywtd b gthtvtotyys[ kbw^
b gjvjufnm bv d ghtljcnfdktybb pf,jns b e[jlf pf ,jkmibv xbckjv
,t;tywtd\&
99-z Rjyathtywbz Vt;gfhkfvtyncrjuj Cj.pf^ fghtkm 1998
‘D cbnefwbz[ vfccjdjuj ghbnjrf kbwf^ boeobt e,t;bof^ ljk;ys
,snm ljgeotys d ujcelfhcndj^ d rjnjhjv jyb dgthdst ghjczn e,t;bof^
b tckb ’nj ujcelfhcndj yt vj;tn ghbyznm b[ yf ljkujchjxyjq jcyjdt^
jyj dctulf ljk;yj ghbyznm b[ gj rhfqytq vtht dhtvtyyj b ghtljcnfdbnm
bv pfobne d cjjndtncndbb c yb;tbpkj;tyysvb ghbywbgfvb\&
Pfrk.xtybt @ 22 (1981) Bcgjkybntkmyjuj Rjvbntnf EDR< JJY (1981)
Ghtljcnfdktybt pfobns kbwfv^ rjnjhst
yt gjlgflf.n gjl jghtltktybt ‘,t;tytw\%
ljgjkybntkmyfz pfobnf
Tcnm k.lb^ rjnjhst ye;lf.ncz d vt;leyfhjlyjq pfobnt lf;t gjckt
njuj^ rfr hfccvjnhtys b[ [jlfnfqcndf b jyb ghbpyfys kbwfvb^ yt
gjlgflf.obvb gjl jghtltktybt ‘,t;tytw\ gj Rjydtywbb j cnfnect
,t;tywtd& "nj j,sxyj k.lb^ rjnjhst ,tuen jn djjhe;tyys[ rjyakbrnjd^
cthmtpys[ ,tcgjhzlrjd d cnhfyt bkb jn cthmtpyjq euhjps d lheub[
ajhvf[^ rjnjhfz yt cdzpfyf c rjyrhtnysv jcyjdfybtv ghtcktljdfybz gj
Rjydtywbb 1951 ujlf& Nfrbt kbwf gjlgflf.n gjl ,jktt ibhjrjt
jghtltktybt gjyznbz ‘,t;tytw\^ cjlth;fotujcz d Rjydtywbb JFT b
Rfhnf[tycrjq Ltrkfhfwbb^ b nfr;t yf[jlzncz d catht jndtncndtyyjcnb
EDR< JJY& Yf ytj,[jlbvsq gthbjl dhtvtyb bv ljk;ty ,snm ghtljcnfdkty
jabwbfkmysq^ ghfdjdjq cnfnec^ b jghtltktys b[ ghfdf b
j,zpfyyjcnb& Gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen j,hfnbnmcz r EDR< JJY pf htrjvtylfwbzvb
ghb jghtltktybb dhtvtyb ghtrhfotybz ’njq nfr yfpsdftvjq
‘ljgjkybntkmyjq pfobns\ lkz ,t;tywtd&
55

Ghbyznbt vbybvfkmys[ cnfylfhnjd
j,hfotybz c ,t;tywfvb^ ghb,sdf.obvb d
,jkmijv rjkbxtcndt
‘D cbnefwbz[ vfccjdjuj ghbnjrf kbwf^ boeobt e,t;bof^ ljk;ys ,snm
ljgeotys d ujcelfhcndj^ d rjnjhjv jyb dgthdst ghjczn e,t;bof^ b tckb ’nj
ujcelfhcndj yt vj;tn ghbyznm b[ yf ljkujchjxyjq jcyjdt^ jyj dctulf
ljk;yj ghbyznm b[^ gj rhfqytq vtht^ dhtvtyyj b ghtljcnfdbnm bv pfobne\&
(Pfrk.xtybt @ 28 (c) Bcgjkybntkmyjuj Rjvbntnf EDR< JJY^ 1982)
Bcgjkrjv EDR< JJY dytc htrjvtylfwbb gj ghbvtytyb. vbybvfkmys[
cnfylfhnjd j,hfotybz c ,t;tywfvb^ ghb,sdf.obvb d ,jkmijv rjkbxtcndt^
rjulf ytdjpvj;yj ,scnhj jghtltkbnm b[ cnfnec&
"nb cnfylfhns ljk;ys cjdthitycndjdfnmcz c ntxtybtv dhtvtyb^ tckb yt
,eltn ,scnhjuj ekexitybz cbnefwbb c ,t;tywfvb^ xnj cltkfkj ,s
djpvj;ysv b[ ,tpjgfcyjt djpdhfotybt yf hjlbye edf;tybtv b[ ljcnjbycndf&
"nb cnfylfhns ljk;ys drk.xfnm%
q
q
q
q
q
Ljgecr r ,tpjgfcyjcnb ,tp lbcrhbvbyfwbb
Pfobnf jn dscskrb
Ghtljcnfdktybt cjjndtncnde.ob[ eckjdbq lkz ghbtvf ,t;tywtd^
drk.xfz b[ ,scnhe. htubcnhfwb.
Ghtljcnfdktybt dhtvtyyjuj ghfdf yf ghj;bdfybt d cnhfyt e,t;bof
J,hfotybt d cjjndtncndbb c vbybvfkmysvb uevfybnfhysvb cnfylfhnfvb^
rfr jyb cajhvekbhjdfys Bcgjkrjvjv EDR< JJY^ rjnjhst
drk.xf.n%
-- Ghtljcnfdktybt rhjdf
-- Jrfpfybt gjvjob bkb ghtljcnfdktybt ghfdf yf nheljecnhjqcndj
-- Ljcneg r gthdbxyjq vtlbwbycrjq gjvjob
-- Ljcneg ltntq ,t;tywtd r j,hfpjdfyb.
q
q
Edf;tybt jcyjdys[ ghfd xtkjdtrf^ drk.xfz ljcneg r ghfdjcelb. b
cdj,jle gthtldb;tybz
Djpvj;yjcnm djccjtlbytybz xktyjd ctvmb^ yf[jlzob[cz d lheub[
cnhfyf[ e,t;bof^ b jhufybpfwbz gjbcrf xktyjd ctvmb^ ghjgfdib[ ,tp
dtcnb
Gfhkfvtynfhbb ljk;ys ghbyznm cjjndtncnde.obt ghjwtlehs lkz nfrb[
cbnefwbq^ drk.xfz chtlcndf jghtltktybz gjnht,yjcnb d pfobnt yf vjvtyn
dhtvtyb gjckt jrjyxfybz rhbpbcf& Gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen dscrfpfnm
gj;tkfybt^ xnj,s EDR< JJY^ d hfvrf[ pfrjyjlfntkmcndf b[ cnhfy^
buhfkj rjycekmnfnbdye. hjkm& n
56

Ghjwtlehs jghtltktybz cnfnecf ,t;tywf
D rfxtcndt j,otuj ddtltybz d ghjwtcc hfphf,jnrb pfrjyjlfntkmcndf gj
ghjwtlehfv jghtltktybz cnfnecf ,t;tywf gfhkfvtynfhbb vjukb ,s
hfccvjnhtnm cktle.obt htrjvtyljdfyyst ’ktvtyns^ jcyjdfyyst yf
vt;leyfhjlys[ cnfylfhnf[ b ghfrnbrt& Rjydtywbz j cnfnect ,t;tywtd
yt htuekbhetn ghjwtlehs jghtltktybz cnfnecf ,t;tywf& Jlyfrj EDR<
JJY bvttn ,jkmijq jgsn b vj;tn rjvgtntynyj lfdfnm htrjvtylfwbb
gj htuekbvhetn pfrjyjlfntkmcnde& Rjycekmnfwbb b gjvjom ghb hfphf,jnrt
rjyrhtnys[ pfrjyjghjtrnjd gj rfrbv-kb,j djghjcfv bkb ghj-
,ktvfv vj;yj gjkexbnm d ghtlcnfdbntkmcndf[ EDR< JJY yf vtcnf[&
q
Htubcnhfwbz b jghtltktybt kbxyjcnb kbw^ boeob[ e,t;bof
Ljrevtyns^ dslfdftvst ,t;tywe b eljcnjdthz.obt tuj kbxyjcnm^
buhf.n df;ye. hjkm d pfobnt ,t;tywtd& Jyb gjlndth;lf.n tuj kbxyjcnm
b cnfnec pfobotyyjuj kbwf* lkz cnhfy e,t;bof jyb zdkz.ncz df;ysv
chtlcndjv ufhfynbb njuj^ xnj yb jlby ,t;tytw yt ,eltn djpdhfoty nelf^
ult tve euhj;ftn jgfcyjcnm& EDR< JJY jrfpfkj gjvjom hzle cnhfy d
cjplfybb cbcntv htubcnhfwbb b dslfxb ljrevtynjd yf jcyjdt cjdhtvtyyjq
nt[yjkjubb&
Kbwf^ boeobt e,t;bof^ ljk;ys gjkexbnm ljrevtyns^ eljcnjdthz.obt
b[ kbxyjcnm b gjlndth;lf.obt b[ [jlfnfqcndj c ghjcm,jq j gjkextybb
e,t;bof^ rjnjhst vj;yj hfccvfnhbdfnm rfr dbl yf ;bntkmcndj b rjnjhst
ltqcndbntkmys lj ghbyznbz jrjyxfntkmyjuj htitybz gj b[ [jlfnfqcndfv&
:tyobys^ rjnjhst boen e,t;bof^ ljk;ys bvtnm hfdyst ghfdf d
gjkextybb nfrb[ ljrevtynjd^ ,snm ytpfdbcbvsvb jn cdjb[ hjlcndtyybrjd
ve;crjuj gjkf b gjkexfnm ljrevtyns^ dsgbcfyysvb yf b[ bvz&
Ljk;ys ,snm xtnrj jghtltktys nt jhufys^ rjnjhst ghbybvf.n b
htubcnhbhe.n pfzdktybz c ghjcm,jq j ghtljcnfdktybb e,t;bof& Jyb
ljk;ys bvtnm xtnrbt bycnherwbb^ jghtltkz.obt b[ ghfdf b
j,zpfyyjcnb& Nfrbt jhufys ljk;ys bvtnm d cdjtv infnt dsltktyysq
gthcjyfk lkz hf,jns yf geyrnf[ gthtctxtybz uhfybws^ d f’hjgjhnf[^ yf
;tktpyjljhj;ys[ b vjhcrb[ djrpfkf[^ f nfr;t d hfpys[ vtcnf[ d cjcnfdt
vtcnys[ jhufyjd dkfcnb& Gthcjyfk^ dsltktyysq lkz hf,jns d gjhnf[^
ljk;ty ,snm egjkyjvjxty ghbybvfnm [jlfnfqcndf ,tp,bktnys[ kbw^
boeob[ e,t;bof^ rjnjhst yf[jlzncz yf ,jhne rjhf,ktq d nthhbnjhbfkmys[
djlf[ lfyyjuj ujcelfhcndf&
q
Rjycekmnfwbz .hbcnf b ghtlcnfdbntkmcndj bynthtcjd
Gjyznbt ‘cnfnec ,t;tywf\ yt dctulf gjyznyj cfvbv ,t;tywfv^ b
,jkmibycndj ,t;tywtd yt pyfrjvs c ghfdjdsvb ghjwtlehfvb cnhfys^ d
rjnjhjq jyb boen e,t;bof& R cj;fktyb.^ vyjubt ,t;tyws gjkfuf.ncz
yf cjdtns bp gkj[j byajhvbhjdfyys[ bcnjxybrjd^ rjnjhst vjuen xfcnj
eckj;ybnm b[ ltkf& Ghtljcnfdktybt .hblbxtcrjq rjycekmnfwbb b
byajhvfwbb j ghjwtcct --- jlby bp gentq r njve^ xnj,s cltkfnm
yfwbjyfkmyst ghjwtlehs ,jktt cghfdtlkbdsvb b ’aatrnbdysvb&
‘
57

Kbwj^ boeott e,t;bof^ ljk;yj gjkexbnm .hblbxtcre. rjycekmnfwb. b
byajhvfwb. yf zpsrt^ rjnjhsq jy (jyf) gjybvftn^ j ghtlcnjzotq
ghjwtleht b j cdjb[ ghfdf[ b j,zpfyyjcnz[ dj dhtvz ghjwtccf
ghj[j;ltybz ghjwtlehs&
:tyobys^ boeobt e,t;bof^ ljk;ys gjkexbnm rjycekmnfwb. gj cdjbv
ghfdfv^ drk.xfz ghfdj yf gjlfxe jnltkmyjuj pfzdktybz^ rjulf xktys
ctvmb cjghjdj;lf.n b[&
Cnhfyf e,t;bof ljk;yf ghtljcnfdbnm kbwe^ boeotve e,t;bof^ dct
ytj,[jlbvst djpvj;yjcnb^ xnj,s jy (jyf) cvju dsgjkybnm dct
ajhvfkmyjcnb^ drk.xfz ,tcgkfnyjt ghtljcnfdktybt eckeu rdfkbabwbhjdfyys[
b ,tcghbcnhfcnys[ gthtdjlxbrjd&
Lkz kbrdblfwbb rekmnehys[ ,fhmthjd^ dspsdftvs[ utylthysv afrnjhjv^
cj,tctljdfybt c ;tyobyfvb^ boeobvb e,t;bof^ ljk;ys dtcnb
;tyobys-gthtdjlxbrb&
Vyjubt ;tyobys^ boeobt e,t;bof^ xedcnde.n ct,z ytkjdrj ghb
j,ce;ltybb gjlhj,yjcntq cdjtq ;bpyb^ rjulf cj,tctljdfybt dtlen
ljk;yjcnyst kbwf ve;crjuj gjkf^ jcj,tyyj tckb ;tyobys cnfkb
;thndjq ctrcefkmyjuj yfcbkbz&
Lkz ht,tyrf^ hfpltktyyjuj cj cdjtq ctvmtq^ ljk;ty ,snm yfpyfxty .hbcn^
rjnjhsq ,eltn ghtlcnfdkznm tuj bynthtcs&
q
Djpvj;yjcnm cdzpfnmcz c EDR< JJY
Yfwbjyfkmyst dkfcnb ljk;ys cjj,obnm kbwfv^ boeobv e,t;bof^ xnj e
yb[ tcnm djpvj;yjcnm cdzpfnmcz c EDR< JJY b bvtnm^ gj cdjtve ds,jhe^
.hbcnf bkb xtkjdtrf^ rjnjhsq ,eltn ghtlcnfdkznm tuj bynthtcs& Gj
djpvj;yjcnb^ kbwf^ boeobt e,t;bof^ ljk;ys nfr;t gjkexbnm ghfdj yf
ljcneg r jhufybpfwbzv^ jrfpsdf.obv gjvjom ,t;tywfv^ bkb r lheubv
ghfdjpfobnysv jhufybpfwbzv&
q
Dhtvz yf gjlujnjdre [jlfnfqcndf j ghtljcnfdktybb e,t;bof

juhfybxtybt vj;tn ghbdtcnb r dscskrt ,t;tywtd^ gjcrjkmre yt dct bp yb[
cvjuen gjlfnm cdjb [jlfnfqcndf djdhtvz&
q Kbxyjt cj,tctljdfybt c rdfkbabwbhjdfyysv ljk;yjcnysv kbwjv
Lkz j,tb[ cnjhjy^ exfcnde.ob[ d cj,tctljdfybb^ ;tkfntkmyj b gjktpyj^
rjulf kbwj^ boeott e,t;bof^ bvttn djpvj;yjcnm bpkj;bnm cdjt ltkj
kbxyj ljk;yjcnyjve kbwe^ rjnjhjt rjvgtntynyj dsyjcbnm j,]trnbdyjt b
,tcghbcnhfcnyjt htitybt gj jnltkmysv ltkfv& "nj ljk;yjcnyjt kbwj
ljk;yj ghbyznm dj dybvfybt b ecnfyjdbnm dct df;yst afrns b ghtljcnfdbnm
kbwe^ boeotve e,t;bof^ djpvj;yjcnm lfnm gjlhj,yjt jgbcfybt b
ghtlcnfdbnm ljrfpfntkmcndf gj j,cnjzntkmcndfv hfccvfnhbdftvjuj ltkf&
Kbwj^ boeott e,t;bof^ ljk;yj ghtlcnfdbnm dct bpdtcnyst tve afrns b
j,cnjzntkmcndf b gjkexbnm ljcneg rj dctv bvt.obvcz lfyysv&
Afrnbxtcrb^ e ,jkmibycndf ,t;tywtd ytn ybxtuj^ rhjvt cj,cndtyys[
gjrfpfybq^ d gjllth;re cdjtuj pfzdktybz& Ghbpyfybt jabwbfkmyjuj
cnfnecf ,t;tywf yt pfdbcbn jn ghtl]zdktybz rfrjuj-yb,elm ajhvfkmyjuj
ljrfpfntkmcndf* jyj vj;tn ,snm jcyjdfyj yf kbxys[ gjrfpfybz[ kbwf^
boeotuj e,t;bof^ rjnjhst pfcke;bdf.n ljdthbz&
Exbnsdfz nhelyjcnb d jwtyrt ljcnjdthyjcnb lfyys[ gjrfpfybq njkmrj yf
jcyjdt pfgbctq cj,tctljdfybz bkb jnxtnf^ df;ysv ghtlcnfdkztncz pfckeibdfybt
ltkf d ghbcencndbb pfzdbntkz& Jyj lftn djpvj;yjcnm kbwe^
ghbybvf.otve htitybt^ jwtybnm gjdtltybt kbwf^ boeotuj e,t;bof^
pflfnm tve ljgjkybntkmyst djghjcs^ nht,e.obt gjlhj,ys[ jndtnjd&
Eckeub rdfkbabwbhjdfyys[ gthtdjlxbrjd ljk;ys ghtljcnfdkznmcz
,tcgkfnyj& C ;tyobyfvb^ rjnjhst boen e,t;bof^ ljk;ys hf,jnfnm
;tyobys-bynthdm.ths b gthtdjlxbws^ gjcrjkmre ;tyobys ghb ghjdtltybb
cj,tctljdfybz vjuen cnslbnmcz bkb cxbnfnm gjpjhysv lkz ct,z
j,ce;lfnm gjlhj,yjcnb cdjb[ pfzdktybq c ljk;yjcnysvb kbwfvb ve;crjuj
gjkf^ jcj,tyyj tckb ;tyobys cnfkb ;thndfvb ctrcefkmyjuj yfcbkbz&
Cgtwbfkmyj ytj,[jlbvj extcnm jcj,tyyjcnb ghjdtltybz cj,tctljdfybz c
ytcjdthityyjktnybvb ltnmvb^ hfpltktyysvb cj cdjbvb hjlbntkzvb^
exbnsdfz ghbywbg ‘yfbkexituj j,tcgtxtybz bynthtcjd ht,tyrf\
Rjydtywbb j ghfdf[ ht,tyrf (cvjnhbnt dcnfdre yf cnhfybwt 73) b ljrevtyn
EDR< JJY Herjdjlcndj gj gjkbnbrt b ghjwtlehfv j,hfotybz c
ytcjghjdj;lftvsvb ltnmvb^ boeobvb e,t;bof&
q
Ghbyznbt htitybz
Jhufy^ ghtlgjxnbntkmyj wtynhfkmysq^ ljk;ty bvtnm zcyj jghtltktyyst
gjkyjvjxbz gj ghbyznb. htitybz gj pfzdktyb. c ghjcm,jq j ghtljcnfdktybb
e,t;bof& Jhufy^ ghbybvf.obq htitybz^ ljk;ty bvtnm kbxyjt ltkj
kbwf^ boeotuj e,t;bof^ f nfr;t dct pfgbcb ghjdtltyyjuj cj,tctljdfybz b
htrjvtylfwbb hfpkbxys[ jhufyjd^ exfcnde.ob[ d ghjwtcct jghtltktybz
cnfnecf ,t;tywf& "njn jhufy ljk;ty ghbybvfnm htitybt gjckt hfccvjnhtybz
dctq jnyjczotqcz r ltke byajhvfwbb ghtlcnfdktyyjq kbwjv^ boeobv
e,t;bof^ d cdtnt byajhvfwbb j cnhfyt ghjbc[j;ltybz b jwtyrb cjjndtncndbz
ltkf pfzdbntkz rhbnthbzv jghtltktybz gjyznbz ‘,t;tytw\ bkb
lheubv rhbnthbzv pfobns^ ghbvtyztvsv d cnhfyt e,t;bof&
‘
59

D ckexft ytcjghjdj;lftvs[ ltntq htitybt cktletn ghbybvfnm c extnjv
ghbywbgf ‘yfbkexituj j,tcgtxtybz bynthtcjd ht,tyrf\&
J ghbyznjv htitybb pfzdbntkb ljk;ys ,snm edtljvktys d gbcmvtyyjq
ajhvt&
q Gjlfxf fgtkkzwbjyys[ ;fkj,
Kbwf^ boeobt e,t;bof^ rjnjhsv jnrfpfkb d eljdktndjhtybb [jlfnfqcnd^
ljk;ys bvtnm ljcnfnjxyj dhtvtyb yf gjlfxe fgtkkzwbb lkz jabwbfkmyjuj
gthtcvjnhf b[ ltk b ljk;ys ,snm ghjbyajhvbhjdfys j ghjwtlehf[
gthtcvjnhf ltk& Jhufy gj hfccvjnhtyb. fgtkkzwbq ljk;ty ,snm ytpfdbcbvsv^
,tcghbcnhfcnysv b egjkyjvjxtyysv gthtcvfnhbdfnm ghtlcnfdktyyst
afrns^ f nfr;t ghbvtytybt pfrjyf^ d k.,jv hfccvfnhbdftvjv
ltkt& "njn jhufy yt ljk;ty ,snm ntv^ rjnjhsq jnrfpfk d gjlfxt pfzdktybz^
bkb^ rfr vbybvev^ d ytuj ljk;ys d[jlbnm cjdthityyj lheubt kbwf^ xtv nt^
rjnjhst ghbybvfkb gthdjyfxfkmyjt htitybt&
Pfzdbntk. ljk;yj ,snm hfphtityj jcnfdfnmcz d cnhfyt yf dhtvz
hfccvjnhtybz tuj fgtkkzwbb flvbybcnhfnbdysv jhufyjv dscitq bycnfywbb
bkb ;t yf dhtvz hfccvjnhtybz tuj fgtkkzwbb celjv&
q Ghtrhfotybt cnfnecf
Gjkj;tybt j ghtrhfotybb cnfnecf ,t;tywf d Rjydtywbb j ,t;tywf[
zdkz.ncz bcxthgsdf.obvb b jpyfxf.n^ xnj yfwbjyfkmyjt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj
yt ljk;yj bpvtyznm bkb ljgjkyznm b[& Tckb kbwj yt gjlgflftn
gjl gjkj;tybz j ghtrhfotybb cnfnecf ,t;tywf bp-pf cvtybdib[cz
j,cnjzntkmcnd yf hjlbyt^ cktletn gthtcvjnhtnm tuj (tt) kbxyjt gjkj;tybt
b yfqnb^ tckb djpvj;yj^ rfrjq-yb,elm fkmnthyfnbdysq cnfnec^ gjpdjkz.obq
tve (tq) ghjljk;fnm jcnfdfnmcz d cnhfyt e,t;bof& EDR< JJY
ljk;yj nfr;t buhfnm cdj. hjkm d jghtltktybb ytj,[jlbvjcnb ghbvtytybz
gjkj;tybz j ghtrhfotybb cnfnecf d cdzpb c bpvtybdibvbcz
eckjdbzvb d cnhfyt ghjbc[j;ltybz kbwf^ boeotuj e,t;bof&
Pfrjys ljk;ys ghtlecvfnhbdfnm ghbvtytybt ghjwtleh^ gj rjnjhsv
,t;tytw gjkexftn byajhvfwb. j ghbxbyf[^ dcktlcndbt rjnjhs[ hfccvfnhbdftncz
djghjc j kbitybb tuj cnfnecf ,t;tywf& Lfyysq ,t;tytw
ljk;ty nfr;t bvtnm djpvj;yjcnm j,hfnbnmcz r cjjndtncnde.otve
jhufye b j,]zcybnm tve ghbxbys^ gj rjnjhjve jy yt vj;tn ,snm kbity
cnfnecf ,t;tywf bkb rfrjuj-yb,elm lheujuj cjjndtncnde.otuj cnfnecf&
:tkfntkmyj xnj,s jhufy^ ghbybvf.obq htitybt^ ,sk ntv ;t cfvsv
jhufyjv^ rjnjhsq dsyjcbn htitybt gj cnfnece ,t;tywtd* ,t;tywe nfr;t
ljk;yf ,snm ghtljcnfdktyf djpvj;yjcnm j,hfnbnmcz d ntxtybt ghbtvktvjuj
gthbjlf dhtvtyb c ;fkj,jq d dsitcnjzobq jhufy&
q Fyyekbhjdfybt cnfnecf
Cnfnec ,t;tywf vj;tn ,snm fyyekbhjdfy njkmrj d dblt bcrk.xbntkmyjq
vths b njkmrj d lde[ jghtltktyys[^ juhfybxbntkmyj njkretvs[ ckexfz[%
-- rjulf cnfyjdbncz bpdtcnyj^ xnj kbwj yfvthtyyj bcrf;fkj bkb crhskj
ghtlcnfdkztvst afrns^ lkz njuj xnj,s gjkexbnm cnfnec ,t;tywf*
‘
60

-- rjulf gjzdkz.ncz yjdst cdbltntkmcndf^ rjnjhst gjrfpsdf.n^ xnj
lfyyjt kbwj yt cktletn hfccvfnhbdfnm d rfxtcndt ,t;tywf^ yfghbvth
bp-pf njuj^ xnj jyj gjlgflfkj gjl gjkj;tybz j, bcrk.xtybb&
q Rjynhjkbhe.ofz hjkm EDR< JJY
EDR< JJY vj;tn jceotcndkznm rjynhjkm pf ghbvtytybtv Rjydtywbb j
cnfnect ,t;tywtd hfpkbxysvb genzvb d pfdbcbvjcnb jn vtcnys[ eckjdbq^
bvt.ob[cz htcehcjd b ghfdjdjq cnhernehs rjyrhtnyjq cnhfys& Rfr
vbybvev^ EDR< JJY ljk;yj bvtnm gjkysq ljcneg r byajhvfwbb gj
kbwfv^ boeobv e,t;bof^ b gj [jle hfccvfnhbdftvs[ ltk& Ghtlcnfdbntkmcndj
EDR< JJY yf vtcnt vj;tn ghjbyajhvbhjdfnm gfhkfvtynfhbtd^
gj b[ ghjcm,t^ j hfpkbxys[ ajhvf[ cdjtuj exfcnbz d ghjwtcct& n
‚ Xbckj kbw^ gjlgflf.ob[ gjl
rjvgtntywb. EDR< JJY^
dj dctv vbht gj ujlfv
(yf 1 zydfhz 2001 ujlf)
1990 14^916^498
1991 17^209^722
1992 17^007^483
1993 18^998^777
1994 23^033^000
1995 27^437^000
1996 26^103^200
1997 22^729^000
1998 22^376^300
1999 21^459^620
2000 22^257^340
2001 21^793^300
‚ Ghbvthyjt xbckj kbw^
gjlgflf.ob[ gjl vfylfn
EDR< JJY
(gj htubjyfv)
Htubjy 1 zyd& 2000 1 zyd& 2001
Fpbz 7^308^860 8^450^000
Fahbrf 6^250^540 6^072^900
Tdhjgf 7^285^800 5^571^700
Ctd& Fvthbrf 1^241^930 1^047^100
Kfn& Fvthbrf
b Rfhb,s 90^170 575^600
Jrtfybz 80^040 76^000
Dctuj 22^257^340 21^793^300
61

‚ Wbahs lkz cghfdrb
D yfxfkt 2001 ujlf xbckj kbw^ gjlgflf.ob[ gjl rjvgtntywb. EDR<
JJY^ cjcnfdkzkj 21^8 vbkkbjyjd& D ’nj xbckj d[jlbkb 12 vbkkbjyjd
,t;tywtd (55¢)^ 0^9 vbkkbjyf kbw^ boeob[ e,t;bof (4¢)^ 0^8 vbkkbjyf
djpdhfnbdib[cz ,t;tywtd (4¢)^ 6 vbkkbjyjd kbw^ gthtvtotyys[ dyenhb
cnhfys^ gjlgflf.ob[ gjl rjvgtntywb. EDR< JJY (27¢)^ 0^4 vbkkbjyf
djpdhfnbdib[cz DGK (2¢) b 1^7 vbkkbjyf lheub[ kbw^ gjlgflf.ob[ gjk
rjvgtntywb. EDR< JJY (8¢)&
D 2000 ujle j,ott xbckj ,t;tywtd dj dctv vbht edtkbxbkjcm yf 4¢ b
cjcnfdbkj 12 vbkkbjyjd xtkjdtr&
D rjywt 2000 ujlf Fpbz ghbyzkf yfb,jkmitt xbckj ,t;tywtd (44^6¢)^ pf
ytq cktletn Fahbrf (30¢)^ Tdhjgf (19^3¢)^ Ctdthyfz Fvthbrf (5^2¢)^
Jrtfybz (0^6¢)^ Kfnbycrfz Fvthbrf b Rfhb,s (0^3¢)&
Tckb c.lf drk.xbnm dct[ kbw^ gjlgflf.ob[ gjl rjvgtntywb. EDR<
JJY^ nj Fpbz ghbyzkf 38^8¢^ Fahbrf 27^9¢^ Tdhjgf 25^6¢^ Ctdthyfz
Fvthbrf 4^8¢^ Kfnbycrfz Fvthbrf b Rfhb,s 2^6¢ b Jrtfybz 0&3¢
,t;tywtd&
D 2000 ujle ghbvthyj 800^000 ,t;tywtd djpdhfnbkbcm yf hjlbye --- yf
50¢ vtymit gj chfdytyb. c 1999 ujljv^ rjulf dthyekbcm 1^6 vbkkbjyf
,t;tywtd^ drk.xfz 800^000 htgfnhbbhjdfyys[ rjcjdfhjd& Jrjkj 91^200
,t;tywtd^ ghb,sdib[ bp gthds[ cnhfy e,t;bof^ ,skb hfcctktys d 2000
ujle^ bp yb[ 40^000 ,t;tywtd c gjvjom. EDR< JJY& Gj chfdytyb. c 1999
ujljv gjcktlyzz wbahf edtkbxbkfcm yf 32¢&
J,sxyj 50¢ kbw^ gjlgflf.ob[ gjl rjvgtntywb. EDR< JJY^ cjcnfdkz.n
;tyobys& D uheggt kbw cnfhit 60 ktn ;tyobys cjcnfdkz.n
55¢ jn dctuj xbckf ,t;tywtd^ xnj jnhf;ftn b[ ,jkmie. ghjljk;bntkmyjcnm
;bpyb&
Ghbvthyj 50¢ ,t;tywtd^ gj rjnjhsv bvtkfcm byajhvfwbz^ ,skb
vjkj;t 18 ktn^ 15¢ --- vjkj;t gznb ktn& Gjxnb 8¢ ,t;tywtd ,skb d
djphfcnt 60 ktn b cnfhit&
Xbckj pfzdktybq c ghjcm,jq j ghtljcnfdktybb e,t;bof^ gjlfyys[ d 39
yfb,jktt ghjvsiktyyj hfpdbns[ cnhfyf[^ cjrhfnbkjcm c 648^300 d 1999
ujle lj 629^800 d 2000 ujle --- yf 3¢ vtymit& Gj 18¢ hfccvjnhtyys[
pfzdktybq d ntxtybt 2000 ujlf ,skj ghbyznj htitybt j ghtljcnfdktybb
cnfnecf ,t;tywf* gj 15¢ pfzdktybq ,skj dsytctyj htitybt j hfphtitybb
jcnfdfnmcz d cnhfyt gj uevfybnfhysv cjj,hf;tybzv&
Gj chfdytyb. c xbckjv cj,cndtyyjuj yfctktybz^ ukfdysvb cnhfyfvb^
ghbybvfdibvb ,t;tywtd d 2000 ujle^ ,skb Fhvtybz (80 ,t;tywtd yf
1^000 xtkjdtr yfctktybz)^ Udbytz (59 ,t;tywtd yf 1^000 xtkjdtr)^
>ujckfdbz (46 ,t;tywtd yf 1^000 xtkjdtr) b Rjyuj (43 ,t;tywf yf
1^000 xtkjdtr)& n
62

Ukfdf 4
Vt;leyfhjlyfz pfobnf yf ghfrnbrt
Rjydtywbz 1951 ujlf j cnfnect ,t;tywtd^ Ltrkfhfwbb^ yfwbjyfkmyjt
pfrjyjlfntkmcndj b nfr yfpsdftvst ‘vzurbt pfrjys\^ rjnjhst
hfccvfnhbdfkbcm d ghtlsleob[ ukfdf[^ cjcnfdkz.n ghfdjde.
jcyjde dct[ ltqcndbq^ yfghfdktyys[ yf pfobne ,t;tywtd b kbw^ boeob[
e,t;bof& Cjnhelybr vbccbb gj jrfpfyb. uevfybnfhyjq gjvjob yf vtcnt
ljk;ty herjdjlcndjdfnmcz j,obvb ghbywbgfvb b cnfylfhnfvb^ rjlbabwbhjdfyysvb
d vt;leyfhjlyjv ghfdt ,t;tywtd b ghfdt ghfd xtkjdtrf&
Cj cdjtq ;t cnjhjys gfhkfvtynfhbb ljk;ys nfr;t pyfnm ytrjnjhst bp
jcyjdys[ ghfrnbxtcrb[ vth^ rjnjhst ghtlghbybvf.ncz d jndtn yf
rjyrhtnyst ghj,ktvs pfobns ,t;tywtd&
Nhtvz yfb,jktt j,obvb ghj,ktvfvb d pfobnt ,t;tywtd zdkz.ncz%
q Ghbyznbt jndtnys[ vth yf xhtpdsxfqye. cbnefwb. c ,t;tywfvb
q Pfobnf ;tyoby-,t;tyjr^ ltntq b ctvtq ,t;tywtd
q Gjbcr ljkujchjxys[ htitybq ghj,ktv ,t;tywtd
Xhtpdsxfqyst cbnefwbb c ,t;tywfvb
‚ Xnj nfrjt xhtpdsxfqyfz cbnefwbz c ,t;tywfvb$
Xhtpdsxfqyst cbnefwbb c ,t;tywfvb --- ’nj dhtvz rhbpbcf lkz ,t;tywtd b
xfcnj lkz cnhfys e,t;bof& :bpym k.ltq yf[jlbncz gjl euhjpjq b df;yj
ghtlghbyznm ,scnhst ltqcndbz& Cnhfyf e,t;bof vj;tn bcgsnsdfnm yf
ct,t cbkmyjt lfdktybt^ ,snm d
wtynht ghbcnfkmyjuj dybvfybz
chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb^
b e ytt vj;tn yt ,snm
ljcnfnjxyjuj jgsnf cghfdbnmcz
c cbnefwbtq^ rjulf
ghb,sdftn ,jkmijt rjkbxtcndj
ujkjlys[^ ,jkmys[^ hfytys[
b bcgeufyys[ k.ltq&
Xhtpdsxfqyst cbnefwbb gjxnb
dctulf djpybrf.n d rjyntrcnt
djjhe;tyys[ rjyakbrnjd b
vjuen^ d ’njv cvsckt^ hfccvfnhbdfnmcz
rfr xhtpdsxfqyjt
j,cnjzntkmcndj^ zdkz.ottcz
xfcnm. ,jktt rhegyjvfcinf,-
yjuj ,tlcndbz&
Gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen ghtlghbyznm
ifub pfhfytt lkz
j,tcgtxtybz pfobns ,t;tywtd
Jghtltktybt xhtpdsxfqyjq
cbnefwbb c ,t;tywfvb
Hf,jxbv jghtltktybtv xhtpdsxfqyjq
cbnefwbb c ,t;tywfvb^ ghbyznsv
EDR< JJY zdkztncz% ‘k.,fz cbnefwbz^
d rjnjhjq ;bpym bkb ,kfujcjcnjzybt
,t;tywf ,eltn gjl euhjpjq^ tckb yt
,elen ghtlghbyzns ytvtlktyyst b yflkt;fobt
ltqcndbz^ b rjnjhfz nht,etn
ghbyznbz lkz cdjtuj htitybz xhtpdsxfqys[
b bcrk.xbntkmys[ vth\&

dj dhtvz nfrjuj nz;tkjuj lkz yb[ dhtvtyb& Tckb tcnm yfwbjyfkmyfz
ghfdjdfz ,fpf b bycnbnewbjyfkmyst cnhernehs^ EDR< JJY vj;tn pfhexbnmcz
vt;leyfhjlyjq gjllth;rjq ujhfplj ,scnhtt b ’aatrnbdytt&
‚ Hfpltktybt jndtncndtyyjcnb dj dhtvz
xhtpdsxfqyjq cbnefwbb
Wtkm vth^ ghtlghbybvftvs[ dj dhtvz xhtpdsxfqyjq cbnefwbb^ cjcnjbn d
njv^ xnj,s ghtljcnfdbnm pfobne b ufhfynbhjdfnm j,tcgtxtybt cdjtdhtvtyyjq
gjvjob ,t;tywfv& Cnhfyf e,t;bof jndtxftn pf j,tcgtxtybt
,t;tywtd^ cj[hfyyjcnm gjcnfdkztvjq gjvjob^ pf cj,k.ltybt ,t;tywfvb
ghfdjgjhzlrf yf cdjtq nthhbnjhbb& Ghfdbntkmcndf xfcnj gjkfuf.ncz yf
vt;leyfhjlyjt cjj,otcndj d hfpltktybb abyfycjdjuj ,htvtyb* EDR<
JJY ghtljcnfdkztn gjvjom ,t;tywfv gj ghjcm,t ghfdbntkmcnd&
EDR< JJY j,sxyj jndtxftn pf rjjhlbyfwb. jndtnys[ ltqcndbq cbcntvs
JJY^ hf,jnfz d ntcyjv cjnhelybxtcndt c Vbhjdjq ghjljdjkmcndtyyjq
ghjuhfvvjq^ >YBCTA^ Ghjuhfvvjq hfpdbnbz Jhufybpfwbb J,]tlbytyys[
Yfwbq (GHJJY) b lheubvb jhufybpfwbzvb& Ytghfdbntkmcndtyyst jhufybpfwbb
(YGJ) buhf.n df;ye. hjkm d jrfpfybb gjvjob ,t;tywfv dj dhtvz
xhtpdsxfqys[ cbnefwbq& Cnhfyf e,t;bof^ EDR< JJY b hfpkbxyst YGJ^
exfcnde.obt d jrfpfybb gjvjob ,t;tywfv d xhtpdsxfqys[ cbnefwbz[^
gjlgbcsdf.n vt;le cj,jq cjjndtncnde.ott cjukfitybt gj hfpltktyb.
jndtncndtyyjcnb& D bltfkmyjv gkfyt [jhjij hfphf,jnfyyst cjukfitybz
gj htfkbpfwbb ghjuhfvv jrfpfybz gjvjob gjvjuf.n bp,t;fnm
le,kbhjdfybz ghtlghbybvftvs[ vth b kbrdblbhjdfnm ghj,tks d hf,jnt&
Ghtljcnfdktybt pfobns dj dhtvz
xhtpdsxfqys[ cbnefwbq
‚ Rjulf k.lb ,tuen jn djqys% jghtltktybt ,t;tywf
D nj dhtvz rfr cnhfys Fahbrb b ytrjnjhst cnhfys Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb
jghtltkz.n k.ltq^ cgfcf.ob[cz jn djjhe;tyys[ rjyakbrnjd^ rfr
,t;tywtd (gj Rjydtywbb JFT b Rfhnf[tycrjq Ltrkfhfwbb cjjndtncndtyyj)^
k.lb^ ,tueobt jn djjhe;tyys[ rjyakbrnjd d k.,jv vtcnt^ zdkz.ncz
,t;tywfvb^ gjlgflf.obvb gjl ltqcndbt vfylfnf EDR< JJY& Ntv yt
vtytt^ d lheub[ cnhfyf[ vbhf^ rhjvt cnhfy Fahbrb b Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb^
vj;tn ,snm hfc[j;ltybt vt;le pfobnjq^ ghtljcnfdkztvjq ujcelfhcndfvb
gj Rjydtywbb j cnfnece ,t;tywtd^ rjnjhfz nht,etn^ xnj,s e kbwf^ boeotuj
e,t;bof^ ,skb dgjkyt j,jcyjdfyyst jgfctybz cnfnm ;thndjq ghtcktljdfybz
gj jlyjve bp gznb erfpfyys[ d ytq ghbpyfrjd^ b pfobnjq^ rjnjhe.
ghtljcnfdkztn EDR< JJY gj cdjtve ,jktt ibhjrjve vfylfne& "nj
hfc[j;ltybt d ghfdjdjv gkfyt vj;tn gjcnfdbnm gthtl ;thndfvb djjhe;tyys[
rjyakbrnjd hzl ghj,ktv ghfrnbxtcrjuj gjhzlrf& Gfhkfvtynfhbb
vjuen j,tcgtxbnm nfrjt gjkj;tybt^ rjulf yfwbjyfkmyjt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj
,eltn ghtlecvfnhbdfnm ghtljcnfdktybt pfobns d cjjndtncndbb c ,jktt
ibhjrbv jghtltktybtv gjyznbz ‘,t;tytw\^ drk.xf.obv b ;thnd djjhe;tyys[
rjyakbrnjd&
64

q
Cdzpm vt;le djjhe;tyysv rjyakbrnjv b ghtcktljdfybtv
Djjhe;tyysq rjyakbrn b ghtcktljdfybt vjuen ceotcndjdfnm ,jr j ,jr&
Ltqcndbntkmyj^ djjhe;tyysq rjyakbrn vj;tn ,snm bvtyyj ntv vtnjljv^
rjnjhsq ds,hfy ghtcktljdfntktv lkz gjlfdktybz bkb kbrdblfwbb jghtltktyys[
uhegg yfctktybz& D ,jkmibycndt ckexftd k.lb^ rjnjhst ,tuen jn
djjhe;tyys[ rjyakbrnjd^ gjlgflf.n gjl jghtltktybt ‘,t;tytw\^ lfyyjt d
Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd& Nj tcnm^ d ljgjkytybt r njve^ xnj b[ pf[dfnbkf
djqyf^ e ,t;tywtd ,elen dgjkyt j,jcyjdfyyst jgfctybz cnfnm ;thndjq
ghtcktljdfybz gj ghbpyfre hfcs^ dthjbcgjdtlfybz^ uhf;lfycndf^ ghbyflkt;yjcnb
r jghtltktyyjq cjwbfkmyjq uheggt bkb gjkbnbxtcrb[ e,t;ltybq&
K.lb^ cgfcfdibtcz^ yfghbvth^ jn ‘’nybxtcrb[ xbcnjr\ d ,sditq >ujckfdbb
bkb jn utyjwblf d Hefylt^ ,t;fkb jn ghtcktljdfybz^ jcyjdfyyjuj yf
jlyjv bp jghtltkztvs[ Rjydtywbtq ghbpyfrjd^ ghb ’njv cfvf djqyf ,skf
chtlcndjv ghtcktljdfybz& "nj ghbvths rhegyjvfcinf,yjuj ghtcktljdfybz^
jceotcndkztvjuj rfr xfcnm djtyyjq rfvgfybb bkb jlyjdhtvtyyj c ytq&
Dj dhtvz djjhe;tyys[ rjyakbrnjd xtkjdtr vj;tn nfr;t cnfnm bylbdblefkmysv
j,]trnjv ghtcktljdfybz gj ghbxbyfv^ jghtltkz.obv gjyznbt
‘,t;tytw\ d Rjydtywbb 1951 ujlf&
q Pfobnf k.ltq^ rjnjhst yt gjlgflf.n gjl jghtltktybt
‘,t;tytw\ d Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd
Kbwf^ rjnjhst ,tuen jn djjhe;tyys[ rjyakbrnjd^ yt dctulf ghbpyf.ncz
,t;tywfvb d nt[ cnhfyf[ e,t;bof^ rjnjhst yt ghbvtyz.n ,jktt ibhjrjt
jghtltktybt ‘,t;tytw\^ lfyyjt d Rjydtywbb JFT b Rfhnf[tycrjq Ltrkfhfwbb&
Ntv yt vtytt^ yf ghfrnbrt ghbpyftncz^ xnj k.lb^ cgfcf.obtcz jn
djqys^ yt vjuen ,snm djpdhfotys yf hjlbye&

pfobofz b[ jcyjdyst ghfdf xtkjdtrf& Dhtvtyyfz pfobnf --- ’nj
chtlcndj^ bcgjkmpetvjt lkz gjbcrf htitybz xhtpdsxfqyjq cbnefwbb^
rjulf tcnm jxtdblyst gjnht,yjcnb k.ltq d pfobnt^ yj gjxnb ytn
djpvj;yjcnb jghtltkbnm nfrbt gjnht,yjcnb ,scnhj d bylbdblefkmyjv
gjhzlrt& Dhtvtyyfz pfobnf ljk;yf ghtljcnfdkznmcz njkmrj lj njuj
vjvtynf^ gjrf d j,cnjzntkmcndf[^ rjnjhst pfcnfdbkb k.ltq ,t;fnm^ yt
ghjbpjqlen rjhtyyst gthtvtys& Rfr njkmrj nfrbt gthtvtys ghjbpjikb^
cnhfyf e,t;bof vj;tn cxbnfnm^ xnj ,jkmit ytn gjnht,yjcnb d pfobnt b
xnj ,jkmifz xfcnm kbw^ rjnjhsv ,skf ghtljcnfdktyf pfobnf^ vjuen
dthyenmcz yf hjlbye ,tp ,jzpyb pf cdj. ;bpym& Jlyfrj cnhfys e,t;bof
ljk;ys pyfnm^ xnj ytrjnjhsv k.lzv dct tot ye;yf ,eltn pfobnf^ d njv
xbckt b gj ghbxbyfv^ cdzpfyysv c ghjiksv ghtcktljdfybtv& E
ujcelfhcnd ljk;ty ,snm vt[fybpv --- j,sxyj ’nj cbcntvf jghtltktybz
cnfnecf ,t;tywf --- lkz dszdktybz nfrb[ k.ltq&
q Bcrk.xtybt bp cnfnecf ,t;tywf
Ytrjnjhst k.lb yt pfcke;bdf.n vt;leyfhjlyjq pfobns (cvjnhbnt
Ukfde 3)& Jnltkmyst kbwf vjuen bcrk.xfnmcz bp cnfnecf ,t;tywf lf;t
ghb ghjwtleht uheggjdjuj jghtltktybz cnfnecf ,t;tywtd& Cnhfyt
e,t;bof vj;tn ,snm nhelyj ecnfyjdbnm kbxyjcnm b dthyenm j,hfnyj
kbw^ rjnjhst ljk;ys ,snm bcrk.xtys bp cnfnecf ,t;tywf& D nfrjv
ckexft ;tkfntkmyj^ xnj,s ujcelfhcndf j,hfofkbcm pf cjdtnjv b
gjvjom. r EDR< JJY d cfvjv yfxfkt xhtpdsxfqyjq cbnefwbb c
,t;tywfvb lkz jwtyrb rjynbyutynf ,t;tywtd b bvt.ob[cz htcehcjd
lkz jnltktybz nt[^ rnj ljk;ty ,snm bcrk.xty bp cnfnecf ,t;tywf^ jn
jcnfkmyjq vfccs ,t;tywtd&
Xnj ltkfnm d ckexft xhtpdsxfqyjq cbnefwbb c
,t;tywfvb$
Bcgjkrjv EDR< JJY dshfpbk cdjt cjukfcbt c yf,jhjv vt;leyfhjlyj-ghbpyfyys[
jcyjdys[ cnfylfhnjd j,hfotybz c ,t;tywfvb^ ghbvtyztvs[ d eckjdbz[ xhtpdsxfqys[
cbnefwbq&
J,tcgtxmnt jnrhsnjcnm uhfybw lkz j,tcgtxtybz ljcnegf r ,tpjgfcyjcnb
E,tlbntcm^ xnj e k.ltq tcnm ljcneg r ,tpjgfcyjcnb^ cjplfd lkz ’njuj pfrjyjlfntkmye.
,fpe lkz b[ ghbtvf lj djpybryjdtybz nfrjq gjnht,yjcnb&
Ghbvbnt hfcibhtyyjt jghtltktybt gjyznbz ‘,t;tytw\
Ghbvtytybt hfcibhtyyjuj jghtltktybz gjyznbz ‘,t;tytw\^ rfr jyj lfyj d
Rjydtywbb JFT^ Rfhnf[tycrjq Ltrkfhfwbb b yfwbjyfkmyjv pfrjyjlfntkmcndt
vyjub[ cnhfy^ lfcn jcyjde lkz pfobns d ckexft xhtpdsxfqyjq cbnefwbb c ,t;tywfvb&
Ghtljcnfdkzqnt dhtvtyye. pfobne^ rjulf d ytq tcnm gjnht,yjcnm
Rjulf jghtltktybt ‘,t;tytw\^ ghbvtyztvjt d cnhfyt e,t;bof^ zdkztncz ,jktt
eprbv^ ghbvtyztvsv d Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd^ gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen
ghtljcnfdbnm pfobne lheubv kbwfv^ ye;lf.obvcz d ytq^ d dblt dhtvtyyjq
pfobns^ rjnjhfz j[dfnsdftn ;thnd djjhe;tyys[ rjyakbrnjd b lheub[ cbnefwbq
vfccjds[ yfheitybq ghfd xtkjdtrf&
Ghblth;bdfqntcm cnfylfhnjd j,hfotybz^ ghbvtyztvs[ dj dhtvz xhtpdsxfqys[
cbnefwbq c ,t;tywfvb
Bcgjkrjv EDR< JJY cjukfcbkcz c ntv^ xnj%
‘
66

q
q
q
q
q
q

Ghtljcnfdmnt e,t;bot ;thndfv djqys^ rjnjhst yt jndtxf.n jghtltktyb.
‘,t;tytw\ gj Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd
Ytrjnjhst kbwf^ ,tueobt jn djqys^ yt ,elen ghbpyfys ,t;tywfvb gj Rjydtywbb
1951 ujlf^ lf;t tckb jyb b ghjikb ghjwtlehe jghtltktybz cnfnecf ,t;tywf yf
bylbdblefkmyjq jcyjdt& Ghbybvfz dj dybvfybt nj rheitybt b nhfdve^ rjnjhst jyb
ghtnthgtkb d cdjtq ;bpyb^ ,t;tyws bvt.n ghfdj yf jghtltktyye. cntgtym
,tpjgfcyjcnb b cnf,bkmyjcnb& Ytljcnfnjxyj njkmrj kbim jnrfpfnmcz jn b[
ltgjhnfwbb&
K.lb ljk;ys bvtnm jabwbfkmysq ghfdjdjq cnfnec c jghtltktyysvb ghfdfvb b
j,zpfyyjcnzvb* jyb ljk;ys gjkexbnm ljrevtyns^ eljcnjdthz.obt ’njn cnfnec&
Cnfnec ljk;ty dslfdfnmcz yf ljdjkmyj lkbntkmysq gthbjl dhtvtyb^ xnj,s
j,kflf.obt bv k.lb vjukb [jnm ytvyjuj ddtcnb cdj. ;bpym d yjhvfkmyjt heckj&
Cnfnec ljk;ty ghtljcnfdkznm bv jcyjdyst ghfdf^ rfr jyb jghtltktys d cjjndtncnde.ob[
vt;leyfhjlys[ b htubjyfkmys[ ljujdjhf[& D ytrjnjhs[ cnhfyf[
yfwbjyfkmyst bkb htubjyfkmyst gjkj;tybz j ghfdf[ xtkjdtrf vjuen gjnht,jdfnm
,jktt dscjrb[ cnfylfhnjd^ xtv nt vbybvfkmyst cnfylfhns^ gthtxbckztvst yb;t%
q Uhf;lfycrbt b gjkbnbxtcrbt ghfdf%
-- pfobnf jn dscskrb b dsldjhtybz*
-- pfghtotybt lbcrhbvbyfwbb*
-- pfobnf ghjnbd gsnjr bkb ;tcnjrjuj^ ,tcxtkjdtxyjuj bkb eyb;f.otuj
ljcnjbycndj j,hfotybz b yfrfpfybz*
-- cdj,jlf gthtldb;tybz*
-- ljcneg r celfv
q
Df;ysv zdkztncz nfr;t ghtljcnfdktybt ’rjyjvbxtcrb[ b cjwbfkmys[ ghfd^
chfdybvs[ c j,otghbyznsvb ghfdfvb d cnhfyt e,t;bof^ drk.xfz ghfdj yf
ljcneg r cjjndtncnde.otve ;bkboe^ ghfdj yf gjkextybt gjvjob bkb yf
nheljecnhjqcndj^ yf vtlbwbycrjt j,cke;bdfybt^ yf yfxfkmyjt b chtlytt
j,hfpjdfybt&
q Jcyjdjgjkfuf.obv ghbywbgjv zdkztncz ghbywbg tlbycndf ctvmb^ b cnhfys
e,t;bof ljk;ys gjvjufnm ,t;tywfv d b[ djccjtlbytybb c ,kbprbvb
hjlcndtyybrfvb& Xtv ,jkmit dhtvtyb xtkjdtr ghjdjlbn d ghbybvf.otq tuj
cnhfyt^ ntv cbkmytt gjnht,yjcnm d djccjtlbytybb ctvmb&
Ghtljcnfdktybt pfobns ;thndfv djqys vj;tn ,snm ghtrhfotyj^ rjulf d ytq
,jkmit ytn ytj,[jlbvjcnb& J,]trnbdyst rhbnthbb lkz jwtyrb dhtvtyb^ rjulf
ghtljcnfdktybt pfobns vj;tn ,snm ghtrhfotyj^ ljk;ys ,snm bpkj;tys d
gbcmvtyyjq ajhvt b^ ;tkfntkmyj^ d pfrjyjlfntkmcndt& Ghb jghtltktybb dhtvtyb
ghtrhfotybz ghtljcnfdktybz nfrjq pfobns cktletn gjkexbnm htrjvtylfwbb e
EDR< JJY&
Dscnegfqnt c ghbpsdjv jrfpfnm vt;leyfhjlye. gjllth;re b hfpltkbnm
jndtncndtyyjcnm
Gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen gjllth;fnm ghbpsds r ghjzdktyb. vt;leyfhjlyjq
cjkblfhyjcnb b hfpltktyb. jndtncndtyyjcnb^ ghbdktrfz j,otcndtyyjt dybvfybt
r gjnht,yjcnzv ,t;tywtd^ r njve drkfle^ rjnjhsq e;t cltkfkb b[ cnhfys
d ghtljcnfdktybt ,t;tywfv e,t;bof^ b j,tcgtxbdfz ljcneg r uevfybnfhysv
jhufybpfwbzv&
‘
68

J,hfofqntcm r ghfdbntkmcnde d wtkz[ j,tcgtxtybz ,tpjgfcyjcnb d kfuthz[ ,t;tywtd
Gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen ghbpdfnm cdjb ghfdbntkmcndf cltkfnm dct djpvj;yjt lkz pfobns
,t;tywtd^ f nfr;t cjnhelybrjd vtcnys[ b vt;leyfhjlys[ uevfybnfhys[ jhufybpfwbq^
rjnjhst gsnf.ncz pfobnbnm ,t;tywtd b jrfpfnm bv gjvjom& Jndtncndtyyjcnm pf
gjllth;fybt j,otcndtyyjq ,tpjgfcyjcnb b gjhzlrf kt;bn yf cnhfyt e,t;bof& D
ckexfz[^ rjulf lkz ’njuj ytj,[jlbvf vt;leyfhjlyfz gjllth;rf^ ghfdbntkmcndj cnhfys
e,t;bof ljk;yj bccktljdfnm genb gjkextybz ytj,[jlbvjq gjvjob&
Djpltqcndeqnt yf vtcnyjt yfctktybt b cjwbfkmye. cathe% dscnegfqnt d pfobne ,t;tywtd
Dj dhtvz xhtpdsxfqys[ cbnefwbq c ,t;tywfvb gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen dj vyjujv
gjdkbznm yf nj^ rfr j,hfof.ncz c ,t;tywfvb& Jyb vjuen ghbpdfnm dkfcnb cnhfys
cj,k.lfnm vt;leyfhjlyst j,zpfntkmcndf gj jrfpfyb. uevfybnfhyjq gjvjob& Jyb
vjuen dshfpbnm cdjt cjcnhflfybt b cjkblfhyjcnm c ,t;tywfvb^ pyfrjvzcm c
gjkj;tybtv ltk& Jyb vjuen gjctofnm kfuthz lkz ,t;tywtd bkb pfrhsnst wtynhs^
ult cjlth;fncz ,t;tyws& Jyb vjuen hfccvjnhtnm djghjcs b ghbxbys ,tcgjrjqcndf
vtcnyjuj yfctktybz^ gjgsnfnmcz cukflbnm jnhbwfntkmyjt jnyjitybt r ,t;tywfv^
dspdfyyjt jncencndbtv byajhvfwbb^ ytljgjybvfybtv bkb ghtldpznsv vytybtv j
,t;tywf[& n
Pfobnf ;tyoby-,t;tyjr
‚ Jcj,st eckjdbz^ jrfpsdf.obt jnhbwfntkmyjt djpltqcndbt
yf ;tyoby-,t;tyjr
:tyobys cjcnfdkz.n gj rhfqytq vtht gjkjdbye dct[ ,t;tywtd& E
;tyoby-,t;tyjr tcnm vyjubt bp nt[ ;t gjnht,yjcntq^ rjnjhst tcnm e
ve;xby% pfobnf ghjnbd ghbyelbntkmyjuj djpdhfotybz^ edf;tybt b[ ghfd
xtkjdtrf^ rjulf jyb yf[jlzncz d bpuyfybb^ b gjkextybt gjvjob d gjbcrf[
ljkujchjxyjuj htitybz cdjtuj nz;tkjuj gjkj;tybz& Jlyfrj e yb[ tcnm
nfr;t b lheubt^ ljgjkybntkmyst gjnht,yjcnb^ rjulf jyb yf[jlzncz d
gjkj;tybb ,t;tywtd&
Xfcnj d [fjct rhegyjvfcinf,ys[ cbnefwbq c ,t;tywfvb ;tyobys
jcj,tyyj ezpdbvs d jnyjitybb ctrcefkmys[ b lheub[ ajhv yfcbkbz&
Rhjvt njuj^ jyb xfcnj ytcen jndtncndtyyjcnm pf lheub[^ ,jktt ezpdbvs[
xktyjd ctvmb^ nfrb[ rfr ltnb b ghtcnfhtkst& :tyobys xfcnj hfpltktys
c ve;xbyfvb - xktyfvb ctvmb^ rjnjhst vjuen d ’nj dhtvz ghbybvfnm exfcnbt
d djjhe;tyyjv rjyakbrnt bkb jcnfdfnmcz yf hjlbyt c wtkm. j[hfys
ctvtqyjq cj,cndtyyjcnb&
D eckjdbz[ kfuthz lkz ,t;tywtd^ rjulf yfheitys nhflbwbjyyst c[tvs
ghbyznbz htitybq^ ;tyobys vjuen kbibnmcz ghfdf ujkjcf d htitybb
djghjcjd^ rjnjhst jnhbwfntkmyj crfpsdf.ncz yf b[ gjdctlytdyjq ;bpyb
b ,tpjgfcyjcnb& Yfghbvth^ tckb ve;xbys bkb rfrfz-yb,elm uheggf
ve;xby rjynhjkbhe.n hfcghtltktybt uevfybnfhyjq gjvjob^ ;tyoby
vjuen ghbye;lfnm r jrfpfyb. ctrcefkmys[ eckeu d j,vty yf tle&
:tyobys vjuen nfr;t yf[jlbnmcz gjl euhjpjq ctrcefkmyjuj yfcbkbz cj
cnjhjys lheub[ ,t;tywtd^ vtcnyjuj yfctktybz^ ,jtdbrjd^ gjkbwbb bkb
cbk ,tpjgfcyjcnb d cnhfyt e,t;bof&
69

D cnhfyf[^ ghbvtyz.ob[ ghjwtlehs bylbdblefkmyjuj jghtltktybz
cnfnecf ,t;tywtd^ e ;tyoby^ ghb,sdf.ob[ dvtcnt c xktyfvb ctvmb
ve;crjuj gjkf^ vj;tn yt ,snm djpvj;yjcnb gjlfnm cdjb cj,cndtyyst
pfzdktybz lf;t d ckexft jnrkjytybz pfzdktybq b[ ve;tq& :tyobyfv
vj;tn ,snm nhelytt hfpujdfhbdfnm jnrhjdtyyj c ve;xbyjq^ rjnjhsq
ghjdjlbn c ybvb cj,tctljdfybt^ bkb c gthtdjlxbrjv ve;crjuj gjkf^
jcj,tyyj tckb ytrjnjhst cnjhjys tt pfzdktybz c ghjcm,jq j ghtljcnfdktybb
cnfnecf ,t;tywf cdzpfys c ctrcefkmysv yfcbkbtv bkb djghjcfvb
xtcnb ctvmb&
D ljgjkytybt r ghtgzncndbzv ghjwtlehyjuj gkfyf^ bvt.obvcz d
cbcntvf[ jghtltktybz cnfnecf ,t;tywf^ vjuen ,snm nhelyjcnb b
ghfdjdjuj [fhfrnthf ghb hfccvjnhtybb pfzdktybq^ cdzpfyys[ c utylthysv
afrnjhjv&
‚ Ghtcktljdfybt^ cdzpfyyjt c utylthysv afrnjhjv
Ghtcktljdfybt^ cdzpfyyjt c utylthysv afrnjhjv^ zdkztncz nthvbyjv^
bcgjkmpetvjv d vt;leyfhjlyjv ghfdt ,t;tywtd lkz jgbcfybz hfpyjuj
hjlf [jlfnfqcnd^ drk.xfz b nt^ rjnjhst byjulf gjlf.ncz ve;xbyfvb&
{jnz utylth rjyrhtnyj b yt egjvbyftncz d Rjydtywbb 1951 ujlf j cnfnect
,t;tywtd (jgfctybz ghtcktljdfybz ljk;ys ,snm gj ghbpyfre hfcs^
dthjbcgjdtlfybz^ uhf;lfycndf^ ghbyflkt;yjcnb r jghtltktyyjq
cjwbfkmyjq uheggt bkb gjkbnbxtcrb[ e,t;ltybq)^ ghbpyftncz^ xnj utylth
vj;tn jrfpsdfnm dkbzybt bkb jghtltkznm nbg ghtcktljdfybz^ rjnjhjve
gjldthuftncz xtkjdtr^ b#bkb ghbxbys nfrjuj j,hfotybz&
‘Bcgjkybntkmysq Rjvbntn c eljdktndjhtybtv ghbybvftn r
cdtltyb. nt cgtwbfkmyst ecbkbz ujcelfhcnd^ rjnjhst jyb
ghtlghbybvf.n gj drk.xtyb. utylthyjuj afrnjhf d cdj. gjkbnbre gj
ghtljcnfdktyb. e,t;bof^ gjcnfyjdktybz b ghfrnbre* ghbpsdftn
ujcelfhcndf^ EDR< JJY b lheubt pfbynthtcjdfyyst jhufybpfwbb
cgjcj,cndjdfnm ,jktt ibhjrjve ghbyznb. b drk.xtyb. d cdjb rhbnthbb
pfobns nfrjuj njkrjdfybz^ xnj ghtcktljdfybt vj;tn ,snm
cdzpfyj c utylthysv afrnjhjv bkb ;t jceotcndkznmcz xthtp
ctrcefkmyjt yfcbkbt* nfr;t ghbpsdftn EDR< JJY b lheubt
pfbynthtcjdfyyst jhufybpfwbb hfphf,jnfnm^ gjllth;fnm
b ghbvtyznm herjdjlzobt ghbywbgs^ ghfdbkf gjdtltybz b ext,yst
ghjuhfvvs gj utylthysv djghjcfv^ cdzpfyysv c ,t;tywfvb^
xnj,s gjllth;fnm dytlhtybt utylthyjq gthcgtrnbds
b gjdscbnm jndtncndtyyjcnm pf jceotcndktybt
utylthyjq gjkbnbrb&\
Pfrk.xtybt @ 87 (n) Bcgjkybntkmyjuj Rjvbntnf EDR< JJY (1999)
D [jlfnfqcndf[^ cdzpfyys[ c utylthysv afrnjhjv^ j,sxyj egjvbyf.ncz
frns ctrcefkmyjuj yfcbkbz^ ,snjdjt yfcbkbt^ ghbyelbntkmyjt gkfybhjdfybt
ctvmb^ rfktxfobt jgthfwbb yf ;tycrb[ gjkjds[ jhufyf[^ yfrfpfybt
pf yfheitybt cjwbfkmys[ nhflbwbq b eckjdyjcntq b pf
ujvjctrcefkbpv& Nfrbt [jlfnfqcndf vjuen jnkbxfnmcz lheu jn lheuf ntv^
xnj d yb[ cvtifys ajhvs ghtcktljdfybz b ghbxbys ghtcktljdfybz&
Ntv yt vtytt^ jyb bvt.n ytxnj j,ott% ghb hfccvjnhtybb [jlfnfqcnd
utylth zdkztncz jlybv bp ceotcndtyys[ afrnjhjd& D ’njv cdtnt
70

ghtcktljdfybt yt j,zpfntkmyj ljk;yj ,snm dspdfyj njkmrj utylthjv
;thnds* jyj vj;tn ,snm dspdfyj b bltjkjubtq dbyjdyjuj d cjdthitybb
ghtcktljdfybz% k.lb^ erkjyz.obtcz jn dsgjkytybz cdjtq utylthyjq
hjkb^ gjlkt;fn ghtcktljdfyb.& Yfghbvth^ ;tyobys^ rjnjhst jgfcf.ncz
ghtcktljdfybz bp-pf yfheitybz cjwbfkmys[ nhflbwbq^ j,sxyj
ghtcktle.ncz yt gjnjve^ xnj jyb ;tyobys^ f gjnjve^ xnj jnrfpsdf.ncz
,snm ‘ghfdbkmysvb\ ;tyobyfvb&
Jghtltktybt gjyznbz ‘,t;tytw\ d Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd
ljk;yj njkrjdfnmcz c extnjv utylthyjuj afrnjhf& D njq ;t vtht^ rfr
df;yf byajhvfwbz j cnhfyt pfzdbntkz^ ghjczotuj e,t;bof^ lkz
jghtltktybz ‘nbgbxyjuj\ [jlfnfqcndf^ df;yj b gjybvfybt cjwbfkmyj
jghtltkztvs[ hjktq d cnhfyt pfzdbntkz lkz ghfdbkmyjuj njkrjdfybz
gjyznbz ‘,t;tytw\& Nfrjq gjl[jl jlj,hty hzljv vt;leyfhjlys[
jhufyjd^ drk.xfz b Bcgjkrjv EDR< JJY&
‚ Hfccvjnhtybt [jlfnfqcnd j ghtljcnfdktybb
e,t;bof^ gjlfdftvs[ ;tyobyfvb
EDR< JJY b ytrjnjhst ujcelfhcndf dsgecnbkb herjdjlzobt erfpfybz gj
hfccvjnhtyb. [jlfnfqcnd j ghtljcnfdktybb e,t;bof^ gjlfdftvs[
;tyobyfvb^ drk.xfz b [jlfnfqcndf^ cdzpfyyst c utylthysv afrnjhjv&
Jnvtxftncz hjcn celt,yjq ghfrnbrb d hfccvjnhtybb nfrb[ ltk^ b vyjubt
ujcelfhcndf dshfpbkb cdjq bynthtc r ’njve gjyznb. b gkfybhe.n
drk.xbnm tuj d cdjb ghfdjdst cnhernehs pfobns&
D ljgjkytybt r j,obv yjhvfv vt;leyfhjlyjuj ghfdf ghfd xtkjdtrf^
ghbvtybvsv rj dctv k.lzv^ tcnm hzl cnfylfhnjd gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf^
rjnjhst bvt.n ytgjchtlcndtyyjt jnyjitybt r gjkj;tyb. ;tyoby-
,t;tyjr b ;tyoby^ boeob[ e,t;bof& Cfvsv bpdtcnysv ghfdjdsv
bycnhevtynjv zdkztncz Rjydtywbz j pfghtotybb dct[ ajhv lbcrhbvbyfwbb
d jnyjitybb ;tyoby b Afrekmnfnbdysq Ghjnjrjk r ytq&
"nf Rjydtywbz ecnfyfdkbdftn lkz ujcelfhcnd cnfylfhns d hzlt
j,kfcntq^ rjnjhst df;ys lkz ;tyoby-,t;tyjr^ drk.xfz%
q Pfghtotybt dct[ ajhv njhujdkb ;tyobyfvb b ’rcgkefnfwbb ghjcnbnewbb
q Uhf;lfycndj
q J,hfpjdfybt
q Pfyznjcnm
q Vtlbwbycrjt j,cke;bdfybt
q Jcj,st ghj,ktvs ;tyoby bp ctkmcrb[ hfqjyjd
q Hfdtycndj gthtl pfrjyjv
q Dct djghjcs^ jnyjczobtcz r ,hfre b jnyjitybzv d ctvmt
Lheubt df;yst vt;leyfhjlyst cnfylfhns drk.xf.n Ltrkfhfwb. Utythfkmyjq
Fccfv,ktb JJY j pfghtotybb yfcbkbz ghjnbd ;tyoby^ rjnjhfz
ghbpyftn ;tyoby-,t;tyjr rfr jlye bp jcj,j ezpdbvs[ uhegg^ gjldth;tyys[
yfcbkb.^ b ghbpsdftn ujcelfhcndf ghbyznm vths^ yfghfdktyyst yf
pfghtotybt yfcbkbz ghjnbd ;tyoby&
71

Pfobnf ltntq-,t;tywtd
Ghbvthyj 41 ghjwtyn dct[ kbw^ gjlgflf.ob[ gjl rjvgtntywb. EDR<
JJY^ vjkj;t 18 ktn* 12 ghjwtynjd --- vjkj;t gznb ktn& Ltnb-,t;tyws
ljk;ys bvtnm nfrbt ;t ghfdf yf pfobne^ rfr b dphjckst ,t;tyws& C
extnjv b[ jcj,s[ gjnht,yjcntq b ezpdbvjcnb^ ltnb-,t;tyws ljk;ys
nfr;t gjkexfnm cgtwbfkmye. pfobne b gjvjom&
D xhtpdsxfqyjq cbnefwbb c ,t;tywfvb ltnb-,t;tyws vjuen kturj
gjnthznm cdjb[ hjlbntktq b cdjb ctvmb& Gj’njve cktletn ytvtlktyyj
ghbybvfnm vths gj htubcnhfwbb nfrb[ ltntq b gjbcre b[ hjlbntktq& Ltnb
,tp hjlbntktq yf[jlzncz tot d ,jkmitq jgfcyjcnb^ xtv lheubt ltnb-
,t;tyws^ d jnyjitybb ghbpsdf d fhvb. bkb ctrcefkmyjq ’rcgkefnfwbb&
C extnjv yjhvfkmys[ gjnht,yjcntq hfpdbnbz lf;t nt ltnb^ rjnjhst
jcnf.ncz dvtcnt cj cdjbvb ctvmzvb^ cbkmyj cnhflf.n bp-pf gcb[jkjubxtcrb[
nhfdv b ytj,[jlbvjcnb gjrblfnm hjlyst vtcnf&
Ltnb-,t;tyws% Htrjvtylfwbb gj
j,tcgtxtyb. pfobns b gjvjob
Ltnb ezpdbvs& Jyb cnhflf.n jn ,jktpytq^ ytljtlfybz b edtxbq&
Ltnb pfdbcbvs& Bn ytjl[jlbvf gjllth;rf dphjcks[ yt njkmrj lkz
abpbxtcrjuj ds;bdfybz^ jcj,tyyj d hfyytv ltncnt^ yj b lkz gcb[jkjubxtcrjuj
b cjwbfkmyjuj ,kfujgjkexbz&
Ltnb hfpdbdf.ncz& Jyb ghj[jlzn jghtltktyyst ’nfgs hfpdbnbz^ gjljlyj
njve rfr djpdjlbncz ,fiyz bp rbhgbxtq^ ult rf;lsq yjdsq hzl erkflsdftncz
yf ghtlsleobq& Cthmtpyst pflth;rb^ ghthsdf.obt ’nb gjcktljdfntkmyst
’nfgs^ vjuen ceotcndtyyj gjdhtlbnm hfpdbnb. ht,tyrf&

D cnhfyf[^ ult cjlth;fn gjl cnhf;tq dphjcks[ ,t;tywtd^ ,jkmijq
jgfcyjcnb pflth;fybz gjldthuf.ncz b ltnb^ gjrf yt ,eltn ghbyznj
cgtwbfkmyjt gjcnfyjdktybt j, jcdj,j;ltybb b[ hjlbntktq& Ltntq yt
cktletn cjlth;fnm gjl cnhf;tq^ tckb njkmrj ytn f,cjk.nyj ybrfrb[
lheub[ gentq j,tcgtxtybz ghbywbgf tlbycndf ctvmb&
Ghb ghjdtltybb ghjwtleh jghtltktybz cnfnecf ,t;tywf yf bylbdblefkmyjq
jcyjdt ht,tyre^ hfpltktyyjve c ctvmtq^ cktletn yfpyfxbnm
jgtreyf lkz yfbkexituj j,tcgtxtybz tuj bynthtcjd& Ghb hfccvjnhtybb
ghjcm,s ht,tyrf j ghtljcnfdktybb tve cnfnecf ,t;tywf cktletn
ghbybvfnm dj dybvfybt cntgtym tuj evcndtyyjuj hfpdbnbz^ ehjdtym
phtkjcnb b cgjcj,yjcnm dshfpbnm cdj. ghjcm,e j ghtljcnfdktybb
e,t;bof c extnjv tuj (tt) kbxyjuj jgsnf^ ctvtqyjuj ghjbc[j;ltybz b
yfwbjyfkmyjq rekmnehs& Ghb hfccvjnhtybb pfzdktybz ht,tyrf^ djpvj;-
yj^ gjyflj,bncz kb,thfkmyjt ghbvtytybt ghbywbgf njkrjdfybz cjvytybz
d gjkmpe pfzdbntkz&
Ltnb^ gjcnhflfdibt jn djjhe;tyyjuj rjyakbrnf^ bvt.n ghfdj yf
cgtwbfkmye. pfobne b j,hfotybt c extnjv b[ jcj,jq ezpdbvjcnb^ rjulf
bv euhj;ftn ’rcgkefnfwbz^ ntktcyst gjdht;ltybz^ bkb tcnm jgfcyjcnm
lkz ;bpyb& Lheubt df;yst ghfdf ltntq-,t;tywtd drk.xf.n ghfdj yf
j,hfpjdfybt^ cjjndtncnde.ott gbnfybt b yf cfvsq dscjrbq ljcnb;bvsq
cnfylfhn pljhjdmz&
Yfbkexitt j,tcgtxtybt bynthtcjd ht,tyrf b hjkm ctvmb^ rfr jcyjdyjuj
bcnjxybrf pfobns b ,kfujgjkexbz ht,tyrf^ ljk;ys kt;fnm d jcyjdt dct[
htitybq^ ghbybvftvs[ d jnyjitybb ltntq-,t;tywtd& "njn ghbywbg
yfitk cdjt gjkyjt ghfdjdjt dshf;tybt d Rjydtywbb j ghfdf[ ht,tyrf^
exfcnybrjv rjnjhjq zdkz.ncz gjxnb dct cnhfys vbhf& "nf Rjydtywbz
cjlth;bn rjyrhtnyjt gjkj;tybt j ltnz[-,t;tywf[ b nfr;t jnvtxftn^ xnj
dct tt gjkj;tybz ljk;ys ghbvtyznmcz gj jnyjityb. rj dctv ltnzv ,tp
lbcrhbvbyfwbb& Jcj,e. pfobne ltntq-,t;tywtd b ltntq^ gthtvtotyys[
dyenhb cnhfys^ ghtlecvfnhbdftn b Fahbrfycrfz {fhnbz j ghfdf[ b
,kfujgjkexbb ht,tyrf&
J,tcgtxtybt yfbkexib[ bynthtcjd
ltntq-,t;tywtd b ltntq^ boeob[ e,t;bof
Cnfnmz 3 Rjydtywbb j ghfdf[ ht,tyrf ukfcbn^ xnj dj dct[ ltqcndbz[ d
jnyjitybb ht,tyrf^ ytpfdbcbvj jn njuj^ ghtlghbybvf.ncz kb jyb
ujcelfhcndtyysvb bkb xfcnysvb exht;ltybzvb^ pfybvf.obvbcz djghjcfvb
cjwbfkmyjuj j,tcgtxtybz^ celfvb^ flvbybcnhfnbdysvb bkb pfrjyjlfntkmysvb
jhufyfvb^ gthdjjxthtlyjt dybvfybt eltkztncz yfbkexitve
j,tcgtxtyb. bynthtcjd ht,tyrf& D rf;ljv ckexft ghb ghbyznbb htitybz d
jnyjitybb ht,tyrf ytj,[jlbvj hfccvjnhtnm^ gj djpvj;yjcnb^ cfvst
hfpkbxyst htitybz^ exbnsdfz ghb ’njv ghbywbg yfbkexib[ bynthtcjd
ht,tyrf& Nfrjq gjl[jl j,otghbyzn dj dct[ ckexfz[ --- jn ghzvjuj
celt,yjuj dvtifntkmcndf ujcelfhcnd d kbxye. ;bpym ctvmb^ lj nt[
cbnefwbq^ rjulf ujcelfhcndf vjuen dvtibdfnmcz rjcdtyyj^ yfghbvth^
xthtp vtcnyst jhufys dkfcnb^ lkz j,tcgtxtybz b pfobns ghfd ltntq&
‘
73

Gjyznbt ‘yfbkexibt bynthtcs ht,tyrf\ jpyfxftn^ xnj pfrjyjlfntkmyst
jhufys ljk;ys ghbybvfnm dj dybvfybt^ exbnsdf.ncz kb d cfvjq gjkyjq
vtht bynthtcs ltntq ghb ghbyznbb pfrjyjd bkb dytctybb d yb[ bpvtytybq&
D cjjndtncndbb cj cnfnmtq 22 Rjydtywbb j ghfdf[ ht,tyrf ltnb-,t;tyws
bkb ltnb^ boeobt e,t;bof^ gjkexf.n jcj,jt dybvfybt& Gj ’njq cnfnmt
Rjydtywbb Ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb ljk;ys ghbybvfnm ytj,[jlbvst
vths c ntv^ xnj,s nfrbt ltnb gjkexfkb cjjndtncnde.oe. pfobne b
uevfybnfhye. gjvjom&
Ge,kbrfwbz EDR< JJY Ltnb-,t;tyws% Htrjvtylfwbb gj j,tcgtxtyb.
pfobns b gjvjob jghtltkztn wtkb b pflfxb^ f nfr;t ghbywbgs b
ghfrnbxtcrbt vths gj pfobnt b jrfpfyb. gjvjob ltnzv-,t;tywfv& Jyf
j[dfnsdf.n nfrbt djghjcs^ rfr ghfdf ht,tyrf* rekmnehf^ gcb[jkjubxtcrjt
,kfujgjkexbt^ pljhjdmt b gbnfybt ht,tyrf* ghtljndhfotybt nhfdvfnbpvf
b ktxtybt abpbxtcrb[ edtxbq* kbxyfz cdj,jlf^ ghfdjdjq cnfnec^
j,hfpjdfybt* ltnb^ hfpltktyyst c hjlbntkzvb^ b gjbcr ljkujchjxys[
htitybq& n
Pfobnf ctvmb ,t;tywtd
Yfb,jktt ’aatrnbdysv cgjcj,jv pfobns ezpdbvs[ ,t;tywtd zdkztncz
pfobnf ctvtq ,t;tywtd& D jcj,jq gjllth;rt ye;lf.ncz ytgjkyst
ctvmb& Dct xktys ctvtq ,t;tywtd cnfkrbdf.ncz c ghj,ktvfvb^ rjulf jyb
hfp]tlbytys dj dhtvz ,tucndf bkb rjulf cnhfys e,t;bof yt jrfpsdf.n
gjvjom d b[ djccjtlbytybb c lheubvb xktyfvb ctvmb& Nfrjt gjkj;tybt
vj;tn ,snm jcj,tyyj nhelysv lkz kbw^ gjkexbdib[ ghfdj yf dhtvtyyjt
ghj;bdfybt^ gjcrjkmre e yb[ xfcnj vtymit ghfd^ xtv e ghbpyfyys[
,t;tywtd&
Rjyathtywbz^ &&& ghbybvfz dj dybvfybt^ xnj cj[hfytybt tlbycndf ctvmb^
zdkz.otqcz tcntcndtyyjq b jcyjdyjq uheggjdjq j,otcndtyyjq zxtqrjq^
zdkztncz ceotcndtyysv ghfdjv ,t;tywf^ b xnj cj[hfytybt ’njuj tlbycndf
yf[jlbncz gjl gjcnjzyyjq euhjpjq^ htrjvtyletn ghfdbntkmcndfv ghbyznm
ytj,[jlbvst vths lkz j,tcgtxtybz pfobns ctvmb ,t;tywf^ d jcj,tyyjcnb
lkz njuj^ xnj,s%
(1) j,tcgtxbnm cj[hfytybt tlbycndf ctvmb ,t;tywtd^ d xfcnyjcnb d nt[
ckexfz[^ rjulf ukfdf ctvmb eljdktndjhztn eckjdbzv^ nht,etvsv lkz d]tplf d
ne bkb bye. cnhfye*
(2) j,tcgtxbnm pfobne ytcjdthityyjktnyb[ ,t;tywtd b^ d xfcnyjcnb^
ytcjghjdj;lftvs[ dphjcksvb ltntq b ltdeitr^ eltkzz jcj,jt dybvfybt
djghjcfv jgtrb b ecsyjdktybz&
Pfrk.xbntkmysq Frn cjpdfyyjq Jhufybpfwbtq J,]tlbytyys[ Yfwbq Rjyathtywbb
gjkyjvjxys[ ghtlcnfdbntktq gj djghjce j cnfnect ,t;tywtd b fgfnhbljd^ IV B&1951
74

Pfobnf ;tyoby^ ltntq b ctvtq ,t;tywtd%
xnj ltkfnm$
Ghtlecvjnhbnt cgtwbfkmyst ghfdbkf lkz ;tyoby b ltntq d ghjwtlehf[
jghtltktybz cnfnecf ,t;tywf
q
q
q
q
q
q
Gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen ghtlecvjnhtnm cgtwbfkmyst eckjdbz lkz
;tyoby b ltntq d ghjwtlehf[ jghtltktybz cnfnecf ,t;tywf^ drk.xfz
ghbukfitybt lkz ghjdtltybz cj,tctljdfybq bynthdm.thjd b gthtdjlxbrjd
;tycrjuj gjkf&
Dct nt^ rnj ghbybvftn htitybz gj ghtljcnfdktyb. cnfnecf ,t;tywf^
ljk;ys bvtnm ljcneg r byajhvfwbb j, eckjdbz[ cj,k.ltybz ghfd
xtkjdtrf b j cjwbfkmys[ hjkz[ d cnhfyf[ ghjbc[j;ltybz^ gjcrjkmre
’nj xfcnj pfnhfubdftn bynthtcs ;tyoby b ltntq&
Gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen gjghjcbnm cdjb ghfdbntkmcndf hfphf,jnfnm
herjdjlzobt erfpfybz gj hfccvjnhtyb. [jlfnfqcnd^ cdzpfyys[ c
utylthysv afrnjhjv^ bcgjkmpez ghb ’njv d rfxtcndt vjltkb
ceotcnde.obt vtnjlbxtcrbt erfpfybz&
Ltnb ,tp hjlbntktq ljk;ys bvtnm endth;ltyyjuj d cjjndtncndbb c
pfrjyjv jgtreyf lkz yfbkexituj j,tcgtxtybz b[ bynthtcjd&
Dct xktys ctvmb ljk;ys ghbpyfdfnmcz ,t;tywfvb^ tckb nfrjdsv
ghbpyfy jcyjdyjq pfzdbntkm^ b rf;lsq xkty ctvmb ljk;ty bvtnm
djpvj;yjcnm gjlfnm cdjt cj,cndtyyjt [jlfnfqcndj&
:tyobyfv b ltnzv ljk;ys ,snm dslfys yf b[ bvz ljrevtyns^
gjlndth;lf.obt b[ cnfnec ,t;tywf&
Pfghtnbnt pflth;fybt ,t;tywtd b b[ cjlth;fybt gjl cnhf;tq
q
q
Gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen ghtlghbyznm ifub c wtkm. pfghtotybz
pflth;fybz b cjlth;fybz gjl cnhf;tq ltntq b ljk;ys j,tcgtxbnm
fkmnthyfnbdyst chtlcndf lkz b[ pfobns b gjgtxtybz&
Ytkmpz pflth;bdfnm ;tyoby^ jcj,tyyj nt[^ rnj ghbtp;ftn c ltnmvb
bkb lheubvb kbwfvb yf b[ gjgtxtybb^ rjhvzob[ vfnthtq b
,thtvtyys[ ;tyoby&
Cjplfdfqnt djpvj;yjcnb lkz djccjtlbytybz ctvtq ,t;tywtd
q
Gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen ghbyznm vths^ j,tcgtxbdf.obt ,scnhjt
djccjtlbytybt xktyjd ctvmb^ gjnthzdib[ lheu lheuf dj dhtvz
,tucndf^ ghtlecvjnhtnm ghbvtytybt kb,thfkmys[ rhbnthbtd ghb
hfccvjnhtybb njuj^ rfrbt xktys ctvmb vjuen ,snm ljgeotys r
djccjtlbytyb.^ b cgjcj,cndjdfnm njve^ xnj,s dphjckst xktys ctvmb
vjukb cfvb j,tcgtxbdfnm cdjb[ b;lbdtywtd& n
75

Htitybtv djghjcf pfobns ctvtq ,t;tywtd zdkztncz djccjtlbytybt
ctvtq& Bcgjkybntkmysq Rjvbntn EDR< JJY gjlxthryek ytj,[jlbvjcnm
pfobns tlbycndf ctvtq ,t;tywtd gentv%
q
q
q
q
q
djccjtlbytybz xktyjd ctvmb^ gjnthzdib[ lheu lheuf dj dhtvz
,tucndf*
ghbvtytybz kb,thfkmys[ rhbnthbtd ghb hfccvjnhtybb njuj^ rnj bp
xktyjd ctvmb vj;tn ,snm ljgeoty r djccjtlbytyb.*
ghbpyfybz dct[ xktyjd ctvmb ,t;tywfvb^ rjulf jcyjdyjq pfzdbntkm
ghbpyftncz d rfxtcndt nfrjdjuj^ b ghtljcnfdktybt ghfdf rf;ljve
xktye ctvmb gjlfnm cdjt cj,cndtyyjt [jlfnfqcndj*
jghtltktybt tlbycndf ctvmb d rfxtcndt ghbjhbntnf yf hfyyb[
’nfgf[ dct[ ghjuhfvv lkz ,t;tywtd*
ghtljcnfdktybz djpvj;yjcnb dphjcksv xktyfv ctvmb pfhf,fnsdfnm
chtlcndf lkz gjllth;fybz cdjb[ b;lbdtywtd&
Gjbcr htitybq
Lkz ,jkmibycndf ,t;tywtd d vbht htitybtv b[ nz;tkjq celm,s ,skj
,s djpdhfotybt yf hjlbye& Lj,hjdjkmyfz htgfnhbfwbz ljk;yf ghj-
[jlbnm d eckjdbz[ ,tpjgfcyjcnb b c edf;tybtv ljcnjbycndf ,t;tywtd^ yf
jcyjdt dpdtityyjuj htitybz^ ghbybvftvjuj cfvbv ,t;tywtv& Ytrjnjhsv
,t;tywfv gjpdjkz.n jcnfdfnmcz yf gjcnjzyyjt vtcnj;bntkmcndj d
cnhfyt^ d rjnjhjq jyb dgthdst yfikb e,t;bot& Nfrjt htitybt
yfpsdftncz vtcnyjq byntuhfwbtq& Yfrjytw^ jxtym yt,jkmijq ghjwtyn
,t;tywtd gthtctkztncz dj dnjhe. cnhfye e,t;bof& {jnz gthtctktybt
zdkztncz htitybtv lkz jxtym yt,jkmijuj xbckf ,t;tywtd^ jyj zdkztncz
xhtpdsxfqyj df;ysv dbljv pfobns b ljkujchjxysv htitybtv&
‚ Lj,hjdjkmyfz htgfnhbfwbz
Lj,hjdjkmyfz htgfnhbfwbz zdkztncz ghtlgjxnbntkmysv htitybtv lkz
,jkmibycndf ,t;tywtd b cnhfy^ ghtljcnfdkz.ob[ bv e,t;bot&

dhtvtyb& Yfxfkjcm ghbvbhtybt vt;le dj..obvb cnjhjyfvb rjyakbrnf
b d j,otcndt&
R cj;fktyb.^ htfkmyjcnm htlrj gj[j;f yf nfrjq cwtyfhbq& Ckbirjv xfcnj
pfobnf b gjvjom^ jrfpsdftvst d cnhfyt e,t;bof^ ytljcnfnjxys&

Lheubt cnhfys e,t;bof dscrfpsdf.n gj;tkfybt hfphtifnm ,t;tywfv
jcnfdfnmcz yf cdjtq nthhbnjhbb gjcnjzyyj^ jcj,tyyj rjulf jyb dyjczn
cdjq drkfl d hfpdbnbt vtcnyjq ’rjyjvbrb& D gjcktlybt ujls dct vtymit
cnhfy cxbnf.n^ xnj jyb d cjcnjzybb ghtlkj;bnm ,t;tywfv vtcnye.
byntuhfwb.^ [jnz b tcnm ytrjnjhst pfvtnyst bcrk.xtybz^ nfrbt rfr
yfnehfkbpfwbz nsczx ,t;tywtd bp Udfntvfks d Vtrcbrt&
‚ Nhflbwbjyyst cnhfys gthtctktybz ,t;tywtd
Fdcnhfkbz^ Lfybz^ Rfyflf^ Yblthkfyls^
Yjdfz Ptkfylbz^ Yjhdtubz^ Cjtlbytyyst Infns
Fvthbrb^ Abykzylbz^ Idtwbz^ Idtqwfhbz
‚ Yjdst cnhfys gthtctktybz ,t;tywtd
Fhutynbyf^

D cnhfyf[ ghjbc[j;ltybz ,t;tywtd
q
q
q
Gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen j,tcgtxbnm yfkbxbt ghfdjdjq ,fps lkz
pfobns ghfd djpdhfof.ob[cz ,t;tywtd*
Lkz pfrjyjlfntkmys[ ltqcndbq rk.xtdsvb djghjcfvb zdkz.ncz
cj,k.ltybt ghfd cj,cndtyyjcnb^ djpvtotybt b rjvgtycfwbz
e,snrjd& Cktletn ghtlecvjnhtnm djghjc j ghtljcnfdktybb uhf;lfycndf
ltnzv-,t;tywfv^ rjnjhst hjlbkbcm dyt cnhfys cdjtuj ghjbc[j;-
ltybz* bv ljk;ys nfr;t dslfdfnmcz yfwbjyfkmyst ljrevtyns^
gjlndth;lf.obt b[ kbxyjcnm*
Gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen ghbpdfnm cdjb ghfdbntkmcndf lfnm hfphtitybt
yf ljcneg EDR< JJY b YGJ r ,t;tywfv^ xnj,s jyb vjukb
rjynhjkbhjdfnm gjkj;tybt ,t;tywtd^ djpdhfof.ob[cz yf hjlbye&
D cnhfyf[ gthtctktybz b gjntywbfkmys[ cnhfyf[ gthtctktybz
q
q
Cnhfys gthtctktybz vjuen hfccvjnhtnm djghjc j hfcibhtybb vtcn
lkz gthtctktybz ,t;tywtd^ f nfr;t dsltkbnm ljgjkybntkmyst vtcnf
lkz xhtpdsxfqys[ ckexftd^ rjulf EDR< JJY dsye;ltyj gthtctkznm
,t;tywtd d chjxyjv gjhzlrt gj ghbxbyfv ,tpjgfcyjcnb*
Cnhfys^ rjnjhst tot yt cnfkb cnhfyfvb gthtctktybz ,t;tywtd^
vjukb ,s cnfnm nfrbvb bkb^ gj rhfqytq vtht^ gjrfpfnm EDR< JJY
cdjt ;tkfybt hfccvfnhbdfnm jnltkmyst [jlfnfqcndf j gthtctktybb&
D cnhfyf[-ljyjhf[ b gjntywbfkmys[ cnhfyf[-ljyjhf[
q
q
q
Cnhfys-ljyjhs vjuen gjghjcbnm ekexibnm rfxtcndj e,t;bof b
gjvjxm d ’njv^ c ntv xnj,s k.ltq yt ghbye;lfkb cltkfnm cdjq ds,jh
d gjkmpe djpdhfotybz d ytecnjqxbde. b jgfcye. cbnefwb.*
Cnhfys-ljyjhs vjuen jrfpfnm gjkbnbxtcrjt lfdktybt^ c ntv xnj,s
dkbznm yf ghbxbys^ rjnjhst gjhj;lf.n gjnjr ,t;tywtd*
Cnhfys-ljyjhs vjuen nfr;t jrfpfnm gjllth;re ghjdtltyb. dct[
dbljd ltzntkmyjcnb^ ytj,[jlbvjq lkz ecgtiyjq htgfnhbfwbb bkb
byntuhfwbb ,t;tywtd yf vtcnt^ drk.xfz jceotcndktybt ghjuhfvv gj
hfpvbybhjdfyb. vtcnyjcnb^ hfphf,jnre ghjtrnjd gj cjplfyb.
bcnjxybrjd lj[jlf b jrfpfybt gjvjob d ljkujchjxyjv hfpdbnbb& n
79

Ukfdf 5
Gjbcr fkmnthyfnbd pflth;fyb.
,t;tywtd b pfobnf ,t;tywtd
jn lbcrhbvbyfwbb
Pfobnf ,t;tywtd ghjbc[jlbn yt njkmrj yf uhfybwt& Kbwf^ boeobt
e,t;bof^ b ghbpyfyyst ,t;tyws vjuen jcnfdfnmcz ezpdbvsvb lf;t
d cnhfyf[ e,t;bof^ rjnjhst ghbcjtlbybkbcm r Rjydtywbb j cnfnect
,t;tywtd b rjnjhst ghbyzkb pfrjys b ecnfyjdbkb ghjwtlehs gj hfccvjnhtyb.
[jlfnfqcnd j ghtljcnfdktybb cnfnecf ,t;tywf& Tcnm wtksq hzl
djghjcjd d jnyjitybb pfobns ,t;tywtd^ rjnjhst bvt.n df;yjt pyfxtybt d
b[ gjdctlytdyjq ;bpyb d cnhfyt e,t;bof& Lkz vyjub[ kbw^ boeob[
e,t;bof^ b#bkb ,t;tywtd nfrbvb djghjcfvb vjuen ,snm ghjbpdjkmyjt
pflth;fybt^ fnvjcathf hfcbpvf b rctyjaj,bb chtlb ytrjnjhs[ ckjtd
vtcnyjuj yfctktybz&
‘Bcgjkybntkmysq Rjvbntn cj;fkttn j njv^ xnj vyjubt cnhfys
ghjljk;f.n ghfrnbre ghjbpdjkmyjuj pflth;fybz ghjczob[ e,t;bof
kbw (drk.xfz ytcjdthityyjktnyb[) yf ytjghfdlfyyj lkbntkmyst
chjrb b ,tp j,tcgtxtybz bv fltrdfnyjuj ljcnegf r EDR< JJY b
cghfdtlkbdsv ghjwtlehfv cdjtdhtvtyyjuj gthtcvjnhf djghjcf j, b[
pflth;fybb* jnvtxftn^ xnj gjlj,yfz ghfrnbrf pflth;fybz
ytcjdvtcnbvf c ecnfyjdktyysvb cnfylfhnfvb d j,kfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf^
b yfcnjzntkmyj ghbpsdftn ujcelfhcndf r ,jktt frnbdyjve gjbcre
k.,s[ wtktcjj,hfpys[ fkmnthyfnbd pflth;fyb.\&
Pfrk.xtybt @ 85 (dd) Bcgjkrjvf EDR< JJY (1998)
Pflth;fybt
Bcgjkybntkmysq Rjvbntn EDR< JJY jnvtnbk c uke,jrjq j,tcgjrjtyyjcnm.^
xnj ,jkmijt xbckj ,t;tywtd b kbw^ boeob[ e,t;bof^ d
hfpkbxys[ hfqjyf[ vbhf d yfcnjzott dhtvz gjldthuf.ncz pflth;fyb. bkb
fyfkjubxysv juhfybxbntkmysv vthfv gj ghbxbyt b[ ytpfrjyyjuj d]tplf
bkb ght,sdfybz d cnhfyt d gjbcrf[ e,t;bof lj ehtuekbhjdfybz b[
gjkj;tybz& Bcgjkrjv cxbnftn^ xnj d cdzpb c nzujnfvb^ rjnjhst cjplftn
pflth;fybt^ tuj^ rfr ghfdbkj^ cktletn bp,tufnm& D ckexft ytj,[jlbvjcnb r
pflth;fyb. vj;yj ghb,tuyenm kbim d ckexfz[^ rjulf ye;yj jghtltkbnm
kbxyjcnm pfzdbntkz b ecnfyjdbnm nt ’ktvtyns^ yf rjnjhs[ jcyjdfys
[jlfnfqcndf j ghtljcnfdktybb cnfnecf ,t;tywf bkb e,t;bof&
q
q
Ybrnj yt vj;tn ,snm gjldthuyen ghjbpdjkmyjve
fhtcne^ pflth;fyb. bkb bpuyfyb.&
Dctj,ofz ltrkfhfwbz ghfd xtkjdtrf^ cnfnmz 9
D cdzpb c nzujnfvb^ rjnjhst cjplftn pflth;fybt^ tuj^
rfr ghfdbkj^ cktletn bp,tufnm&
Pfrk.xtybt @ 44 Bcgjkrjvf EDR< JJY (1986)
80

Pflth;fybt kbw^ boeob[ e,t;bof^ cxbnftncz pfrjyysv b yt ghjbpdjkmysv^
tckb jyj jceotcndkztncz d cjjndtncndbb c dyenhbujcelfhcndtyysv
ghfdjv^ Rjydtywbtq j cnfnect ,t;tywtd b vt;leyfhjlysv ghfdjv&
Pflth;fybt ljk;yj jceotcndkznmcz ,tp lbcrhbvbyfwbb^ gjl rjynhjktv
celt,ys[ b flvbybcnhfnbdys[ jhufyjd^ rjnjhst jghtltkz.n ytj,[jlbvjcnm
pflth;fybz b djpvj;yjcnm jcdj,j;ltybz pflth;fyys[
bp-gjl cnhf;b^ rjulf e;t ytn jcyjdfybq lkz ghjljk;tybz pflth;fybz&
‚ Xnj nfrjt pflth;fybt$
Pflth;fybt cdzpfyj yt njkmrj c n.hmvfvb& Pflth;fybt --- ’nj cjlth;fybt
xtkjdtrf d ghtltkf[ yt,jkmijuj bkb juhfybxtyyjuj vtcnf^ rjnjhsv vjuen
,snm n.hmvs^ pfrhsnst kfuthz^ ujcelfhcndtyyst bkb xfcnyst vtcnf
cjlth;fybz gjl cnhf;tq^ ujcnbybxyst yjvthf bkb nhfypbnyst pjys f’hjgjhnjd^
d ghtltkf[ rjnjhs[ pyfxbntkmyj juhfybxbdftncz cdj,jlf gthtldb;tybz^
b rjulf tlbycndtyyfz djpvj;yjcnm gjrbyenm nfrjt juhfybxtyyjt ghjcnhfycndj
vj;tn ,snm njkmrj d ckexft dstplf c nthhbnjhbb cnhfys e,t;bof&
Lkz jghtltktybz njuj^ yf[jlbncz kb kbwj^ boeott e,t;bof^ gjl cnhf;tq^
ytj,[jlbvj ghjdtcnb jwtyre cjdjregyjuj djpltqcndbz yf ytuj dct[ ajhv
juhfybxtybz^ cntgtym b byntycbdyjcnm rf;ljq ajhvs juhfybxtybz&
Juhfybxtybz d jnyjitybb vtcnyjcnb^ ult vj;tn ghj;bdfnm kbwj^
boeott e,t;bof^ j,sxyj yt zdkztncz pflth;fybtv&
‚ J,sxyj kbw^ boeob[ e,t;bof^ ytkmpz pflth;bdfnm
Dctj,ofz ltrkfhfwbz ghfd xtkjdtrf ghbpyftn ghfdj bcrfnm e,t;bot jn
ghtcktljdfybz b gjkmpjdfnmcz bv rfr jlyj bp jcyjdys[ ghfd xtkjdtrf&
Gjkmpezcm ’nbv ghfdjv^ kbwf^ boeobt e,t;bof^ xfcnj dsye;ltys
ghb,sdfnm bkb d]tp;fnm d cnhfye e,t;bof ytktufkmysv j,hfpjv& D
jnkbxbt jn j,sxys[ vbuhfynjd vyjubt kbwf^ boeobt e,t;bof^ yt vjuen
gjkexbnm ghfdbkmyj jajhvktyyst gfcgjhnf bkb dbps& Gj’njve ghb
hfccvjnhtybb k.,s[ juhfybxtybq yf cdj,jle gthtldb;tybz vyjub[ kbw^
boeob[ e,t;bof^ ytj,[jlbvj ghbybvfnm dj dybvfybt ’njn afrn^
abpbxtcrbt b gcb[jkjubxtcrbt nhfdvs^ rjnjhst jyb bcgsnfkb yf ct,t&
‚ Ghb rfrb[ j,cnjzntkmcndf[ vj;yj pflth;bdfnm kbw^
boeob[ e,t;bof$
Rfr bcrk.xtybt r j,otve ghfdbke^ kbwf^ boeobt e,t;bof^ vjuen
pflth;bdfnmcz gj ghbxbyfv^ bpkj;tyysv yb;t^ tckb njkmrj jyb zcyj
jghtltktys d yfwbjyfkmyjv pfrjyjlfntkmcndt^ rjnjhjt cjjndtncndetn
vt;leyfhjlyjve ghfde ghfd xtkjdtrf&
Ljk;yf ceotcndjdfnm pfrjyjlfntkmyfz ghtpevgwbz ghjnbd pflth;fybz&
Pflth;fyb. ljk;ys ,snm cjplfys fkmnthyfnbds (cvjnhbnt
yb;t)^ rjnjhst ljk;ys ghbvtyznmcz d gthde. jxthtlm^ rhjvt ckexftd^
rjulf tcnm gjlndth;ltybt b[ yt’aatrnbdyjcnb d jnyjitybb rjyrhtnyjuj
kbwf& Kbwj^ boeott e,t;bof^ vj;tn ,snm pflth;fyj njkmrj gjckt
81

hfccvjnhtybz dct[ djpvj;ys[ fkmnthyfnbd& Ghbybvfz htitybt j
pflth;fybb rfrjuj-kb,j kbwf^ dkfcnb ljk;ys jghtltkbnm^ zdkztncz kb
pflth;fybt j,jcyjdfyysv b ghjgjhwbjyfkmysv d cvsckt ljcnb;tybz
gjcnfdktyys[ wtktq& Ghb ghbpyfybb tuj ytj,[jlbvjcnb^ pflth;fybt
ljk;yj jceotcndkznmcz ,tp rfrjq-kb,j lbcrhbvbyfwbb gj jnyjityb. r
pflth;bdftvjve kbwe b yf vbybvfkmysq gthbjl dhtvtyb&
Xtnsht ljgecnbvs[ bcrk.xtybz bp j,otuj ghfdbkf^ xnj pflth;fybt
yt cktletn ghbvtyznm^ ljk;ys jghtltkznmcz pfrjyjv& Kbwf^ boeobt
e,t;bof^ vjuen ,snm pflth;fys njkmrj lkz njuj^ xnj,s%
q
q
q
q
Jghtltkbnm b[ kbxyjcnm& "nj jnyjcbncz r ckexfzv^ rjulf kbxyjcnm
yt vj;tn ,snm jghtltktyf bkb dspsdftn cjvytybz&
Jghtltkbnm ’ktvtyns^ yf rjnjhs[ jcyjdfyj [jlfnfqcndj j
ghtljcnfdktybb e,t;bof& "nj jpyfxftn ghjdtltybt ghtldfhbntkmyjuj
cj,tctljdfybz c pfzdbntktv lkz gjkextybz ytj,[jlbvs[ afrnjd& "nj
yt jpyfxftn pflth;fybt yf dtcm gthbjl ghjwtlehs jghtltktybz
cnfnecf ,t;tywf bkb yf ytjghtltktyysq gthbjl dhtvtyb&
Hfccvjnhtnm ckexfb^ rjulf kbwf^ boeobt e,t;bof^ eybxnj;bkb cdjb
ghjtplyst ljrevtyns bkb ljrevtyns^ eljcnjdthz.obt b[ kbxyjcnm^
bkb jyb bcgjkmpjdfkb gjlltkmyst ljrevtyns d wtkz[ j,vfyf dkfcntq
cnhfys^ d rjnjhjq jyb yfvthtdf.ncz ghjcbnm e,t;bof& Dkfcnb ’njq
cnhfys ljk;ys gjrfpfnm^ xnj kbwf^ boeobt e,t;bof^ ltqcndjdfkb
ytlj,hjcjdtcnyj b yfvthtdfkbcm ddtcnb dkfcnb cnhfys e,t;bof d
pf,ke;ltybt bkb jnrfpsdfkbcm cjnhelybxfnm c ybvb& Kbwf^ boeobt
e,t;bof^ rjnjhst ghb,sdf.n ,tp ljrevtynjd^ gjnjve xnj yt cvjukb
gjkexbnm b[^ yt ljk;ys pflth;bdfnmcz bcrk.xbntkmyj gj ’njq ghbxbyt&
Pfobnbnm yfwbjyfkmye. ,tpjgfcyjcnm b j,otcndtyysq gjhzljr&
"nj jnyjcbncz r ntv ckexfzv^ rjulf tcnm cdbltntkmcndj njuj^ xnj kbwj^
boeott e,t;bof^ cjdthibkj d ghjikjv eujkjdyst ghtcnegktybz b#
bkb ghbybvfkj exfcnbt d b[ cjdthitybb^ xnj vj;tn gjcnfdbnm gjl
euhjpe yfwbjyfkmye. ,tpjgfcyjcnm bkb j,otcndtyysq gjhzljr& Kbwf^
boeobt e,t;bof^ rjnjhs[ gthtghfdbkb d cnhfye e,t;bof ytktufkmysv
gentv^ j,sxyj yt ,elen drk.xfnmcz d lfyye. rfntujhb. kbw^
b b[ yt cktletn pflth;bdfnm bcrk.xbntkmyj gj ’njq ghbxbyt& Jyb
j,sxyj zdkz.ncz ;thndfvb eujkjdys[ ltzybq^ f yt ghtcnegybrfvb&
‚ Rfrbt j,cnjzntkmcndf yt lf.n ghfdf yf pflth;fybt$
Kbw^ boeob[ e,t;bof^ ytkmpz pflth;bdfnm^ rjulf jyb ghb,sdf.n ytgjchtlcndtyyj
c nthhbnjhbb^ ult b[ ;bpym bkb cdj,jlf ,skf gjl euhjpjq^
j,hfof.ncz ,tp ghjvtlktybz r dkfcnzv cnhfys b vjuen ghtlcnfdbnm
edf;bntkmye. ghbxbye cdjtuj ytktufkmyjuj d]tplf d cnhfye bkb ght,sdfybz
d ytq& Pflth;fybt c bysvb wtkzvb^ xtv dsitgthtxbcktyyst^ yfghbvth^ d
rfxtcndt ’ktvtynf gjkbnbrb clth;bdfybz ghbtplf yjds[ kbw^ boeob[
e,t;bof^ bkb rfr gjgsnrf ghbyelbnm r jnrfpe jn gjllth;rb gjlfyys[
[jlfnfqcnd^ ghjnbdjhtxbn yjhvfv vt;leyfhjlyjuj ghfdf& Pflth;fybt yt
ljk;yj ghbvtyznmcz d rfxtcndt rfhfntkmyjq bkb lbcwbgkbyfhyjq vths d
ckexft ytpfrjyyjuj d]tplf d cnhfye bkb ght,sdfybz d ytq& Pflth;fybt yt
82

ljk;yj ghbvtyznmcz d rfxtcndt yfrfpfybz pf ytdsgjkytybt flvbybcnhfnbdys[
nht,jdfybq^ cdzpfyys[ c ghj;bdfybtv d wtynhf[ gj ghbtve ,t;tywtd
bkb d kfuthz[ lkz ,t;tywtd&
Gj,tu bp-gjl cnhf;b yt ljk;ty ghbdjlbnm r fdnjvfnbxtcrjve bcrk.xtyb.
kbwf^ boeotuj e,t;bof^ bp ghjwtlehs jghtltktybz cnfnecf bkb r
tuj djpdhfotyb. d cnhfye ghjbc[j;ltybz&
‚ Xnj ltkfnm^ rjulf kbwf^ boeobt e,t;bof^ ghb,skb d
cnhfye e,t;bof ytpfrjyyj$
Rjydtywbz j cnfnect ,t;tywtd ghtlecvfnhbdftn^ xnj ,t;tyws^
ghb,sdf.obt ytgjchtlcndtyyj bp cnhfys ghtcktljdfybz^ yt ytcen yfrfpfybz
bp-pf cdjtuj ytpfrjyyjuj d]tplf d cnhfye e,t;bof bkb ght,sdfybz
d ytq^ tckb njkmrj jyb ghb,sdf.n ghzvj bp cnhfys^ ult jyb jgfcfkbcm
ghtcktljdfybz^ gjlfkb dkfcnzv [jlfnfqcndf j ghtljcnfdktybb e,t;bof b
ghtlcnfdbkb edf;bntkmye. ghbxbye nfrjuj gjdtltybz& "nj gjkj;tybt
ghbvtybvj nfr;t r kbwfv^ boeobv e,t;bof^ gjcrjkmre ytrjnjhst bp yb[
zdkz.ncz afrnbxtcrb ,t;tywfvb^ rjnjhst tot yt ghbpyfys d rfxtcndt
nfrjds[& Ytrjnjhst ujcelfhcndf b ytrjnjhst kbwf^ boeobt e,t;bof^
pfybvf.ncz ltvjycnhfwbtq cdjb[ ;tkfybq gj c[tvt ‘pe, pf pe,\& Rjulf
ujcelfhcndf juhfybxbdf.n djpvj;yjcnb lkz ktufkmyjq vbuhfwbb^ ytrjnjhst
kbwf^ boeobt e,t;bof^ b ,eleobt vbuhfyns ghb,tuf.n r ytpfrjyyjve^
rjynhf,fylyjve bkb lheujve gjlj,yjve cgjcj,e d]tplf d cnhfye& Njulf
ujcelfhcndfv ghb[jlbncz tot ,jkmit e;tcnjxfnm gjuhfybxysq rjynhjkm^ b
dtcm wbrk gjdnjhztncz c yfhfcnfybtv yfghz;tyyjcnb&
Bcgjkybntkmysq Rjvbntn EDR< JJY dshfpbk vytybt^ xnj d cdzpb c
nzujnfvb^ rjnjhst cjplftn pflth;fybt^ tuj^ rfr ghfdbkj^ cktletn bp,tufnm&
D ckexft ytj,[jlbvjcnb r pflth;fyb. vj;yj ghb,tuyenm kbim yf jcyjdfybz[^
ghtlecvjnhtyys[ pfrjyjv^ lkz ecnfyjdktybz kbxyjcnb* lkz
jghtltktybz ’ktvtynjd^ yf rjnjhs[ jcyjdfyj [jlfnfqcndj j ghtljcnfdktybb
cnfnecf ,t;tywf bkb e,t;bof* lkz hfccvjnhtybz ltk d ckexfz[^ rjulf
,t;tyws bkb kbwf^ boeobt e,t;bof^ eybxnj;bkb cdjb ghjtplyst
ljrevtyns b#bkb eljcnjdthtybz kbxyjcnb bkb bcgjkmpjdfkb gjlkj;yst
ljrevtyns c wtkm. ddtcnb d pf,ke;ltybt dkfcnb ujcelfhcndf^ d rjnjhjv jyb
yfvthtys ghjcbnm e,t;bof* bkb lkz j[hfys ujcelfhcndtyyjq
,tpjgfcyjcnb bkb j,otcndtyyjuj gjhzlrf& D nj ;t cfvjt dhtvz Bcgjkybntkmysq
Rjvbntn ghbpyfk df;yjcnm cghfdtlkbds[ b jgthfnbdys[ ghjwtleh
gj jghtltktyb. cnfnecf ,t;tywf bkb ghtljcnfdktyb. e,t;bof d ltkt
pfobns ,t;tywtd b kbw^ boeob[ e,t;bof^ jn ytj,jcyjdfyyjuj bkb
xhtpvthyj lkbntkmyjuj pflth;fybz& Jy nfr;t gjlxthryek df;yjcnm njuj^
xnj,s d yfwbjyfkmyjv pfrjyjlfntkmcndt b#bkb flvbybcnhfnbdyjq ghfrnbrt
ghjdjlbkjcm ytj,[jlbvjt hfpkbxbt vt;le gjkj;tybtv ,t;tywtd b
boeob[ e,t;bof kbw b gjkj;tybtv lheub[ byjcnhfywtd&
‚ Rfrbt tcnm fkmnthyfnbds pflth;fyb.$
Yf ds,jh fkmnthyfnbdyjq vths ljk;ys dkbznm bylbdblefkmyfz jwtyrf
gjkj;tybz rjyrhtnyjuj kbwf^ boeotuj e,t;bof^ f nfr;t vtcnyst
eckjdbz& Ghfdbntkmcndf vjuen nfr;t ghjdtcnb jwtyre nfrb[ fkmnthyfnbd
d cdtnt ghzvs[ b rjcdtyys[ pfnhfn yf rf;le. bp yb[&
83

Kbwf^ boeobt e,t;bof^ rjnjhst ghb,skb d
cnhfye ytktufkmyj% xnj ujdjhbn gj ’njve
gjdjle Rjydtywbz 1951 ujlf$
‘Ljujdfhbdf.obtcz Ujcelfhcndf yt ,elen yfkfufnm dpscrfybq pf ytpfrjyysq
d]tpl bkb ytpfrjyyjt ght,sdfybt yf b[ nthhbnjhbb ,t;tywtd^
rjnjhst^ ghb,sd ytgjchtlcndtyyj bp nthhbnjhbb^ yf rjnjhjq b[ ;bpyb
bkb cdj,jlt euhj;fkf jgfcyjcnm^ &&& d]tp;f.n bkb yf[jlzncz yf
nthhbnjhbb ’nb[ ujcelfhcnd ,tp hfphtitybz^ ghb eckjdbb^ xnj nfrbt
,t;tyws ,tp ghjvtlktybz cfvb zdzncz r dkfcnzv b ghtlcnfdzn
eljdktndjhbntkmyst j,]zcytybz cdjtuj ytpfrjyyjuj d]tplf bkb ght,sdfybz&
‘Ljujdfhbdf.obtcz Ujcelfhcndf yt ,elen cntcyznm cdj,jle gthtldb;tybz
nfrb[ ,t;tywtd juhfybxtybzvb^ yt dspsdftvsvb ytj,[jlbvjcnm.*
nfrbt juhfybxtybz ,elen ghbvtyznmcz^ njkmrj gjrf
cnfnec ’nb[ ,t;tywtd d lfyyjq cnhfyt yt ehtuekbhjdfy bkb gjrf jyb yt
gjkexfn ghfdf yf d]tpl d lheue. cnhfye\&
‘Ghb,sdf.n ytgjchtlcndtyyj\
Rjydtywbz j cnfnect ,t;tywtd^ cnfnmz 31
"nj jpyfxftn^ xnj kbwj^ boeott e,t;bof^ ghb,skj ytgjchtlcndtyyj bp%
q tuj#tt cnhfys ghjbc[j;ltybz*
q lheujq cnhfys^ ult yt vjukb ,snm j,tcgtxtyf tuj#tt pfobnf b kbxyfz
,tpjgfcyjcnm*
q nhfypbnyjq cnhfys^ ult jy#jyf ght,sdfk d ntxtybt rjhjnrjuj
gthbjlf dhtvtyb b yt j,hfofkcz bkb yt gjkexbk nfv e,t;bof &
Gj jnyjityb. r gjyznb. ‘ghb,sdf.n ytgjchtlcndtyyj\ ytkmpz ghbvtyznm
ybrfrjuj dhtvtyyjuj juhfybxtybz* cktletn ghtlecvjnhtnm hfccvjnhtybt
rf;ljuj ckexfz gj ceotcnde&
‘

Ghbdjlbvsq yb;t cgbcjr fkmnthyfnbd yt zdkztncz bcxthgsdf.obv& D
ytv ghtlkfuf.ncz dfhbfyns^ rjnjhst vjuen j,tcgtxbnm dkfcnzv jghtltktyye.
cntgtym rjynhjkz pf kbwfvb^ boeobvb e,t;bof^ ghtljcnfdkzz
bv d nj ;t cfvjt dhtvz ghfdj yf cdj,jle gthtldb;tybz&
‚ Htubcnhfwbjyyst nht,jdfybz
Jn kbw^ boeob[ e,t;bof^ vjuen gjnht,jdfnm gthbjlbxtcrb jnvtxfnmcz d
exht;ltybz[ vbuhfwbjyyjq cke;,s bkb gjkbwbb& Kbwj vj;tn ,snm
jcdj,j;ltyj jn nfrjq ghjwtlehs gj dpznjve yf ct,z j,zpfntkmcnde^
gjhexbntkmcnde jlyjuj bp xktyjd ctvmb^ YGJ bkb j,otcndtyyjq uheggs^
rjnjhst vjukb ,s ufhfynbhjdfnm^ xnj kbwf^ boeobt e,t;bof^ ,elen
cj,k.lfnm dct nht,jdfybz^ zdkznmcz yf ckeifybt b[ ltk b yf
yfpyfxtyyst dcnhtxb c jabwbfkmysvb kbwfvb&
Kbwj^ boeott e,t;bof^ vjuen gjctkbnm gj rjyrhtnyjve flhtce bkb d
rjyrhtnyjv vtcnt^ b j,zpfnm gjkexfnm ghtldfhbntkmyjt hfphtitybt yf
gthtvtye cdjtuj vtcnj;bntkmcndf&
q Ghtljcnfdktybt gjhexbntkz
E kbw^ boeob[ e,t;bof^ vjuen gjnht,jdfnm ghtljcnfdbnm gjhexbntkz^
rjnjhsq ytc ,s jndtncndtyyjcnm pf nj^ xnj jyb ,elen zdkznmcz yf
hfccvjnhtybt b[ ltk b yf yfpyfxtyyst dcnhtxb c jabwbfkmysvb kbwfvb&
D ckexft ytzdrb gjhexbntkm ljk;ty ,eltn egkfnbnm inhfa&
q Jcdj,j;ltybt gjl pfkju
Lkz kbw^ boeob[ e,t;bof^ rjnjhst e;t yf[jlzncz gjl cnhf;tq^ ’nf
fkmnthyfnbdf gjpdjkbkf ,s jcdj,jlbnm b[ ghb eckjdbb dytctybz bvb
kb,j pf yb[ pfkjuf& Kbwf^ boeobt e,t;bof^ ljk;ys ,snm ghjbyajhvbhjdfys
j nfrjv dfhbfynt^ f cevvf pfkjuf yt ljk;yf ,snm xhtpvthyj
dscjrjq^ bcrk.xf.otq tuj ghbvtytybt&
q Jnrhsnst wtynhs
Kbwf^ boeobt e,t;bof^ vjuen ,snm jcdj,j;ltys bp-gjl cnhf;b ghb
eckjdbb^ xnj jyb ,elen ghj;bdfnm d wtynht gj hfpvtotyb. ,t;tywtd^ d
rjnjhjv ecnfyjdktyj dhtvz cdj,jlyjuj ds[jlf b djpdhfotybz d ytuj&
‘Fhtcn^ pflth;fybt bkb n.htvyjt pfrk.xtybt ht,tyrf
jceotcndkz.ncz cjukfcyj pfrjye b bcgjkmpe.ncz kbim d
rfxtcndt rhfqytq vths b d ntxtybt rfr vj;yj ,jktt rjhjnrjuj
cjjndtncnde.otuj gthbjlf dhtvtyb\&
Rjydtywbz j ghfdf[ ht,tyrf^ cnfnmz 37 (b)
‚ Ltnb b pflth;fybt
Jnghfdysv geyrnjv ghb hfccvjnhtybb ’njuj djghjcf zdkztncz nj^ xnj
pflth;fybt ltntq ljk;yj jceotcndkznmcz kbim d rfxtcndt rhfqytq vths b
d ntxtybt rfr vj;yj ,jktt rjhjnrjuj cjjndtncnde.otuj gthbjlf dhtvtyb^
rfr ’nj ghtlecvjnhtyj d cnfnmt 37 (b) Rjydtywbb j ghfdf[ ht,tyrf b
Herjdjlzob[ ghbywbgf[ EDR< JJY gj ltnzv-,t;tywfv^ ghbybvfz dj
dybvfybt ghbywbg j,tcgtxtybz yfbkexib[ bynthtcjd ht,tyrf&
85

q Ltnb^ hfpltktyyst cj cdjbvb ctvmzvb
Ltnb^ jrfpfdibtcz hfpltktyysvb cj cdjbvb ctvmzvb^ bpdtcnyst nfr;t
rfr ‘ytcjghjdj;lftvst ytcjdthityyjktnybt\^ ljk;ys jcdj,j;lfnmcz^
gj djpvj;yjcnb^ bp-gjl cnhf;b b gthtlfdfnmcz yf gjgtxtybt lheub[
xktyjd ctvmb^ rjnjhst e;t ghj;bdf.n d lfyyjq cnhfyt e,t;bof& Tckb
’nj ytdjpvj;yj^ ltnb ljk;ys gjkexbnm yflkt;fobt eckjdbz ghj-
;bdfybz^ b pf ybvb ljk;ty ,snm ecnfyjdkty cjjndtncnde.obq rjynhjkm^
d bltfkmyjv dfhbfynt jyb ljk;ys ,skb ,s ,snm ecnhjtys d ;bks[ ljvf[
bkb d wtynhf[^ ,theob[ ltntq yf djcgbnfybt&
Ht,tyre ljk;ty dsltkznmcz jgtrey bkb rjycekmnfyn^ rjnjhsq ,eltn
ghtlcnfdkznm tuj b pfobofnm tuj yfbkexibt bynthtcs&
q Ltnb^ ghb,sdf.obt c hjlbntkzvb
Cktletn hfccvjnhtnm rfre.-yb,elm fkmnthyfnbde pflth;fyb.& Yt cktletn
pflth;bdfnm ltntq b b[ ukfdys[ gjgtxbntktq^ tckb njkmrj ’nj yt
ghtlcnfdkztncz tlbycndtyysv chtlcndjv gjllth;fybz tlbycndf ctvmb&
q Tckb ltntq pflth;bdf.n
Tckb e cnhfys e,t;bof ytn ybrfrjq lheujq fkmnthyfnbds rhjvt
pflth;fybz ltntq^ njulf^ d cjjndtncndbb c Rjydtywbtq j ghfdf[ ht,tyrf^
pflth;fybt ljk;yj jceotcndkznmcz kbim d rfxtcndt rhfqytq vths b d
ntxtybt rfr vj;yj ,jktt rjhjnrjuj gthbjlf dhtvtyb&
Ltnb yt ljk;ys cjlth;fnmcz gjl cnhf;tq d eckjdbz[^ yfgjvbyf.ob[
n.hmve& Ytj,[jlbvj ghtlghbyznm dct djpvj;yst ecbkbz gj b[ jcdj,j;ltyb.
b hfpvtotyb. d lheub[ vtcnf[& F ntv dhtvtytv
ytj,[jlbvj hfphf,jnfnm cgtwbfkmyst gkfys gj hfpvtotyb. ltntq gj
rdfhnbhfv^ rjnjhst ghbujlys lkz ghj;bdfybz ltntq b b[ ctvtq&
q J,hfpjdfybt b buhs
Dj dhtvz cjlth;fybz gjl cnhf;tq ltnb bvt.n ghfdj yf j,hfpjdfybt^
xnj,s yt ,skj gththsdf d ext,t gjckt b[ jcdj,j;ltybz& Ltnb ljk;ys
exbnmcz pf ghtltkfvb vtcnf cdjtuj cjlth;fybz gjl cnhf;tq&
Ytj,[jlbvj nfr;t ghtlecvjnhtnm vths gj cjplfyb. eckjdbq lkz jnls[f
b buh ltntq^ rjnjhst df;ys lkz b[ abpbxtcrjuj b evcndtyyjuj hfpdbnbz^ b
rjnjhst gjvjuen bv cyznm cnhtcc b gjcktlcndbz gcb[bxtcrb[ nhfdv&
‚ Pflth;fybt lheub[ ezpdbvs[ kbw
q Rfntujhbb lheub[ ezpdbvs[ kbw
Cktle.obt rfntujhbb kbw ljk;ys hfccvfnhbdfnmcz rfr ezpdbvst%
-- gj;bkst k.lb^ hfpltktyyst cj cdjbvb ctvmzvb*
-- ;thnds gsnjr b yfytctyys[ nhfdv*
-- bydfkbls b leitdyj,jkmyst
q
Cgtwbfkmyst cjj,hf;tybz
Ghbybvfz dj dybvfybt jnhbwfntkmyst gjcktlcndbz pflth;fybz b
cjlth;fybz gjl cnhf;tq ezpdbvs[ uhegg ,t;tywtd^ dkfcnb ljk;ys
bp,tufnm ghfrnbrb pflth;fybz nfrb[ kbw& Tckb nfrb[ k.ltq pflth;bdf.n^
pflth;fybt ljk;yj jceotcndkznmcz njkmrj gjckt gjkextybz ghtldfhb-
86

ntkmyj pfrk.xtybz rdfkbabwbhjdfyyjuj dhfxf j njv^ xnj pflth;fybt b
cjlth;fybt gjl cnhf;tq yt crf;encz yf b[ pljhjdmt b ,kfujgjkexbb& Pf
nfrbvb kbwfvb cktletn ecnfyjdbnm gjcktle.obq ghjatccbjyfkmysq
rjynhjkm^ jrfpsdfnm bv gjllth;re^ ghtljcnfdkzz bv ghb ytj,[jlbvjcnb
ljcneg r hfpkbxysv eckeufv^ ,jkmybwfv b rjycekmnfwbzv dhfxtq&
Rfre. gjvjom jrfpsdftn EDR< JJY
ltnzv^ hfpkextyysv c hjlbntkzvb^ d gjbcrt
xktyjd cdjtq ctvmb$
Lkz wtktq EDR< JJY^ ht,tyjr^ hfpkextyysq cj cdjbvb hjlbntkzvb^ ’nj
ht,tyjr^ ‘rjnjhsq jnltkty jn j,jb[ hjlbntktq^ b pf gjgtxtybt rjnjhjuj
yt ytctn jcyjdyjq jndtncndtyyjcnb gj pfrjye bkb gj j,sxf. yb jlyj
kbwj\& Xbckj ltntq-,t;tywtd^ jnltktyys[ jn hjlbntktq^ d pyfxbntkmyjq
cntgtyb pfdbcbn jn ghbxby b eckjdbq bc[jlf ,t;tywtd& Jlyfrj lkz
ghfrnbxtcrb[ wtktq^ extyst jwtybdf.n^ xnj ltnb ’njq rfntujhbb
cjcnfdkz.n jn 2 lj 5 ghjwtynjd dctuj xbckf ,t;tywtd&
J,sxyj EDR< JJY hf,jnftn d ntcyjv cjnhelybxtcndt c lheubvb futyncndfvb
c wtkm. jghtltktybz b htubcnhfwbb ltntq^ hfpltktyys[ c hjlbntkzvb^
b gjbcrf b[ ctvtq& Yfghbvth^ d hfqjyt rhbpbcf c ,t;tywfvb d Hefylt#
YBCTA^ VRRR^ jhufybpfwbzvb
‘Tlf lkz ujkjlys[\ b ‘Cgfcnb ltntq\ (Dtkbrj,hbnfybz)^ f nfr;t cj vyjubvb
YGJ d wtkz[ gjbcrf nfrb[ ltntq d ghbuhfybxys[ hfqjyf[ rhbpbcf& Lkz
htubcnhfwbb^ gjbcrf b djccjtlbytybz hfpltktyys[ xktyjd ctvtq cjplfyf
htubjyfkmyfz wtynhfkbpjdfyyfz ,fpf lfyys[* vtcnyst ,fps lfyys[ bcgjkmpe.ncz
lkz dsgjkytybz ghjuhfvv d ctkmcrjq vtcnyjcnb& D gthdsq ujl
gjckt bc[jlf ,t;tywtd d Hefylt ,jktt 21^000 ltntq^ hfpltktyys[ cj cdjbvb
hjlbntkzvb^ dthyekbcm d cdjb ctvmb d hfqjyt Dtkbrb[ jpth&
Djj,ot EDR< JJY ytj[jnyj dscnegftn pf gthtlfxe ltntq^ hfpltktyys[ cj
cdjbvb hjlbntkzvb^ d ghbtvyst ctvmb dyt htubjyf ghjbc[j;ltybz^
gjcrjkmre d rjytxyjv bnjut xfcnj vj;yj yfqnb xktyjd ctvtq nfrb[ ltntq& n
‚ Pflth;fybt ;tyoby
q
Hbcrb^ cdzpfyyst c pflth;fybtv
Pflth;fybt ;tyoby b ltdjxtr-gjlhjcnrjd^ jcj,tyyj nt[^ rnj hfpltktys
cj cdjbvb ctvmzvb^ zdkztncz jcj,tyyj jgfcysv& Tcnm cjj,otybz b
pfzdktybz jn ;tyoby^ boeob[ e,t;bof^ j cjdthiftvjv gj jnyjityb. r
ybv yfcbkbb^ drk.xfz ctrcefkmyjt yfcbkbt^ dj dhtvz yf[j;ltybz gjl
cnhf;tq& Rhjvt njuj^ gjkbnbrf pflth;fybz ;tyoby edtkbxbdftn dthjznyjcnm
njuj^ xnj ,elen pflth;bdfnmcz b cjlth;fnmcz gjl cnhf;tq b ltnb&
q
Cgtwbfkmyst cjj,hf;tybz
Ytkmpz pflth;bdfnm ,thtvtyys[ b rjhvzob[ ;tyoby&
87

Ghb pflth;fybb ;tyobys ljk;ys ,snm jnltktys jn kbw^ boeob[ e,t;bof^
ve;crjuj gjkf^ tckb njkmrj jyb yt zdkz.ncz ,kbprbvb hjlcndtyybrfvb&
J,cke;bdf.obq gthcjyfk ljk;ty ,snm ;tycrbv^ xnj evtymiftn
dthjznyjcnm ctrcefkmyjuj yfcbkbz gj jnyjityb. r pflth;fyysv
;tyobyfv b edf;tybt b[ rekmnehys[ wtyyjcntq&
:tyobys ljk;ys bvtnm ljcneg r eckeufv .hbcnjd b lheub[ cgtwbfkbcnjd
,tp rfrjq-kb,j lbcrhbvbyfwbb* jyb ljk;ys nfr;t bvtnm ljcneg r cgtwbfkmysv
eckeufv^ drk.xfz b eckeub d j,kfcnb htghjlernbdyjuj pljhjdmz&
‚ Pflth;fybt kbw ,tp uhf;lfycndf
Kbwf ,tp uhf;lfycndf --- ’nj kbwf^ rjnjhst yt hfccvfnhbdf.ncz
uhf;lfyfvb rfrjuj-kb,j ujcelfhcndf gj pfrjye& Kbw ,tp uhf;lfycndf
byjulf pflth;bdf.n yf ytjghtltktyysq gthbjl dhtvtyb ghjcnj gjnjve^
xnj b[ ytrelf jnjckfnm j,hfnyj* gjnjve^ xnj cnhfyf^ d rjnjhjq jyb
ghj;bdfkb^ yt ghbvtn b[ j,hfnyj* gjnjve^ xnj cnhfyf^ uhf;lfyfvb
rjnjhjq jyb ,skb^ endth;lftn^ xnj jyb gjnthzkb cdjt uhf;lfycndj^ bkb
lf;t bp-pf njuj^ xnj jyb yt vjuen ljrfpfnm cdjt uhf;lfycndj&
Njkmrj nj^ xnj xtkjdtr zdkztncz kbwjv ,tp uhf;lfycndf b yt bvttn
ghjtplys[ ljrevtynjd^ yt jpyfxftn^ xnj jy#jyf vj;tn ,snm pflth;fy yf
lkbntkmyst gthbjls dhtvtyb& Dkfcnb ljk;ys gjgsnfnmcz jghtltkbnm
kbxyjcnm b gjlndthlbnm uhf;lfycndj kbwf d wtkz[ jghtltktybz cjjndtncnde.otuj
ujcelfhcndf lkz djpdhfotybz bkb htflvbccbb& EDR< JJY
vj;tn lfnm cdjb htrjvtylfwbb gj nfrbv ltkfv^ tckb tcnm ghjcm,f j, ’njv&
Hf,jxfz uheggf gj ghjbpdjkmyjve pflth;fyb.
Hf,jxfz uheggf gj ghjbpdjkmyjve pflth;fyb. ghbcnegftn r bcgjkytyb.
cdjtuj vfylfnf d cbnefwbz[^ rjulf gjcnegf.n cjj,otybz j zrj,s
bvt.ob[cz ckexfz[ ghjbpdjkmyjuj pflth;fybz boeob[ e,t;bof b bys[
kbw& D cdjtv ljrkflt E/CN&4#2000#4 Hf,jxfz uheggf ghbyzkf cgtwbfkmyjt
pfvtxfybt (Cjdtofybt 5) gj ‘cbnefwbb d jnyjitybb kbw^ boeob[
e,t;bof^ b bvvbuhfynjd\^ d rjnjhjv hfphf,jnfys ltcznm ghbywbgjd
pflth;fybz b cjlth;fybz gjl cnhf;tq^ ghbdjlbvs[ yb;t%
Ghbywbg 1%
K.,jve kbwe^ boeotve e,t;bof^ bkb bvvbuhfyne^ pflth;fyyjve lkz
ljghjcf yf uhfybwt bkb yf nthhbnjhbb cnhfys d ckexft tuj ytktufkmyjuj
d]tplf^ ytj,[jlbvj cjj,obnm^ gj rhfqytq vtht ecnyj^ b yf zpsrt^ rjnjhsq
jy bkb jyf gjybvftn^ j ghbxbyf[ b cenb htitybz^ gj rjnjhjve tve
jnrfpfyj dj d]tplt yf uhfybwt bkb d hfphtitybb yf dhtvtyyjt ght,sdfybt d
cnhfyt^ rjnjhjt hfccvfnhbdftncz d jnyjitybb r lfyyjve kbwe&
Ghbywbg 2%
Kbwj^ boeott e,t;bof^ bkb bvvbuhfyn ljk;ys bvtnm djpvj;yjcnm^
yf[jlzcm gjl cnhf;tq^ gjllth;bdfnm cdzpm c dytiybv vbhjv^ bcgjkmpez
lkz ’njuj ntktajy^ afrc bkb ’ktrnhjyye. gjxne* cdzpsdfnmcz c .hbcnjv^
ghtlcnfdbntktv rjycekmcndf b hjlcndtyybrfvb&
‘
88

Ghbywbg 3%
K.,jt kbwj^ boeott e,t;bof^ bkb bvvbuhfyn^ pfrk.xtyyst gjl cnhf;e^
ljk;yj ,scnhj ghtlcnfnm gthtl celjv bkb lheubvb dkfcnzvb&
Ghbywbg 4%
K.,jq bvvbuhfyn bkb kbwj^ boeott e,t;bof^ yf[jlzobtcz gjl cnhf;tq^
ljk;ys hfcgbcfnmcz d ;ehyfkt^ cnhfybws rjnjhjuj ghjyevthjdfys b
c,hji.hjdfys^ bkb gjkexbnm hfdyjwtyyst ufhfynbb^ c erfpfybtv cdtltybq
j kbxyjcnb^ jcyjdfybq lkz pfrk.xtybz gjl cnhf;e b rjvgtntynys[
dkfcntq^ rjnjhst ghbyzkb htitybt j pflth;fybb^ f nfr;t dhtvtyb b lfns
pfrk.xtybz gjl cnhf;e b jcdj,j;ltybz bp-gjl ytt&
Ghbywbg 5%
Ghb gjcnegktybb kbwf^ boeotuj e,t;bof^ bkb bvvbuhfynf d vtcnf
cjlth;fybz gjl cnhf;tq tve ljk;ys cjj,obnm j dyenhtyytv hfcgjhzlrt
b^ ghb ytj,[jlbvjcnb^ j ghbvtyztvs[ vthf[ lbcwbgkbyfhyjuj [fhfrnthf b
j k.,jq djpvj;yjcnb lkz ytuj kbibnmcz cdzpb c dytiybv vbhjv^ f nfr;t
j ufhfynbz[^ cjghjdj;lf.ob[ lfyye. vthe&
Ghbywbg 6%
Htitybt j pflth;fybb ljk;yj ghbybvfnmcz ljk;ysv j,hfpjv egjkyjvjxtyysvb
yf nj dkfcnzvb c ljcnfnjxysv ehjdytv jndtncndtyyjcnb^ b
jyj ljk;yj ,snm jcyjdfyj yf rhbnthbz[^ jghtltktyys[ pfrjyjv&
Ghbywbg 7%
Vfrcbvfkmysq chjr cjlth;fybz gjl cnhf;tq ljk;ty ecnfyfdkbdfnmcz
pfrjyjv^ b yb d rjtv ckexft jy yt ljk;ty ,snm ytjuhfybxtyysv gj dhtvtyb
bkb xhtpdsxfqyj ljkubv&
Ghbywbg 8%
Edtljvktybt j pfrk.xtybb gjl cnhf;e ljk;yj ,snm d gbcmvtyyjq ajhvt^
yf zpsrt^ gjyznyjv kbwe^ boeotve e,t;bof^ bkb bvvbuhfyne^ b
cjlth;fnm ghbxbys dpznbz gjl cnhf;e& Jyj ljk;yj jghtltkznm eckjdbz^
ghb rjnjhs[ kbwj^ boeott e,t;bof^ vj;tn j,hfnbnmcz pf gjkextybtv
ghfdjdjq pfobns d cel^ rjnjhsq ljk;ty ,scnhj ghbyznm htitybt j
pfrjyyjcnb pflth;fybz b^ d cjjndtncnde.otv ckexft^ bplfnm gjcnfyjdktybt
j, jcdj,j;ltybb lfyyjuj kbwf&
Ghbywbg 9%
Cjlth;fybt gjl cnhf;tq ljk;yj jceotcndkznmcz d ujcelfhcndtyys[
exht;ltybz[^ cgtwbfkmyj dsltktyys[ lkz ’nb[ wtktq& Tckb gj ghfrnbxtcrbv
cjj,hf;tybzv ’nj ytkmpz cltkfnm^ kbwj^ boeott e,t;bof^ bkb
bvvbuhfyn ljk;ys ,snm gjvtotys d vtcnf[^ hfpltktyys[ c ntvb^ ult
cjlth;fncz kbwf^ jce;ltyyst pf eujkjdyst ghtcnegktybz&
Ghbywbg 10%
Eghfdktybt Dth[jdyjuj rjvbccfhf JJY gj ltkfv ,t;tywtd (EDR< JJY)^
Vt;leyfhjlysq Rjvbntn Rhfcyjuj Rhtcnf (VRRR) b^ ult djpvj;yj^
yflkt;fobv j,hfpjv egjkyjvjxtyyst ytghfdbntkmcndtyyst jhufybpfwbb
ljk;ys bvtnm ljcneg r vtcnfv cjlth;fybz gjl cnhf;tq& n
89

Hfcbpv b rctyjaj,bz
Ghj,ktvs hfcbpvf^ lbcrhbvbyfwbb^ rctyjaj,bb b ytnthgbvjcnb gjlhsdf.n
vt;leyfhjlyst ecbkbz gj pfobnt ,t;tywtd& Hfcbpv vj;tn
pfcnfdkznm k.ltq cnfyjdbnmcz ,t;tywfvb^ eckj;yznm ecbkbz gj b[ pfobnt
b cjplfdfnm ghtgzncndbz lkz gjbcrf htitybq b[ ghj,ktv&

Lbcrhbvbyfwbz b ,t;tyws
Hfcbpv b lbcrhbvbyfwbz vjuen ghtcktljdfnm ,t;tywtd yf rf;ljv ’nfgt
b[ gthtvtotybz&
Yfghz;tybt ’nybxtcrjuj b hfcjdjuj [fhfrnthf vj;tn dspdfnm gjnjrb
,t;tywtd& Lbcrhbvbyfwbz jlyjq ’nybxtcrjq uheggs vj;tn ,snm htpekmnfnjv
bkb ceotcndtyyjq xfcnm. gjkbnbxtcrb[ gkfyjd^ yfghfdktyys[ yf
bcgjkmpjdfybt hfpkbxbq vt;le ’nybxtcrbvb uheggfvb lkz cgkjxtybz cbk
jlyjq uheggs ghjnbd lheujq& Ytcvjnhz yf njn afrn^ xnj d ,jkmibycndt
ujcelfhcnd tcnm cfvst hfpyst ’nybxtcrbt uheggs^ ’nybxtcrfz ghbyflkt;yjcnm
jlyjq uheggs xfcnj bcgjkmpetncz rfr jghtltkz.ofz
[fhfrnthbcnbrf yfwbb& Rjulf nfrjt ghjbc[jlbn^ uheggs yfwbjyfkmys[
vtymibycnd vjuen hfccvfnhbdfnmcz rfr ghtgzncndbt yf genb j,hfpjdfybz
yfwbb& Tckb rfrjt-yb,elm ujcelfhcndj yt ;tkftn dsgjkyznm cdj. hjkm
gjchtlybrf ’aatrnbdyj bkb ;t zdkztncz exfcnybrjv ’nybxtcrjuj rjyakbrnf^
nj vjuen gjcktljdfnm ‘’nybxtcrbt xbcnrb\ bkb ghjzdbnmcz lheubt
ajhvs ghbyelbntkmyjq ctuhtufwbb hfpkbxys[ uhegg yfctktybz& Ltqcndbntkmyj^
ghtlyfvthtyyfz dscskrf ghtlcnfdbntktq jlyjq ’nybxtcrjq
uheggs vj;tn ,snm yfvtxtyyjq wtkm. rjyakbrnf yf ’nybxtcrjq gjxdt&
Dj dhtvz gthtvtotybz ,t;tywtd b[ vjuen hfccvfnhbdfnm rfr ghbxbye
yt;tkfntkmyjuj yfheitybz j,hfpf ;bpyb vtcnyjuj yfctktybz^ chtlb
rjnjhjuj jyb gsnfkbcm yfqnb ,tpjgfcyjcnm& Vtcnyjt yfctktybt vj;tn
hfccvfnhbdfnm b[ rfr kbw^ gjczuf.ob[ yf juhfybxtyyst htcehcs^ lf;t
rfr euhjpe lkz vtcnyjq rekmnehs& Pf ’nbv vj;tn gjcktljdfnm lbcrhbvbyfwbz^
dshf;f.ofzcz d frnf[ jnrhsnjuj yfcbkbz ghjnbd ,t;tywtd
bkb d ,jktt njyrjq ajhvt^ rfr^ yfghbvth^ jgkfnf nhelf gj-’rcgkefnfnjhcrb
ybprbv hfcwtyrfv&
Lf;t rjulf b yfqltyj htitybt nz;tkjuj gjkj;tybz ,t;tywtd --- vtcnyfz
byntuhfwbz d ghbybvf.otq cnhfyt^ gthtctktybt d nhtnm. cnhfye bkb
lj,hjdjkmyfz htgfnhbfwbz d cnhfye ghjbc[j;ltybz ,t;tywtd --- lbcrhbvbyfwbz
ghjnbd ,t;tywtd bkb djpdhfotywtd vj;tn cdtcnb yf ytn k.,e.
yflt;le yf djccnfyjdktybt r yjhvfkmyjq ;bpyb& Dct d ,jkmitq cntgtyb
htgfnhbfwbz ,t;tywtd ghjbc[jlbn d eckjdbz[^ lfktrb[ jn bltfkmys[^
byjulf d eckjdbz[ ghjljk;f.otujcz rjyakbrnf b j,otq ytcnf,bkmyjcnb&
Ckf,jt ujcelfhcndj b uhf;lfycrjt j,otcndj ltkf.n
ghjwtcc djpdhfotybz r vbhyjq ;bpyb b ghbvbhtybz nhelysv b gjxnb
ytdjpvj;ysv& Rjulf ,jkmibt vfccs ,t;tywtd djpdhfof.ncz d hjlyst
vtcnf d jlyj b nj ;t dhtvz^ vtcnyst htcehcs b byahfcnhernehf vjuen
,snm yfghz;tys lj ghtltkf^ xnj ,eltn njhvjpbnm ghjwtcc djccnfyjdktybz
’rjyjvbrb cnhfys& Djpdhfotybt ,jkmijuj xbckf ,t;tywtd vj;tn
nfr;t crfpfnmcz yf gjkbnbrt b ktubnbvyjcnb ujcelfhcndf^ jcj,tyyj ghb
ghjdtltybb ds,jhjd^ bkb rjulf djpdhfof.obtcz ,t;tyws vjuen
bpvtybnm djtyyjt bkb gjkbnbxtcrjt hfdyjdtcbt d gjkmpe jlyjq bp
’nybxtcrb[ uhegg& D cdj. jxthtlm^ rf;ljt b[ ’nb[ gjcktlcndbq vj;tn
ghbdtcnb r lbcrhbvbyfwbb djpdhfof.ob[cz ,t;tywtd^ rjnjhs[ vjuen
‘
91

hfccvfnhbdfnm rfr ‘ghbxbye\ yt;tkfntkmys[ ’rjyjvbxtcrb[^ djtyys[
bkb gjkbnbxtcrb[ gjcktlcndbq&
Yf dct[ ehjdyz[ j,otcndf vjuen ,snm ghbyzns vths gj ghtljndhfotyb.
hfcbpvf b lbcrhbvbyfwbb ,t;tywtd%
q
q
q
q
q
q
Ujcelfhcndf ljk;ys j,tcgtxbnm nfrjt gjkj;tybt^ rjulf dct ckjb
j,otcndf ghtlghbven cjukfcjdfyyst ltqcndbz gj ghjnbdjltqcndb.
ghjljk;f.otvecz hfpltktyb. j,otcndf gj hfcjdjve ghbpyfre b
rjyakbrne d j,otcndt^ jcj,tyyj d jnyjitybb hfcbpvf ghjnbd nt[^
rjuj djcghbybvf.n rfr ‘byjcnhfywtd\ bkb ‘xe;tptvwtd\&
Jcyjdyst bycnbnens yf dct[ ehjdyz[ j,otcndf --- ctvmz^ irjkf^
hf,jxtt vtcnj^ [hfvs^ ’kbnf --- ljk;ys cgjcj,cndjdfnm djcgbnfyb.
nthgbvjcnb&
Yfwbjyfkmyjt ghfdbntkmcndj b jhufys vtcnyjq dkfcnb ljk;ys
dsltkznm ,jkmit htcehcjd b ghtlghbybvfnm ,jkmit ecbkbq lkz
ecnhfytybz ukfdys[ ghbxby hfcbpvf b rctyjaj,bb&
Ujcelfhcndf ljk;ys cgjcj,cndjdfnm ghjdtltyb. vt;rekmnehys[
vthjghbznbq c exfcnbtv YGJ b htkbubjpys[ jhufybpfwbq&
Ujcelfhcndf^ YGJ^ exht;ltybz JJY b chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb
ljk;ys gjdsifnm ehjdtym byajhvbhjdfyyjcnb
j,otcndtyyjcnb j hfcbpvt b lbcrhbvbyfwbb b cgjcj,cndjdfnm
yfcnegktyb. gjpbnbdys[ cjwbfkmys[ bpvtytybq&
Dbyjdyst d hfcjdjv yfcbkbb b d ghjzdktybz[ rctyjaj,bb ljk;ys
,snm ’aatrnbdyj b ge,kbxyj jce;ltys celfvb^ rjvbccbzvb gj
ghfdfv xtkjdtrf b ghtlcnfdbntkmcndfvb egjkyjvjxtyyjuj gj ghfdfv
xtkjdtrf&
q Gfhkfvtynfhbb^ rfr kblths d cjplfybb j,otcndtyyjuj vytybz^
ljk;ys pyfnm j njv dkbzybb^ rjnjhjt jyb jrfpsdf.n yf
j,otcndtyyjt vytybt^ b ljk;ys bcgjkmpjdfnm cdjt gjkj;tybt c
ntv^ xnj,s cgjcj,cndjdfnm djcgbnfyb. nthgbvjcnb b edf;tybz r
ghfdfv xtkjdtrf&
Jcj,tyyj cktletn gjvybnm j cktle.ob[ lde[ Pfrk.xtybz[ Bcgjkybntkmyjuj
Rjvbntnf EDR< JJY%
q Bcgjkybntkmysq Rjvbntn &&& gjlndth;lftn df;yjcnm
j,hfpjdfntkmys[ b lheub[ ghjuhfvv gj ,jhm,t c hfcbpvjv^ lbcrhbvbyfwbtq
b rctyjaj,btq\& Pfrk.xtybt @ 85 (g)^ 1998
q
Bcgjkybntkmysq Rjvbntn &&& ghbpsdftn ujcelfhcndf ,jhjnmcz ghjnbd
ytnthgbvjcnb^ hfcbpvf b rctyjaj,bb^ cgjcj,cndjdfnm hfpdbnb.
gjybvfybz b cjgtht;bdfybz^ ghbybvfz d ’nb[ wtkz[ ghjuhfvvyst
pfzdktybz^ cjjndtncnde.obt pfrjys b dshf,fnsdfz cjwbfkmye.
gjkbnbre^ jcj,tyyj c extnjv gjkj;tybz ,t;tywtd b boeob[
e,t;bof kbw& Pfrk.xtybt @ 77 (h)^ 1995 n
92

Rfr cj[hfybnm e ,t;tywf xedcndj
cj,cndtyyjuj ljcnjbycndf$
Juhfybxbnm cjlth;fybt gjl cnhf;tq
q Cjlth;fybt gjl cnhf;tq ljk;yj ,snm juhfybxtyj gentv drk.xtybz
ghtpevgwbb j tuj ytghbvtytybb& Pflth;fybt b cjlth;fybt gjl cnhf;tq
ljk;ys jceotcndkznmcz njkmrj rfr ytj,[jlbvfz vthf b d cjjndtncndbb
c vt;leyfhjlysvb cnfylfhnfvb^ erfpfyysvb pltcm hfytt&
q Pfrjyjlfntkmcndj ljk;yj cjlth;fnm ghjwtlehyst ufhfynbb&
q Cktletn ghtlecvjnhtnm^ xnj,s rf;ljt pflth;fyyjt kbwj^ boeott
e,t;bof^ vjukj djcgjkmpjdfnmcz vbybvfkmysvb ghjwtlehysvb ufhfynbzvb^
lfyysvb yb;t& Pflth;fybt yt ljk;yj ,snm ghtgzncndbtv
lkz kbwf^ boeotuj e,t;bof^ d ghjldb;tybb cdjtuj [jlfnfqcndf&
q Byajhvfwbz
q

q
Kbwj^ boeott e,t;bof^ ljk;yj bvtnm ghfdj yf rjyabltywbfkmysq
j,vty byajhvfwbtq c ’nbvb ghtlcnfdbntkzvb^ b tve ljk;ys
ghtljcnfdkznmcz lkz ’njuj ytj,[jlbvst chtlcndf&
Jghtltkbnm cnfylfhns lkz eckjdbq cjlth;fybz gjl cnhf;tq
q
q
Eckjdbz cjlth;fybz gjl cnhf;tq ljk;ys ,snm uevfyysvb b
edf;fnm xedcndj xtkjdtxtcrjuj ljcnjbycndf^ ghbceott k.,jve kbwe&
"nb eckjdbz ljk;ys jghtltkznmcz pfrjyjv& Gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen
j,hfnbnmcz r ghbvtyztvsv yjhvfv b ghbywbgfv vt;leyfhjlyjuj
ghfdf^ drk.xfz endth;ltyysq JJY Cdjl ghbywbgjd pfobns dct[
kbw^ gjldthuftvs[ pflth;fyb. bkb pfrk.xtyb. d rfrjq ,s nj yb
,skj ajhvt^ Vbybvfkmyst cnfylfhnyst ghfdbkf j,hfotybz c
pfrk.xtyysvb^ ghbyznst JJY d 1955 ujle^ Ghfdbkf pfobns ytcjdthityyjktnyb[^
kbityys[ cdj,jls^ ghbyznst JJY d 1990 ujle&
Cj,k.lfnm cktle.obt nht,jdfybz
q Ghjdthrf% Dct kbwf^ boeobt e,t;bof^ ljk;ys ghjqnb ghjdthre lj
gjvtotybz gjl cnhf;e yf ghtlvtn dszdktybz ;thnd gsnjr bkb
nhfdv&
q Jnltktybt% Ve;xbys ljk;ys ,snm jnltktys jn ;tyoby^ f ltnb --- jn
dphjcks[^ tckb jyb yt zdkz.ncz b[ hjlcndtyybrfvb&
q Jnltkmyst vtcnf cjlth;fybz gjl cnhf;tq% Lkz kbw^ boeob[
e,t;bof^ ljk;ys ,snm jnltkmyst vtcnf lkz b[ cjlth;fybz gjl
cnhf;tq* n.hmvs yt vjuen bcgjkmpjdfnmcz lkz nfrb[ wtktq& Tckb
nfrb[ vtcn ytn^ cktletn ghtljndhfnbnm rjynfrn vt;le kbwfvb^
boeobvb e,t;bof^ b eujkjdybrfvb&
q Rjynfrns c dytiybv vbhjv% Kbwfv^ boeobv e,t;bof^ ljk;yf
,snm ghtljcnfdktyf djpvj;yjcnm gjllth;bdfnm rjynfrns cj cdjbvb
lhepmzvb b bvtnm dcnhtxb c ybvb^ f nfr;t c hjlcndtyybrfvb^
hf,jnybrfvb htkbubjpys[^ cjwbfkmys[ b ghfdjds[ jhufybpfwbq&
Lkz nfrb[ dcnhtx ljk;ys ,snm ghtljcnfdktys cjjndtncnde.obt
gjvtotybz& Gjctotybz dsiterfpfyys[ kbw ljk;ys ghj[jlbnm ,tp
ghbcencndbz gjcnjhjyyb[ kbw^ tckb njkmrj ytn ljcnfnjxys[ jcyjdfybq
lkz j,hfnyjuj&
q Vtlbwbycrjt j,cke;bdfybt% Ghb ytj,[jlbvjcnb ljk;ys ,snm
ghtljcnfdktys vtlbwbycrjt j,cke;bdfybt b gjvjom gcb[jkjuf&
q Jnls[% Ljk;yj dsltkznmcz dhtvz lkz abpbxtcrb[ eghf;ytybq^ rfr d
gjvtotybb^ nfr b yf jnrhsnjv djple[t&
q J,hfpjdfybt% Ljk;yf ,snm ghtljcnfdktyf djpvj;yjcnm lkz gjkextybz
j,otuj j,hfpjdfybz bkb ghjatccbjyfkmyjq gjlujnjdrb&
q Htkbubz% Ljk;yj ,snm lfyj hfphtitybt yf jnghfdktybt htkbubjpys[
j,hzljd b cj,k.ltybt juhfybxtybq d gbnfybb&
q Ghtlvtns gthdjq ytj,[jlbvjcnb% Ljk;ys ,snm ghtljcnfdktys
rhjdfnb^ dfyyst^ nefktns b nfr lfktt&
‘
94

q
Gjlfxf ;fkj,% Ljk;ty ,snm hfphf,jnfy vt[fybpv (ghjwtlehf)
gjlfxb ;fkj,^ rfr jnrhsns[^ nfr b rjyabltywbfkmys[& Byajhvfwbz
j ghjwtleht gjlfxb ;fkj,s^ drk.xf.ofz dhtvtyyst hfvrb b
ghjwtlehs gjlfxb fgtkkzwbq^ ljk;yf ,snm dsdtityf b ghtljcnfdktyf
yf zpsrt^ gjyznyjv lkz pflth;fyys[ kbw&
J,tcgtxbnm edf;tybt ghfd ,t;tywtd^ pfrhtgktyys[ d yjhvfnbdys[ frnf[
q

Cjplfnm vt[fybpvs lkz hfccvjnhtybz djghjcjd^ cdzpfyys[ c ,t;tywfvb
q Vjuen ,snm cjplfys gfhkfvtyncrbt rjvbntns lkz bpextybz gjkj;tybz
c cj,k.ltybtv ghfd ,t;tywtd b kbw^ boeob[ e,t;bof&
q Lheubt yfwbjyfkmyst bycnbnens^ nfrbt rfr rjvbccbb gj ghfdfv
xtkjdtrf b eghfdktybz egjkyjvjxtyyjuj gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf vjuen
gjkexbnm gjkyjvjxbz lkz cjltqcndbz cj,k.ltyb. ghfd ,t;tywtd&
Cjltqcndjdfnm gjdsityb. edf;tybz r njve drkfle^ rjnjhsq ,t;tyws
ltkf.n d cnhfyt e,t;bof
q D ljgjkytybt r cjplfyb. ghfdjdjq cnhernehs^ pfrhtgkz.otq
edf;tybt ghfd ,t;tywtd^ gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen j,tcgtxbnm dsltktybt
chtlcnd yf rfvgfybb gj gjdsityb. byajhvbhjdfyyjcnb
j,otcndtyyjcnb gj djghjcfv ,t;tywtd b gj cgtwbfkmyjve j,extyb.
irjkmybrjd&
J,tcgtxbnm cjjndtncnde.oe. gjlujnjdre nt[ kbw^ rjnjhst hf,jnf.n c
,t;tywfvb
q Df;yj nfr;t dsltkbnm chtlcndf yf gjlujnjdre nfrb[ ljk;yjcnys[
kbw^ rfr gjuhfybxybrb^ hf,jnybrb bvvbuhfwbjyys[ cke;,^ gjkbwtqcrbt
b celmb^ c ntv^ xnj,s jyb vjukb dsgjkyznm cdjb j,zpfyyjcnb
,tp ghjzdktybz rfrjq-kb,j lbcrhbvbyfwbb gj jnyjityb. r
,t;tywfv&
Dscnegfnm jn bvtyb ,t;tywtd
q Djpvj;yj^ yfb,jktt df;ysv vjvtynjv zdkztncz nj^ xnj gfhkfvtynfhbb
vjuen bcgjkmpjdfnm cdjt gjkj;tybt b dscnegfnm jn bvtyb
,t;tywtd&
q Rfr pfrjyjlfntkb b rfr ujkjc yfhjlf d ghfdbntkmcndt^ gfhkfvtynfhbb
jcj,j pfbynthtcjdfys d j,tcgtxtybb cj,k.ltybz ghfd xtkjdtrf b
dth[jdtycndf pfrjyf^ b d njv^ xnj,s ,t;tyws gjkexbkb
vt;leyfhjlye. pfobne^ b xnj,s ,skb yfqltys htitybz b[
nz;tkjuj gjkj;tybz&
q Gfhkfvtynfhbb ljk;ys djpukfdbnm rfvgfyb. gj ghbyznb. cjjndtncnde.ob[
pfrjyjd b ghjwtleh^ c ntv^ xnj,s b[ cnhfys ,skb
yflkt;fobv j,hfpjv gjlujnjdktys r ghb,snb. boeob[ e,t;bof
kbw* ghtljcnfdkzkb pfobne ntv^ rnj d ytq ye;lftncz^ b gjvjufkb
,t;tywfv d b[ lj,hjdjkmyjv djpdhfotybb yf hjlbye^ b[ vtcnyjq
byntuhfwbb bkb gthtctktybb d lheue. cnhfye e,t;bof&
q Gfhkfvtynfhbb d cnhfyt ghjbc[j;ltybz ,t;tywtd (tckb gfhkfvtyn
nfv dct tot aeyrwbjybhetn) vjuen gjvjxm d cjplfybb ghfdjds[ b
gjkbnbxtcrb[ eckjdbq lkz ,tpjgfcyjuj b ljcnjqyjuj djpdhfotybz
,t;tywtd&
Gjrfpsdfnm ghbvth d htitybb djghjcjd ,t;tywtd b kbw^ boeob[ e,t;bof
q Gfhkfvtynfhbb bvt.n juhjvyst djpvj;yjcnb gjrfpfnm^ xnj jyb
pfybvf.n dtleott vtcnj d htitybb djghjcjd ,t;tywtd b kbw^
‘
96

oeob[ e,t;bof^ ghjdjlz rfvgfybb gj gjdsityb. ehjdyz byajhvbhjdfyyjcnb
j,otcndtyyjcnb j njv^ xnj ,t;tyws --- ’nj k.lb^
rjnjhsv euhj;f.n^ f yt nt^ rjnjhst cfvb ghtlcnfdkz.n cj,jq
euhjpe&
q
Gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen cgjcj,cndjdfnm gjdsityb. pyfybq
j,otcndtyyjcnb cdjtq cnhfys d j,kfcnb vt;leyfhjlyjuj ghfdf
,t;tywtd b vjuen gjvjxm cdjbv ghfdbntkmcndfv b bp,bhfntkzv
gjyznm^ xnj cnhfyf pfbynthtcjdfyf d hfphf,jnrt ibhjrjq^ ecnjqxbdjq
b gjcktljdfntkmyjq cbcntvs pfobns ,t;tywtd b lheub[ kbw^
rjnjhst d ytq ye;lf.ncz& Gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen yfghfdbnm d dthyjt
heckj lt,fns gj djghjce e,t;bof^ ghjdtlz hfpkbxbt vt;le
vbuhfwbjyysvb ghj,ktvfvb b djghjcfvb pfobns ,t;tywtd^ f nfr;t
jcelbd hfcbpv b rctyjaj,b.&
Gjjohznm htubjyfkmyst b vt;leyfhjlyst bybwbfnbds
q Yfrjytw^ gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen cdzpfnmcz cj cdjbvb rjkktufvb d
lheub[ cnhfyf[^ xnj,s gjcjltqcndjdfnm dshf,jnrt htubjyfkmys[ b
vt;leyfhjlys[ bybwbfnbd^ yfghfdktyys[ yf edf;tybt ,t;tywtd b
pfobne b[ ghfd& n
97

Ukfdf 6
Ghbcjtlbytybt r vt;leyfhjlysv
ljujdjhfv b ghbyznbt
pfrjyjlfntkmcndf gj b[ dsgjkytyb.
Gfhkfvtynfhbb nt[ cnhfy^ rjnjhst tot yt ghbcjtlbybkbcm r
Rjydtywbb b Ghjnjrjke^ rfcf.obvcz cnfnecf ,t;tywtd^ vjuen
gjllth;fnm ghbcjtlbytybt r ybv d rfxtcndt gthdjuj ifuf r
exfcnb. d ht;bvt vt;leyfhjlyjq pfobns& Vt;gfhkfvtyncrbq Cj.p b
Bcgjkybntkmysq Rjvbntn EDR< JJY ytjlyjrhfnyj ghbukfifkb lheubt
cnhfys ghbcjtlbybnmcz r ntv 144 ujcelfhcndfv^ rjnjhst zdkz.ncz
exfcnybrfvb Rjydtywbb b#bkb Ghjnjrjkf gj cjcnjzyb. yf zydfhm 2003
ujlf (cvjnhbnt cnhfybwe 12)&
C extnjv ytj,[jlbvjcnb d ghtlcrfpetvjv htfubhjdfybb yf gjnjrb
,t;tywtd^ ghbcjtlbytybt r Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd b Ghjnjrjke
r ytq zdkztncz df;ysv ifujv^ gjcrjkmre ghbcjtlbytybt%
q
q
q
q
ghtlcnfdkztn cj,jq j,zpfntkmcndj ghbvtyznm vbybvfkmyst uevfybnfhyst
cnfylfhns j,hfotybz c ,t;tywfvb*
dyjcbn cdjq drkfl d ekexitybt jnyjitybq vt;le cnhfyjq ghjbc-
[j;ltybz ,t;tywtd b cnhfyjq e,t;bof^ ltkfz frn ghtljcnfdktybz
e,t;bof frnjv ytgjkbnbxtcrjuj [fhfrnthf*
gjlxthrbdftn ;tkfybt ghbcjtlbyz.otujcz ujcelfhcndf cjnhelybxfnm
c vt;leyfhjlysv cjj,otcndjv b EDR< JJY d gjbcrt htitybq
ghj,ktv ,t;tywtd*
ghbpyftn b erhtgkztn eybdthcfkmyjcnm vt;leyfhjlyjuj ghfdf
,t;tywtd&
‘Vt;gfhkfvtyncrbq Cj.p yfcnjzntkmyj cjdtnetn
ntv cnhfyfv^ rjnjhst tot yt cltkfkb ’nj^ ghbcjtlbybnmcz
r Rjydtywbb 1951 ujlf j cnfnect ,t;tywtd
b Ghjnjrjke 1967 ujlf r ytq b r lheubv
eybdthcfkmysv ljrevtynfv vt;leyfhjlyjuj
uevfybnfhyjuj ghfdf b ghfdf ghfd xtkjdtrf^
b ghbpsdftn dct ujcelfhcndf dsgjkybnm
cdjb j,zpfntkmcndf^ dsntrf.obt bp yb[\&
103-z vt;gfhkfvtyncrfz rjyathtywbz^ vfq 2000
98

‘Utythfkmyfz Fccfv,ktz [ghbpyftn]^ xnj ghtljcnfdktybt ujcelfhcndjv
e,t;bof kbwfv^ bvt.obv jcyjdfybt ccskfnmcz yf cnfnm. 14 Dctj,otq
Ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf^ zdkztncz vbhysv b uevfyysv frnjv b gj’njve yt
vj;tn hfccvfnhbdfnmcz ybrfrbv lheubv ujcelfhcndjv rfr ytlhe;tk.,ysq
frn\&
Ghtfv,ekf r Ltrkfhfwbb Jhufybpfwbb J,]tlbytyys[ Yfwbq
j nthhbnjhbfkmyjv e,t;bot^ geyrn 4&
Ghbcjtlbytybt% cvsck cjj,otybz
‚ Ghbcjtlbytybt ltvjycnhbhetn j,zpfntkmcndj
ghbvtyznm vbybvfkmyst uevfybnfhyst cnfylfhns
"nb cnfylfhns ,skb hfphf,jnfys d Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd b
ctqxfc jlj,htys ,jkmibycndjv ujcelfhcnd&
‚ Ghbcjtlbytybt vj;tn ekexibnm jnyjitybz vt;le
cnhfyfvb

J,obt djghjcs^ cdzpfyyst c ghbcjtlbytybtv
‚ Cjltqcndetn kb ghbcjtlbytybt ghbnjre ,t;tywtd$
Yfcrjkmrj dthjznysv zdkztncz nj^ xnj ghbcjtlbytybt r Rjydtywbb j
cnfnect ,t;tywtd ghbdtltn r njve^ xnj ,t;tyws ,elen bcrfnm e,t;bof d
rfrjq-nj jghtltktyyjq cnhfyt$
Bvt.obqcz jgsn yt lftn jcyjdfybq lkz nfrjq nhtdjub&

q Ljk;yj kb ujcelfhcndj-exfcnybr Rjydtywbb
ghtljcnfdkznm ,t;tywfv ptvk. bkb hf,jne$
Yb Rjydtywbz j cnfnect ,t;tywtd^ yb Ghjnjrjk r ytq^ yb Rjydtywbz JFT
yt nht,e.n jn ujcelfhcnd ghtljcnfdktybz ,t;tywfv ghtathtywbfkmyjuj
ht;bvf ghb ghbj,htntybb cj,cndtyyjcnb bkb lkz gjkextybz ljcnegf r
hf,jnt^ [jnz d jghtltktyys[ cbnefwbz[ ghtathtywbfkmysq ht;bv
ljk;ty ghtljcnfdkznmcz ,t;tywfv d ckexft hf,jns gj yfqve& Ntv yt
vtytt^ ghb j,ce;ltybb eckjdbq ghjlf;b ptvkb ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb
Rjydtywbb ljk;ys ghbvtyznm nt ;t cfvst rhbnthbb gj jnyjityb. r
,t;tywfv^ rfr b r lheubv rfntujhbzv byjcnhfyys[ uhf;lfy&
‚ Jpyfxftn kb ghbcjtlbytybt r Rjydtywbb^ xnj
,t;tyws vjuen jcnfdfnmcz gjcnjzyyj$
q J,zpfyj kb ujcelfhcndj-exfcnybr ghtljcnfdkznm ,t;tywfv
gjcnjzyyjt e,t;bot$

Pfrjyjlfntkmcndj% cktle.obq ifu
Ghbcjtlbytybt r Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd b Ghjnjrjke zdkztncz
njkmrj gthdsv ifujv yf genb cjplfybz ltqcndtyyjq ghfdjdjq jcyjds
lkz pfobns ,t;tywtd& Yfwbjyfkmyjt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj ljk;yj ghbybvfnmcz
bkb bpvtyznmcz c wtkm. ,jktt ’aatrnbdyjuj ghbvtytybz
gjkj;tybq Rjydtywbb b Ghjnjrjkf r ytq& EDR< JJY ntcyj cjnhelybxftn
c ujcelfhcndfvb c ntv^ xnj,s rjyrhtnyst ghfdjdst nhflbwbb b htcehcs
rf;ljuj ujcelfhcndf exbnsdfkb tuj vt;leyfhjlyst j,zpfntkmcndf& D nj
dhtvz rfr vyjubt ghfdbntkmcndf ghtlkfuf.n pfrjys bkb ghbybvf.n
flvbybcnhfnbdyst vths gj ecnfyjdktyb. ,jktt cnhjujuj rjynhjkz pf
bvvbuhfwbtq^ jcj,jt dybvfybt cktletn j,hfnbnm yf gjkyjt drk.xtybt
ghbywbgjd pfobns ,t;tywtd d ghfdjde. cnhernehe cnhfys&
‘Vt;gfhkfvtyncrbq Cj.p yfcnjzntkmyj ghbpsdftn
pfbynthtcjdfyyst ujcelfhcndf cnhjuj dsgjkyznm b j,tcgtxbnm
dsgjkytybt cdjb[ j,zpfntkmcnd gj vt;leyfhjlyjve
uevfybnfhyjve ghfde b vt;leyfhjlysv ljujdjhfv j ghfdf[
xtkjdtrf b j ,t;tywf[\&
102-z Rjyathtywbz Vt;gfhkfvtyncrjuj Cj.pf^ jrnz,hm 1999
Ghbpyfdfz ytj,[jlbvjcnm njuj^ xnj ujcelfhcndf ljk;ys hfccvjnhtnm
djghjc j ytghfdbkmyjv ghbvtytybb bkb pkjegjnht,ktybb ghjwtlehfvb
jghtltktybz cnfnecf ,t;tywtd^ Bcgjkybntkmysq rjvbntn EDR< JJY
ghbpdfk ujcelfhcndf j,tcgtxbnm cjjndtncndbt dyenhbujcelfhcndtyyjuj
ghfdf b flvbybcnhfnbdys[ ghbywbgjd^ drk.xfz vths gj rjynhjk. pf
vbuhfwbtq^ ghbywbgfv b cnfylfhnfv ghfdf ,t;tywtd b ghfdf ghfd
xtkjdtrf& n
Rjhjnrj j ukfdyjv%
Dct^ xnj dfv ytj,[jlbvj pyfnm b ltkfnm^ xnj,s ghbcjtlbybnmcz
r vt;leyfhjlysv ljujdjhfv gj ,t;tywfv b ghbyznm pfrjyjlfntkmcndj
gj b[ dsgjkytyb.
Cnfymnt exfcnybrjv vt;leyfhjlys[ ljujdjhjd gj ,t;tywfv
q D rfxtcndt gthdjuj ifuf dfv cktletn ghjdthbnm^ gjlgbcfkj kb dfit
ujcelfhcndj ukfdyst vt;leyfhjlyst ljujdjhs^ nj tcnm^ Rjydtywb. j
cnfnect ,t;tywtd b Ghjnjrjk (cvjnhbnt cnh&12 bkb ghjdthmnt ’nj d
vtcnys[ bcnjxybrf[ bkb d ,kb;fqitv ghtlcnfdbntkmcndt EDR< JJY*
cvjnhbnt Ghbkj;tybt 3)&
‘
102

Tckb dfit ujcelfhcndj tot yt ghbcjtlbybkjcm r ’nbv ljujdjhfv^
hfccvjnhbnt djpvj;yjcnm j,hfnbnmcz r ghfdbntkmcnde d gbcmvtyyjq
ajhvt bkb cltkfqnt ecnysq pfghjc^ bkb ;t dytcbnt pfrjyjghjtrn jn
cdjtuj bvtyb&
q :tkfntkmyj^ xnj,s d ljgjkytybt r dfitq jcdtljvktyyjcnb b evtyb.
bcgjkmpjdfnm bvt.obtcz d dfitv hfcgjhz;tybb gjkbnbxtcrbt b
gfhkfvtyncrbt chtlcndf^ ds jpyfrjvbkbcm c .hblbxtcrbv ghjwtccjv
ghbcjtlbytybz r vt;leyfhjlysv ljujdjhfv^ rfr ’nj jgbcfyj yb;t&
Nbgjdst ljujdjhs b ltrkfhfwbb ghtlcnfdktys d Ghbkj;tybb 1&
Tckb Rjydtywbz j cnfnect ,t;tywtd b Ghjnjrjk tot yt hfnbabwbhjdfys^
bkb r ybv yt ghbcjtlbybkbcm
q Tckb d ntxtybt ghbtvktvjuj gthbjlf dhtvtyb d gfhkfvtyn dytctyj
ghtlkj;tybt j hfnbabrfwbb ’nb[ ljujdjhjd bkb j ghbcjtlbytybb r
ybv^ j,zpfntkmyj ghjujkjceqnt pf yb[ gjckt gjkextybz ytj,[jlbvjq
byajhvfwbb&
q Tckb ghfdbntkmcndj yt gjlybvftn ’njn djghjc d gfhkfvtynt d ntxtybt
hfpevyj ytj,[jlbvjuj chjrf^ bcgjkmpeqnt gfhkfvtyncre. ghjwtlehe
pfghjcf d flhtc ghfdbntkmcndf^ xnj,s jyj j,]zcybkj^ gjxtve ’njn
djghjc yt dsyjcbncz yf hfccvjnhtybt gfhkfvtynf b ghbpjdbnt
ghfdbntkmcndj yfxfnm ,tp ghjvtlktybz ghjwtcc hfnbabrfwbb bkb
ghbcjtlbytybz r erfpfyysv ljujdjhfv&
q Tckb ghfdbntkmcndj gjlgbcfkj Rjydtywb. j cnfnect ,t;tywtd b
Ghjnjrjk^ yj pflth;bdftn ghjwtcc b[ hfnbabrfwbb%
-- Djcgjkmpeqntcm gfhkfvtyncrjq ghjwtlehjq pfghjcf d flhtc
ghfdbntkmcndf lkz dszcytybz^ gjxtve tve yf ’nj nht,etncz nfr
vyjuj dhtvtyb^ b ghjcbnt tuj ecrjhbnm ghjwtcc hfnbabrfwbb*
-- Bcgjkmpeqnt cdjt ghfdj pfrjyjlfntkmyjq bybwbfnbds b dytcbnt
pfrjyjghjtrn gj ’njve djghjce&
Tckb ghfdbntkmcndj dscnegftn ghjnbd hfnbabrfwbb bkb ghbcjtlbytybz
q Gjgsnfqntcm epyfnm gjlhj,yjcnb j nfrjq gjpbwbb ghfdbntkmcndf&
q Ghb ytj,[jlbvjcnb gjvjubnt ecnhfybnm cjvytybz b ytljgjybvfybt
df;yjcnb djghjcf b bcgjkmpeqnt cdjb gjkbnbxtcrbt cdzpb c wtkm.
ecrjhtybz ghjwtccf hfnbabrfwbb*
q Dscnegfqnt dvtcnt cj cdjbvb bp,bhfntkzvb pf ghjldb;tybt ltkf
hfnbabrfwbb bkb ghbcjtlbytybz&
Ghbcjtlbytybt r Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd
q Ujcelfhcndf vjuen ghbcjtlbybnmcz r Rjydtywbb 1951 ujlf j cnfnect
,t;tywtd d k.,jt dhtvz^ clfd ljrevtyn j ghbcjtlbytybb yf [hfytybt
Utythfkmyjve ctrhtnfh. Jhufybpfwbb J,]tlbytyys[ Yfwbq&
q Ljrevtyn j ghbcjtlbytybb ljk;ty ,snm gjlgbcfy Vbybcnhjv byjcnhfyys[
ltk bkb Ukfdjq ujcelfhcndf bkb ghfdbntkmcndf& J,sxyj ljrevtyn
gthtlftncz yf [hfytybt xthtp ghtlcnfdbntkz ghbcjtlbyz.otqcz cnhfys^
frrhtlbnjdfyyjq ghb inf,-rdfhnbht JJY d Ym.-Qjhrt&
q Nbgjdjq ljrevtyn j ghbcjtlbytybb r Rjydtywbb 1951 ujlf ghbdjlbncz
d Ghbkj;tybb 1&
‘
103

Fkmnthyfnbdyst ltrkfhfwbb^ ghtlecvjnhtyyst gj Rjydtywbb
q Ghb ghbcjtlbytybb r Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd ujcelfhcndf
ljk;ys erfpfnm^ ds,bhf.n kb jyb fkmnthyfnbdyjt pyfxtybt (a) bkb
(b) cnfnmb 1B(1) &
q Cnfnmz 1B(1) ukfcbn% D yfcnjzotq Rjydtywbb ghbdtltyyst d cnfnmt 1^
hfpltk F^ ckjdf ‘cj,snbz^ ghjbcitlibt lj 1 zydfhz 1951 ujlf\^
jpyfxf.n kb,j% a) ‘cj,snbz^ ghjbcitlibt d Tdhjgt lj 1 zydfhz 1951
ujlf\* bkb b) ‘cj,snbz^ ghjbcitlibt d Tdhjgt bkb d lheub[ vtcnf[ lj 1
zydfhz 1951 ujlf\* b rf;ljt Ljujdfhbdf.ottcz ujcelfhcndj erf;tn d
vjvtyn gjlgbcfybz^ hfnbabrfwbb bkb ghbcjtlbytybz^ rfrjuj njxyj bp
erfpfyys[ pyfxtybq jyj ghblth;bdftncz d jnyjitybb j,zpfntkmcnd^
ghbyzns[ bv yf ct,z yf jcyjdfybb yfcnjzotq Rjydtywbb&
q Gjxnb dct cnhfys^ rjnjhst ghbcjtlbybkbcm r Rjydtywbb^ ghbyzkb
,jktt ibhjrjt pyfxtybt (b)^ rjnjhjt^ rfr ghtlgjkfuftncz^ ,eltn
nfr;t ghbyznj ujcelfhcndfvb^ rjnjhst ghbcjtlbyzncz r Rjydtywbb d
,eleotv&
q

q
Nbgjdst ljrevtyns j ghfdjghttvcndt d jnyjitybb Rjydtywbb j
cnfnect ,t;tywtd b Ghjnjrjkf^ cjjndtncnde.obt gthdjve dfhbfyne^
ghbdjlzncz d Ghbkj;tybb 1&
Jujdjhrb^ djphf;tybz bkb pfzdktybz^ hfcrhsdf.obt gjpbwbb gj jnltkmysv
gjkj;tybzv
q E,tlbntcm^ xnj Rjydtywbz j cnfnect ,t;tywtd b Ghjnjrjk yt
cjghjdj;lf.ncz ybrfrbvb jujdjhrfvb^ yfghfdktyysvb yf juhfybxtybt
caths b[ ghbvtytybz^ bkb rfrbvb-yb,elm djphf;tybzvb bkb
pfzdktybzvb&
q Tckb ghfdbntkmcndj j,hfnbkjcm d gfhkfvtyn c ghjcm,jq j hfnbabrfwbb
erfpfyys[ ljrevtynjd c jujdjhrfvb^ juhfybxbdf.obvb cathe
b[ ghbvtytybz^ djphf;tybzvb bkb pfzdktybzvb^ hfcrhsdf.obvb
gjpbwbb gj jnltkmysv b[ gjkj;tybzv%
-- e,tlbdibcm^ xnj nfrbt juhfybxtybz ytj,jcyjdfyys^ cjltqcndeqnt
njve^ xnj,s j,obq bynthtc dpzk dth[ yfl dtljvcndtyysvb
bkb pfdbczobvb jn xfcnys[ j,cnjzntkmcnd bynthtcfvb*
-- ghb ytj,[jlbvjcnb^ vj,bkbpeqnt j,otcndtyyjt vytybt d
gjkmpe njuj^ xnj,s ghfdbntkmcndj gthtcvjnhtkj cdjq gjl[jl&
q Tckb jujdjhrb ghfdbntkmcndf^ juhfybxbdf.obt cathe ghbvtytybz
ljrevtynjd^ djphf;tybz bkb pfzdktybz^ hfcrhsdf.obt gjpbwbb gj
jnltkmysv gjkj;tybzv^ enhfnbkb cdj. frnefkmyjcnm^ ds vj;tnt%
-- bcgjkmpjdfnm gfhkfvtyncre. ghjwtlehe pfghjcf lkz dszcytybz
yfvthtybq ghfdbntkmcndf*
-- ghtlghbyznm ltqcndbz c wtkm. cyznbz juhfybxtybq&
q Ds vj;tnt nfr;t bcgjkmpjdfnm cdjt ghfdj bybwbbhjdfnm ghtlkj;tybt
j cyznbb ’nb[ juhfybxtybq&
Rjyrhtnyst jujdjhrb b juhfybxtybz^ ljgecrftvst gj Rjydtywbb
Lkz njuj xnj,s Ljujdfhbdf.obtcz Ujcelfhcndf vjukb ghbyznm dj
dybvfybt cgtwbfkmyst eckjdbz^ ceotcnde.obt yf vjvtyn ghbcjtlbytybz^
Rjydtywbz j cnfnect ,t;tywtd b Ghjnjrjk gjpdjkz.n bv jghtltkbnm
juhfybxtybz bkb cltkfnm jujdjhrb d jnyjitybb b[ jghtltktyys[
gjkj;tybq& Jlyfrj d cjjndtncndbb cj cnfnmtq 42 jujdjhrb yt vjuen
,snm cltkfys r ytrjnjhsv jcyjdysv gjkj;tybzv Rjydtywbb%
-- Cnfnmz 1% Jghtltktybt gjyznbz ‘,t;tytw\*
-- Cnfnmz 3% Ytljgecnbvjcnm lbcrhbvbyfwbb*
-- Cnfnmz 4% Htkbubjpyst e,t;ltybz*
-- Cnfnmz 16(1)% Ghfdj yf j,hfotybt d cel*
-- Cnfnmz 33% Pfghtotybt dscskrb ,t;tywtd*
-- Cnfnmb 36 gj 46 drk.xbntkmyj% Pfrk.xbntkmyst gjkj;tybz&
q Ghb ghbcjtlbytybb r Rjydtywbb jujdjhrb vjuen ,snm cltkfys r tt
k.,jq(sv) cnfnmt(zv)^ ghb ghb ’njv jcnf.ncz d cbkt dsitegjvzyenst
bcrk.xtybz&
‘
105

q Rhjvt njuj^ jujdjhrb vjuen ,snm cltkfys b r cnfnmt IV Ghjnjrjkf^
rjnjhfz cjjndtncndetn cnfnmt 38 Rjydtywbb (hfphtitybt cgjhjd)&
q Ybrfrbt jujdjhrb yt vjuen ,snm cltkfys r cnfnmt II Ghjnjrjkf j
cjnhelybxtcndt c EDR< JJY&
q Cj dhtvtytv b d cjjndtncndbb c bpvtybdibvbcz j,cnjzntkmcndfvb
ytrjnjhst ujcelfhcndf htibkb cyznm jujdjhrb^ cltkfyyst dj dhtvz
ghbcjtlbytybz r Rjydtywbb&
Ghbyznbt pfrjyjlfntkmcndf lkz bvgktvtynfwbb Rjydtywbb b Ghjnjrjkf
q Gjckt hfnbabrfwbb Rjydtywbb b Ghjnjrjkf b b[ dcnegktybz d cbke
gjcnfhfqntcm^ xnj,s gfhkfvtyn ghbyzk yfwbjyfkmyjt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj^
rjnjhjt ,s cjjndtncndjdfkj gjkj;tybzv vt;leyfhjlys[
ljujdjhjd&
q Ghb ytj,[jlbvjcnb djcgjkmpeqntcm gfhkfvtyncrjq ghjwtlehjq b
gjnht,eqnt jn ghfdbntkmcndf ghtlcnfdbnm yf hfccvjnhtybt gfhkfvtynf
d ntxtybt ghbtvktvjuj dhtvtyb pfrjyjghjtrns bkb ljgjkytybz
r ceotcnde.obv pfrjyfv&
q D xfcnyjcnb^ lj,bdfqntcm njuj^ xnj,s pfrjys gj bvvbuhfwbb^
uhf;lfycnde b eujkjdysq rjltrc cjjndtncndjdfkb yjhvfv
vt;leyfhjlyjuj ghfdf ,t;tywtd&
Ghb ytj,[jlbvjcnb j,hfnbntcm r ytpfdbcbvsv ’rcgthnfv bkb pf cjdtnjv r
EDR< JJY
q Ghb ytj,[jlbvjcnb j,hfnbntcm r yfwbjyfkmysv b vt;leyfhjlysv
’rcgthnfv c ghjcm,jq^ xnj,s jyb vjukb dscrfpfnm cdjt vytybt&
q Pfrjyjlfntkmcndj^ bvgktvtynbhe.ott Rjydtywb. b Ghjnjrjk j
cnfnect ,t;tywtd^ ,eltn pfdbctnm jn yfwbjyfkmys[ ghfdjds[ nhflbwbq^
dyenhtyyb[ j,cnjzntkmcnd b jn njq vths^ d rjnjhjq ,t;tyws b
kbwf^ boeobt e,t;bof^ e;t yfikb pfobne gj lheubv hfpltkfv
dyenhbujcelfhcndtyyjuj ghfdf& EDR< JJY ghtljcnfdkztn gjvjom d
’njv rf;ljq jnltkmyjq cnhfyt gj tt ghjcm,t& Eghfdktybt Dth[jdyjuj
rjvbccfhf vj;tn ghtljcnfdbnm byajhvfwb.^ lfnm cjdtn b ghtlcnfdbnm
htrjvtylfwbb gfhkfvtynfhbzv bkb b[ gthcjyfke&
q Ghtlcnfdbntkmcnde EDR< JJY^ hfcgjkj;tyyjve yf nthhbnjhbb
pfbynthtcjdfyyjuj ujcelfhcndf bkb jndtxf.otuj pf ytuj^ [jhjij
bpdtcnys vtcnyst b htubjyfkmyst eckjdbz^ f nfr;t b vt;leyfhjlyst
cnfylfhns& Ghtlcnfdbntkmcndf EDR< JJY vjuen dscnegfnm d
rfxtcndt ukfdys[ gfhnythjd gfhkfvtynfhbtd^ gjkexfz ghb ’njv
gjllth;re cj cnjhjys Ltgfhnfvtynf EDR< JJY gj vt;leyfhjlyjq
pfobnt (cvjnhbnt Ghbkj;tybt 3^ cgbcjr ghtlcnfdbntkmcnd EDR<
JJY)& n
106

Jcyjdyst ’ktvtyns yfwbjyfkmyjuj
pfrjyjlfntkmcndf gj ,t;tywfv
D rfxtcndt gthdjuj ifuf d ghjwtcct hfphf,jnrb yfwbjyfkmyjuj pfrjyjlfntkmcndf
gj pfobnt ,t;tywtd gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen hfccvjnhtnm
cktle.obt ’ktvtyns^ jcyjdfyyst yf erfpfyyjv vt;leyfhjlyjv ghfdt b
cnfylfhnf[%
Ytljgecnbvjcnm lbcrhbvbyfwbb
Cnfnmz 3 Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd* cnfnmz IV Rjydtywbb JFT*
cnfnmz 2 Dctj,otq Ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf
q
q
Ghtldfhbntkmyst gjkj;tybz ljk;ys cjlth;fnm j,oe. ufhfynb.
njuj^ xnj pfrjyjlfntkmcndj ,eltn ghbvtyznmcz ,tp lbcrhbvbyfwbb gj
ghbpyfre hfcs^ dthjbcgjdtlfybz^ uhf;lfycndf^ ghbyflkt;yjcnb r
jghtltktyyjq cjwbfkmyjq uheggt^ gjkbnbxtcrb[ e,t;ltybq bkb
cnhfys ghjbc[j;ltybz gj jnyjityb. rj dctv kbwfv^ ghbpyfyysv
d rfxtcndt ,t;tywtd&
Jghtltktybt gjyznbz ‘kbwj^ boeott e,t;bof\ ljk;yj drk.xfnm
k.,jt kbwj^ rjnjhjt dshf;ftn ;tkfybt gjkexbnm e,t;bot ytpfdbcbvj
jn njuj^ ghtlcnfdbkj kb jyj jabwbfkmyjt [jlfnfqcndj j
ghtljcnfdktybb e,t;bof bkb ytn&
Rhbnthbb jghtltktybz gjyznbz ‘,t;tytw\
Cnfnmz 1F b D Rjydtywbb* Geyrns 6F b 6D Ecnfdf EDR< JJY* Cnfnmz
1(1)^ (2) b (3) Rjydtywbb JFT
q
q
q
D ckexft ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd Rjydtywbb#Ghjnjrjkf j cnfnect
,t;tywtd rhbnthbb jghtltktybz gjyznbz ‘,t;tytw\ ljk;ys cjjndtncndjdfnm^
gj rhfqytq vtht^ jghtltktyb.^ lfyyjve d ’nb[ ljrevtynf[&
Ujcelfhcndfv-exfcnybrfv Rjydtywbb JFT cktletn ghbvtyznm hfcibhtyyjt
jghtltktybt gjyznbz ‘,t;tytw\^ lfyyjt d ’njq Rjydtywbb&
EDR< JJY ghbpsdftn dct ujcelfhcndf hfccvjnhtnm djghjc j
ghbyznbb ,jktt ibhjrjuj jghtltktybz gjyznbz ‘,t;tytw\^ ghbdjlbvjuj
d Rjydtywbb JFT b Rfhnf[tycrjq Ltrkfhfwbb&
Vt;leyfhjlyjt cjj,otcndj tot yt ghbikj r cjukfcjdfyyjve
vytyb.^ rjnjhjt j,zpsdfkj ,s ujcelfhcndf ltqcndjdfnm c extnjv
’njuj ibhjrjuj jghtltktybz gj jnyjityb. r kbwfv^ rjnjhst
jndtxf.n lfyyjve jghtltktyb. gjyznbz ‘,t;tytw\& Nfrbv j,hfpjv^
vfylfn^ gjkextyysq EDR< JJY jn Utythfkmyjq Fccfv,ktb JJY^ yt
gjlrhtgkzkcz d ntxtybt vyjub[ ktn j,zpfntkmcndfvb^ rjnjhst
ghbybvfkb yf ct,z ujcelfhcndf& "nj jpyfxftn^ xnj pfobnf nfrb[
k.ltq jcyjdfyf crjhtt yf lbcrhtwbjyyjv ghfdt ujcelfhcnd^ xtv yf
vt;leyfhjlyjv ghfdt&
‘
107

q
q
q
Gjrf yt ljcnbuyen vt;leyfhjlysq rjyctycec^ b rfr jlby bp gentq r
tuj ljcnb;tyb.^ gfhkfvtynfhbb vjukb ,s hfccvjnhtnm djghjc j
drk.xtybb d yfwbjyfkmyjt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj gjkj;tybz j ghtljcnfdktybb
pfobns k.lzv^ cgfcf.obvcz jn djjhe;tyys[ rjyakbrnjd^
cktlez ghbvthfv Rjydtywbb JFT b Rfhnf[tycrjq Ltrkfhfwbb&
Gjkj;tybz^ gj rjnjhsv bp vt;leyfhjlyjq pfobns bcrk.xf.ncz
jghtltktyyst rfntujhbb ,t;tywtd^ nfr;t zdkz.ncz xfcnm. rhbnthbtd
jghtltktybz gjyznbz ‘,t;tytw\& Gjkj;tybzvb j, bcrk.xtybb
zdkz.ncz hfpltks D^ E b F cnfnmb 1 Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd
b cnfnmz 1 (5) Rjydtywbb JFT& Gjcrjkmre gthtxtym gjkj;tybq j,
bcrk.xtybb d Rjydtywbb 1951 ujlf zdkztncz bcxthgsdf.obv^ d
yfwbjyfkmyjv pfrjyjlfntkmcndt yt cktletn ybxtuj vtyznm bkb
lj,fdkznm d ’nb gjkj;tybz&
Gjkj;tybz^ rjnjhst jghtltkz.n eckjdbz ghtrhfotybz cnfnecf
,t;tywf^ nfr;t cjcnfdkz.n xfcnm rhbnthbtd jghtltktybz gjyznbz
‘,t;tytw\& Gjkj;tybzvb j, bcrk.xtybb zdkz.ncz cnfnmz 1C
Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd b cnfnmz 1 (4) Rjydtywbb JFT&
Gjcrjkmre gthtxtym gjkj;tybq j ghtrhfotybb cnfnecf ,t;tywf d
Rjydtywbb 1951 ujlf zdkztncz bcxthgsdf.obv^ d yfwbjyfkmyjv
pfrjyjlfntkmcndt yt cktletn ybxtuj vtyznm bkb lj,fdkznm d ’nb
gjkj;tybz&
Ghjwtlehs jghtltktybz cnfnecf ,t;tywf
q Jghtltktybt cnfnecf zdkztncz rk.xtdsv vjvtynjv pfobns^ jlyfrj
ghjwtlehs jghtltktybz cnfnecf yt bpkj;tys ltnfkmyj d Rjydtywbb
1951 ujlf&
q
Vyjubt cnhfys^ f nfr;t EDR< JJY^ yfrjgbkb ,jufnsq jgsn d
ghbvtytybb jghtltktybz gjyznbz ‘,t;tytw\& Ntv yt vtytt^ ’nj nfr;t
jlyf bp j,kfcntq^ yf rjnjhe. jrfpsdf.n dkbzybt yfwbjyfkmyst
ghfdjdst cnhernehs^ htcehcs b gjnht,yjcnb&
q Bcgjkybntkmysq Rjvbntn EDR< JJY htrjvtyljdfk yf
vt;leyfhjlyjv ehjdyt jghtltktyyst vbybvfkmyst nht,jdfybz d
jnyjitybb ghjwtleh jghtltktybz cnfnecf ,t;tywtd (cvjnhbnt Ukfde 3)&
Ghbywbg ytdscbkrb b dsldjhtybt ,t;tywtd
Cnfnmb 32 b 33 Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd* Cnfnmz II (3) Rjydtywbb
JFT* Pfrk.xtybt @ 6 Bcgjkrjvf EDR< JJY (XXVIII)* Pfrk.xtybt @ 7
Bcgjkrjvf EDR< JJY (XXVIII)
q
Dyenhbujcelfhcndtyyjt ghfdj ljk;yj jlyjpyfxyj pfobofnm ,t;tywtd b
kbw^ boeob[ e,t;bof^ jn djpdhfotybz rfrbv ,s nj yb ,skj cgjcj,jv
yf uhfybws cnhfys^ ult b[ ;bpyb bkb cdj,jlt euhj;ftn jgfcyjcnm gj
ghbxbyt b[ hfcs^ dthjbcgjdtlfybz^ uhf;lfycndf^ ghbyflkt;yjcnb r
jghtltktyyjq cjwbfkmyjq uheggt bkb gjkbnbxtcrb[ e,t;ltybq&
‘
108

q
q
q
Ghbywbg ytdscskrb rjlbabwbhjdfy d cnfnmt 33 Rjydtywbb 1951 ujlf&
D ’njq ;t cnfnmt nfr;t cjlth;bncz jlyj df;yjt bcrk.xtybt% ghbywbg
ytdscskrb yt vj;tn ghbvtyznmcz gj jnyjityb. r ,t;tywe^ tckb tcnm
edf;bntkmyst ghbxbys cxbnfnm^ xnj lfyyjt kbwj vj;tn ghtlcnfdkznm
cj,jq euhjpe ,tpjgfcyjcnb cnhfys^ d rjnjhjq jy#jyf
yf[jlbncz^ bkb tckb^ ,elexb jce;ltyysv d cjdthitybb jcj,tyyj
nz;rjuj ghtcnegktybz^ ’nj kbwj ghtlcnfdkztn j,otcndtyye. euhjpe
lkz cnhfys&
Ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrb Rjydtywbb ghjnbd gsnjr b lheub[ ;tcnjrb[^
,tcxtkjdtxys[ bkb eyb;f.ob[ ljcnjbycndj dbljd j,hfotybz b
yfrfpfybz^ Vt;leyfhjlyjuj gfrnf j uhf;lfycrb[ b gjkbnbxtcrb[
ghfdf[ bkb hfpkbxys[ htubjyfkmys[ ljujdjhjd gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf
dpzkb yf ct,z hfpkbxyst b ljgjkybntkmyst j,zpfntkmcndf d jnyjitybb
ghbywbgf ytdscskrb D ’nb[ cnhfyf[ gfhkfvtynfhbb vjukb ,s
hfccvjnhtnm djghjc j cdtltybb djtlbyj dct[ ’nb[ ghbywbgjd pfobns d
jlyjv pfrjyjlfntkmyjv frnt&
Pfrjyjlfntkmcndj ljk;yj nfr;t ghtlecvfnhbdfnm^ xnj ,t;tytw^
yf[jlzobqcz d cnhfyt yf pfrjyys[ jcyjdfybz[^ vj;tn ,snm dsckfy
njkmrj tckb jy ghtlcnfdkztn cj,jq euhjpe ,tpjgfcyjcnb cnhfys bkb
j,otcndtyyjve gjhzlre& Jy bvttn ghfdj yf jghtltktyyst ghjwtlehyst
ufhfynbb yf ght,sdfybt d cnhfyt lj cdjtq dscskrb&
Ytktufkmysq d]tpl d cnhfye b pflth;fybt
Cnfnmz 31 Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd* Pfrk.xtybt @ 44 Bcgjkrjvf
EDR< JJY (XXVII)* Herjdjlzobt erfpfybz EDR< JJY j pflth;fybb
kbw^ boeob[ e,t;bof&
q Yf ,t;tywtd b boeob[ e,t;bof kbw^ rjnjhst ytpfrjyyj d]tp;f.n d
cnhfye bkb yf[jlzncz yf tt nthhbnjhbb ytpfrjyyj^ yt ljk;ys
yfkfufnmcz dpscrfybz^ ghb eckjdbb^ xnj jyb ,tp ghjvtlktybz cfvb
zdzncz r cjjndtncnde.obv dkfcnzv b ghtlcnfdzn bv eljdktndjhbntkmyjt
j,]zcytybt cdjtuj ytpfrjyyjuj d]tplf bkb ght,sdfybz d
cnhfyt (cv& Ukfde 5)&
Eljcnjdthtybt kbxyjcnb b ghjtplyst ljrevtyns
Cnfnmb 27 b 28 Rjydtywbb 1951 ujlf^ ghbkj;tybz r ytq* Cnfnmz VI
Rjydtywbb JFT* Pfrk.xtybt @ 35 (XXXV) Bcgjkrjvf EDR< JJY*
Pfrk.xtybt @ 49 (XXXVIII) Bcgjkrjvf EDR< JJY&
q Gj pfrjyjlfntkmcnde ljk;yf ghtlecvfnhbdfnmcz dslfxf ghbpyfyysv
,t;tywfv eljcnjdthtybq kbxyjcnb b ghjtplys[ ljrevtynjd ntv
,t;tywfv^ rjnjhst yf[jlzncz d cnhfyt yf pfrjyys[ jcyjdfybz[&
q Dslfxf ghjtplyjuj ljrevtynf yt jpyfxftn ghtljcnfdktybz ,t;tywe
uhf;lfycndf^ Ntv yt vtytt nfrbt ljrevtyns bvt.n lkz ,t;tywtd
jcj,e. df;yjcnm^ gjcrjkmre jyb j,ktuxf.n bv gjtplrb d lheubt
cnhfys rfr d wtkz[ ext,s^ gjbcrf hf,jns^ ktxtybz bkb gthtctktybz^
nfr b d lheub[ wtkz[&
q Ytj,[jlbve. gjvjom d ’njv vj;yj gjkexbnm d vtcnyjv ghtlcnfdbntkmcndt
EDR< JJY&
‘
109

Gjvtotybz lkz ghbtvf ,t;tywtd b jrfpfybt gjvjob
q
D pfdbcbvjcnb jn bvt.ob[cz d cnhfyt htcehcjd vj;tn jrfpsdfnmcz
gjvjom ,t;tywfv^ rjnjhst d ytq ye;lf.ncz^ d ntxtybt dhtvtyb^
ytj,[jlbvjuj lkz dsytctybz jrjyxfntkmyjuj htitybz gj b[ pfzdktybzv&
q
Gjvjom^ rjnjhfz vj;tn ,snm jrfpfyf rjvgtntynyjq ytghfdbntkmcndtyyjq
jhufybpfwbtq^ vj;tn drk.xfnm%
-- ghtljcnfdktybt ghtlvtnjd gthdjq ytj,[jlbvjcnb b^ tckb ’nj
ghbvtybvj^ cjwbfkmys[ kmujn*
-- rjycekmnfnbdye. gjvjom ghb cjcnfdktybb b gjlfxt [jlfnfqcndf
c ghjcm,jq j ghtljcnfdktybb cnfnecf ,t;tywf^ f nfr;t gj
flvbybcnhfnbdysv djghjcfv*
-- rjycekmnbhjdfybt gj cjwbfkmysv djghjcfv*
-- jrfpfybt .hblbxtcrjq gjvjob&
Lheubt ghfdf b j,zpfyyjcnb ,t;tywtd
(Ukfds II,III, IV b V Rjydtywbb j cnfnect ,t;tywtd)
q
q
q
D cjjndtncndbb cj cnfylfhnfvb^ ghbvtyztvsvb r uhf;lfyfv cnhfys^
,t;tywfv ljk;ys ,snm ghtljcnfdktys cktle.obt ghfdf%
-- Cjdthifnm htkbubjpyst j,hzls b gjkexfnm htkbubjpyjt
j,hfpjdfybt% yt ljgecrf.ncz ybrfrbt jujdjhrb*
-- Gjkexfnm yfxfkmyjt j,hfpjdfybt d ujcelfhcndtyys[ irjkf[*
-- Gjkexfnm ujcelfhcndtyyst gjcj,bz^ bcgjkmpjdfnm cjwbfkmyjt
j,tcgtxtybt b nheljdjt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj*
-- J,hfofnmcz d cel (yt ljgecrf.ncz ybrfrbt jujdjhrb)*
-- Gjkexfnm ghfdjde. gjvjom*
-- Jceotcndkznm ghfdf hjlbntktq&
D Rjydtywbb hfccvfnhbdftncz nfr;t hzl djghjcjd^ rjnjhst jrfpsdf.n
df;yjt djpltqcndbt yf gjdctlytdye. ;bpym ,t;tywf%
-- ghbj,htntybt ldb;bvjuj b ytldb;bvjuj bveotcndf (cnfnmz 13)*
-- pfyznbz^ ghbyjczobt lj[jl (cnfnmb 17^ 18 b 19)*
-- ;bkboysq djghjc (cnfnmz 3)*
-- nheljdjt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj b cjwbfkmyjt j,tcgtxtybt (cnfnmz 24)&
E rf;ljuj ,t;tywf ceotcnde.n j,zpfntkmcndf d jnyjitybb cnhfys^
d rjnjhjq jy yf[jlbncz^ b jy ljk;ty gjlxbyznmcz pfrjyfv b
hfcgjhz;tybzv^ f nfr;t vthfv^ ghbybvftvsv dkfcnzvb lkz gjllth;fybz
j,otcndtyyjuj gjhzlrf (cnfnmz 2)&
‘
110

Hjkm EDR< JJY
Cnfnmz 35 Rjydtywbb 1951 ujlf* Cnfnmz VIII Rjydtywbb JFT
Ljk;ys ,snm ghtlecvjnhtys rjyrhtnyst gjkj;tybz j cjnhelybxtcndt c
EDR< JJY b jrfpfybb tve cjltqcndbz d dsgjkytybb cdjtq rjynhjkbhe.otq
hjkb^ d njv xbckt gentv ghtljcnfdktybz cdtltybq b cnfnbcnbxtcrb[
lfyys[ j gjkj;tybb ,t;tywtd d cnhfyt^ j, bvgktvtynfwbb
cjjndtncnde.ob[ vt;leyfhjlys[ ljujdjhjd j ,t;tywf[ b j pfrjyf[^
hfcgjhz;tybz[ b gjcnfyjdktybz[ gj djghjce j ,t;tywf[&
Rjyabltywbfkmyjcnm
q Ljk;yf cj[hfyznmcz rjyabltywbfkmyjcnm gthcjyfkmyjq byajhvfwbb
jnyjczotqcz r kbwfv^ boeobv e,t;bof^ b ,t;tywfv&
q
Hfpukfitybt k.,jq nfrjq gthcjyfkmyjq byajhvfwbb gjcnjhjyybv
kbwfv vj;tn ghjbc[jlbnm njkmrj c cjukfcbz cjjndtncnde.otuj
,t;tywf bkb kbwf^ boeotuj e,t;bof&
Ghfdf xtkjdtrf
q Df;yj ghjcktlbnm pf ntv^ xnj,s pfrjyjlfntkmcndj yt cjlth;fkj
ybrfrb[ gjkj;tybq^ rjnjhst gjpdjkzkb ,s k.,sv dkfcnzv
ghtlghbybvfnm rfrbt-kb,j ltqcndbz d jnyjitybb ,t;tywtd bkb
kbw^ boeob[ e,t;bof^ rjnjhst vjuen zdkznmcz yfheitybtv rfrb[
,s nj yb ,skj ghfd b jcyjdys[ cdj,jl^ jghtltktyys[ j,obv
vt;leyfhjlysv ghfdjv ghfd xtkjdtrf& n
111

Ukfdf 7
Abyfycbhjdfybt
Vt;leyfhjlyjt j,zpfntkmcndj yt djpdhfofnm ,t;tywtd d vtcnf^
ult b[ ;bpyb euhj;ftn jgfcyjcnm^ zdkztncz f,cjk.nysv b
ghbvtyztncz gj jnyjityb. rj dctv cnhfyfv ytpfdbcbvj jn
ehjdyz b[ ’rjyjvbxtcrjuj hfpdbnbz& J,tcgtxtybt gjnht,yjcntq
,t;tywtd^ cgfcf.ott b[ ;bpyb^ hfphf,jnrf b ghbyznbt cghfdtlkbds[ b
’aatrnbdys[ ghjwtleh ghtljcnfdktybz e,t;bof^ jrfpfybt gjvjob
,t;tywfv ghb b[ djpdhfotybb yf hjlbye bkb byntuhfwbb d vtcnyst
cjj,otcndf --- dct ’nj nht,etn ltytu^ rjnjhst dsltkz.n ghbybvf.obt
,t;tywtd ujcelfhcndf^ f nfr;t vt;leyfhjlyjt cjj,otcndj d le[t
vt;leyfhjlyjq cjkblfhyjcnb& Jlyfrj gjnht,yjcnb yfvyjuj ghtdsif.n
abyfycjdst djpvj;yjcnb& Gjcrjkmre gfhkfvtynfhbb buhf.n rk.xtde.
hjkm ghb dsltktybb ,.l;tnys[ fccbuyjdfybq^ ’aatrnbdyjcnm rfr
gjkbnbrb b[ ghfdbntkmcnd gj jrfpfyb. gjvjob b ghtljcnfdktyb.
e,t;bof ,t;tywfv^ nfr b vt;leyfhjlyjq cbcntvs pfobns ,t;tywtd^
pfdbcbn jn pfbynthtcjdfyyjcnb gfhkfvtynfhbtd d b[ abyfycbhjdfybb&

yjcnm bkb jrfpsdftn gjvjom ghfdbntkmcnde d gjbcrt lheub[ bcnjxybrjd
abyfycbhjdfybz& Ghbjhbntns ,elen vtyznmcz d rf;ljv rjyrhtnyjv
ckexft^ yj ,jkmibycnde cnhfy ytj,[jlbvj bvtnm cbcntve gj ghbtve
kbw^ boeob[ e,t;bof^ b eljdktndjhtyb. bp jcyjdys[ gjnht,yjcntq&
Ghfdbntkmcndfv ytj,[jlbvj nfr;t bvtnm rfre.-yb,elm jhufybpfwb.^
rjnjhfz pfybvfkjcm ,s djghjcfvb ,t;tywtd^ yfghbvth^ jhufy^ rjnjhsq
ghjdjlbn ghjwtlehe jghtltktybz cnfnecf ,t;tywtd& Bcgjkmpez cdjq
gznbltcznbktnybq jgsn hf,jns dj dct[ cnhfyf[ vbhf^ EDR< JJY vj;tn
gjlcrfpfnm^ rfrbt ’rjyjvbxtcrb ’aatrnbdyst cnhernehs b ghjwtlehs
vjuen jndtxfnm vtcnysv eckjdbzv&
Dsltktybt chtlcnd lkz EDR< JJY
Vt;leyfhjlyfz gjvjom ,t;tywfv yfghfdkztncz xthtp EDR< JJY^
ytghfdbntkmcndtyyst jhufybpfwbb bkb jlyjdhtvtyyj xthtp yb[ j,jb[&
EDR< JJY zdkztncz jlybv bp ytvyjub[ exht;ltybq JJY^ rjnjhjt
pfdbcbn gjxnb gjkyjcnm. jn lj,hjdjkmys[ gj;thndjdfybq yf abyfycbhjdfybt
tuj jgthfwbq& Vtytt lde[ ghjwtynjd ujljdjuj ,.l;tnf EDR<
JJY gjcnegf.n bp ,.l;tnf JJY* jcnfkmye. xfcnm ,.l;tnf cjcnfdkz.n
gj;thndjdfybz ujcelfhcnd^ jnltkmys[ kbw b xfcnyjuj ctrnjhf&
‚

xhtpdsxfqys[ ghbpsdjd d gthbjl ghjdtltybz jgthfwbq d Rjcjdj b
Djcnjxyjv Nbvjht^ EDR< JJY gjkexbkj ,jktt 15 vbkkbjyjd ljkkfhjd
CIF jn xfcnyjuj ctrnjhf d 2000 ujle& Chtlcndf ,skb vj,bkbpjdfys d
jcyjdyjv d cnhfyf[ Tdhjgs (Ahfywbz^ Uthvfybz^ Bnfkbz^ Bcgfybz b
Dtkbrj,hbnfybz)^ Cjtlbytyys[ Infnf[ Fvthbrb b Zgjybb&
YGJ dyjczn cdjq drkfl d ujljdjq ,.l;tn EDR< JJY^ j,hfofzcm r
ibhjrjq j,otcndtyyjcnb jn bvtyb EDR< JJY ghb ghjdtltybb hzlf
jgthfwbq& Ytrjnjhst YGJ^ nfrbt rfr Espan˜a con ACNUR, USA for UNHCR,
UK for UNHCR (Refaid) and Action Refugies, pfybvf.ncz rjyrhtnyj c,jhjv
chtlcnd lkz EDR< JJY& D gjcktlybt ujls j,]tv gj;thndjdfybq
xfcnyjuj ctrnjhf b YGJ edtkbxbdfkcz d htpekmnfnt cjdvtcnys[ ecbkbq
gj gjdsityb. byajhvbhjdfyyjcnb ibhjrjq j,otcndtyyjcnb gj hflbj^
xthtp ghtcce b lheubt rfyfks vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb&
‚ Gjnht,yjcnm d ghtlcrfpetvjv b ub,rjv
abyfycbhjdfybb
Jcyjdyst ljyjhs EDR< JJY
(d 2000 u^ d vbkkbjyf[ ljkkfhjd CIF)
Cjtlbytyyst Infns Fvthbrb 245^2
Zgjybz
99^9
Yblthkfyls
48^0
Idtwbz
42^0
Tdhjgtqcrfz Rjvbccbz
41^0
Yjhdtubz
41^0
Lfybz
37^0
Dtkbrj,hbnfybz
31^0
Rfyflf
17^0
Uthvfybz
15^0
Idtqwfhbz
15^0
Fdcnhfkbz
11^0
Abykzylbz
11^0
Bnfkbz
11^0
Dctuj
665^1
Ghbdtltyyst wbahs jrheuktys&
Ytn f,cjk.nyj ybrfrjq ufhfynbb
d njv^ xnj EDR< JJY ,eltn
gjkexfnm dct ytj,[jlbvst
chtlcndf lkz ghjdtltybz
cdjb[ pfgkfybhjdfyys[ jgthfwbq&
Yfghbvth^ d 2000 abyfycjdjv
ujle ltabwbn
,.l;tnf EDR< JJY cjcnfdbk
89 vbkkbjyjd ljkkfhjd CIF&
Ghb yt[dfnrt ltytu ghb[jlbncz
ehtpfnm bkb gjkyjcnm. cjrhfofnm
nfrbt df;yst ghjuhfvvs^
rfr j,hfpjdfybt
ltntq b jceotcndktybt ghjtrnjd
gj cjplfyb. hf,jxb[ vtcn
lkz ,t;tywtd& D lj,fdktybt r
’njq ytjghtltktyyjcnb^ bynthtc
chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb^
f c ybv b vt;leyfhjlyfz
gjllth;rf^ vtyz.ncz
d rf;ljq rjyrhtnyjq cbnefwbb&
EDR< JJY ujhfplj nhelytt ghbdktrfnm chtlcndf lkz gjllth;rb nt[ uhegg^
rjnjhst zdkz.ncz ,t;tywfvb e;t d ntxtybt lkbntkmyjuj gthbjlf
dhtvtyb^ j rjnjhs[ xfcnj pf,sdf.n chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb^ gj
chfdytyb. c ,t;tywfvb d xhtpdsxfqys[ cbnefwbz[^ rjnjhst ghbdktrf.n r
ct,t dytpfgyjt b dctcnjhjyytt dybvfybt chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb&
Df;ys b rjkbxtcndj^ b rfxtcndj ghtljcnfdkztvs[ chtlcnd% ghtlcrfpetvjcnm^
ub,rjcnm b ,scnhjnf b[ ghtljcnfdktybz& Jxtym xfcnj EDR< JJY
dsye;ltyj yfxbyfnm jgthfwbb^ yt pyfz^ rjulf jyj vj;tn gjkexbnm
ytj,[jlbvst lkz ’njuj chtlcndf^ bkb crjkmrj jyj gjkexbn^ b ,elen kb
’nb chtlcndf dsltktys c rfrbvb-yb,elm jghtltktyysvb jujdjhrfvb&
114

Rjulf ljyjhs jghtltkz.n jcj,st eckjdbz bcgjkmpjdfybz b[ chtlcnd
(c erfpfybtv hfcghtltktybz)^ jyb juhfybxbdf.n ytpfdbcbvjcnm EDR<
JJY b jckf,kz.n tuj rjjhlbybhe.oe. hjkm&
Ghtlcrfpetvfz abyfycjdfz gjllth;rf^ jrfpsdftvfz yf hfyytv ’nfgt^
gjpdjkztn EDR< JJY ’aatrnbdyj bcgjkmpjdfnm cdjb abyfycjdst
htcehcs& EDR< JJY ghjcbn ljyjhjd yt erfpsdfnm hfcghtltktybt gj
hfc[jljdfyb. b[ gj;thndjdfybq& Tckb ;t hfcghtltktybt chtlcnd
ljk;yj ,snm erfpfyj^ nj ;tkfntkmyj^ xnj,s yfghfdktybz hfc[jljdfybz
,skb rfr vj;yj ,jktt ibhjrbvb& "nj gjpdjkztn Dth[jdyjve rjvbccfhe
gththfcghtltkznm chtlcndf ghb gjzdktybb yjds[ xhtpdsxfqys[ cbnefwbq
c ,t;tywfvb bkb rjulf rhbpbcs c ,t;tywfvb hfphtitys^ ntv
cfvsv ,scnhj htfubhez yf cbnefwb.^ rfr ’nj j;blf.n jn ytuj ghfdbntkmcndf^
j,otcndtyyjcnm b ,t;tyws&
‚ Gj;thndjdfybz yfnehjq
Gj;thndjdfybz yfnehjq^ d ajhvt nfrb[ njdfhjd bkb eckeu^ rfr gfkfnrb^
ktrfhcndf^ bycnhevtyn^ uhepjdst vfibys^ gtht,hjcrf ,t;tywtd gj djple[e^
vfnthbfkmyj-nt[ybxtcrjt j,tcgtxtybt^ cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyysq gthcjyfk^
ljgjkyz.n htcehcs EDR< JJY^ jcj,tyyj d ckexft rhegyjvfcinf,ys[
bkb ckj;ys[ xhtpdsxfqys[ cbnefwbq& "nb gj;thndjdfybz ljk;ys jndtxfnm
ye;lfv rjyrhtnyjq jgthfwbb^ yf rjnjhe. jyb yfghfdkz.ncz&
Gjrhsnbt hfc[jljd gj xhtpdsxfqyjq cbnefwbb c
,t;tywfvb
Gthdjyfxfkmyjt abyfycbhjdfybt gj jceotcndktyb. ghjtrnjd^ ghjdtltyb.
jgthfwbq b jrfpfyb. flvbybcnhfnbdyjq gjllth;rb dj dhtvz
xhtpdsxfqyjq cbnefwbb c ,t;tywfvb dthjznytt dctuj ,elen abyfycbhjdfnmcz
bp jgthfwbjyyjuj htpthdf EDR< JJY& Jlyfrj^ gjcrjkmre EDR<
JJY abyfycbhetncz gjxnb bcrk.xbntkmyj pf cxtn lj,hjdjkmys[
gj;thndjdfybq^ jyj hfccxbnsdftn^ xnj cjj,otcndj ljyjhjd ,eltn
,scnhj htfubhjdfnm yf xhtpdsxfqyst cbnefwbb c ,t;tywfvb&
Hf,jnfz cj cnhfyjq e,t;bof^ EDR< JJY hfphf,fnsdftn cnhfntub.
ecnfyjdktybz jnyjitybq c ljyjhfvb d gthdst lyb xhtpdsxfqyjq
cbnefwbb b gjllth;bdftn tt d ntxtybt dctuj [jlf ghjdtltybz jgthfwbb&
J gjnht,yjcnz[ dj dhtvz xhtpdsxfqyjq cbnefwbb^ [jlt jgthfwbb b
dcnhtxf.ob[cz nhelyjcnz[ cjj,oftncz ljyjhfv^ d jcyjdyjv gjchtlcndjv
xhtpdsxfqys[ ghbpsdjd^ rjnjhst bplftn inf,-rdfhnbhf EDR<
JJY gjckt ghjdtltybz rjycekmnfwbq cj cdjbvb ghtlcnfdbntkmcndfvb yf
vtcnf[ d cnhfyt e,t;bof& Htuekzhyst cjj,otybz ljyjhfv j gjkj;tybb
ltk lth;fn b[ d rehct [jlf ghjdtltybz jgthfwbb&
‘Rjyathtywbz htrjvtyletn^ xnj,s vt;leyfhjlyst abyfycjdst
jhufybpfwbb ghtljcnfdkzkb kmujnyst eckjdbz ntv cnhfyfv^
rjnjhst ghbybvf.n pyfxbntkmyjt xbckj ,t;tywtd\&
99-z Rjyathtywbz Vt;gfhkfvtyncrjuj Cj.pf^ fghtkm 1998
115

q Xnj vjuen cltkfnm gfhkfvtynfhbb$
Gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen gjllth;fnm ghtlkj;tybz gj ,.l;tnysv fccbuyjdfybzv
lkz hfphf,jnrb cghfdtlkbds[ b ’aatrnbdys[ ghjwtleh gj
ghtljcnfdktyb. e,t;bof^ eljdktndjhtybz yfceoys[ gjnht,yjcntq
,t;tywtd ghb b[ ghbtvt^ drk.xfz vtlbwbycrjt j,cke;bdfybt b
j,hfpjdfybt^ b jrfpfybz gjllth;rb d gjbcrt htitybq celm,s ,t;tywtd
xthtp lj,hjdjkmye. htgfnhbfwb. bkb vtcnye. byntuhfwb.&
Ghjuhfvvs EDR< JJY pfdbczn jn lj,hjdjkmys[ dpyjcjd b gj-
;thndjdfybq& Gfhkfvtynfhbb d nt[ cnhfyf[^ rjnjhst tot yt ltkf.n
gj;thndjdfybz EDR< JJY^ vjuen ghbpdfnm cdjb ghfdbntkmcndf ltkfnm
nfrbt gj;thndjdfybz&
Tckb rfrfz-yb,elm cnhfyf e;t zdkztncz ljyjhjv^ gfhkfvtynfhbb vjuen
hfccvjnhtnm djghjc edtkbxtybz cevvs gj;thndjdfybq lkz j,tcgtxtybz
njuj^ xnj EDR< JJY cvj;tn ghjljk;fnm jrfpsdfnm pfobne ,t;tywfv rfr
dj dhtvz ntreob[ cbnefwbq c ,t;tywfvb^ nfr b d k.,jt dhtvz b d k.,jv
vtcnt^ ult djpybrftn yjdsq rhbpbc c ,t;tywfvb&
‘Rjyathtywbz ghbpsdftn cnhfys-ljyjhs cjltqcndjdfnm
djccnfyjdktyb. d htubjyf[ rjyakbrnf b byntuhfwbb
djpdhfof.ob[cz ,t;tywtd^ gentv jrfpfybz lkz ’njuj
otlhjq gjvjob^ xnj,s ufhfynbhjdfnm kbxye.^
cjwbfkmye.^ ghfdjde. b vfnthbfkmye. ,tpjgfcyjcnm ,sdib[
,t;tywtd b gthtvtotyys[ kbw\&
99-z Rjyathtywbz Vt;gfhkfvtyncrjuj Cj.pf^ fghtkm 1998
116

Ghbkj;tybt 1
Nbgjdst ljujdjhs
j ghbcjtlbytybb b ghfdjghttvcndt

‚ Nbgjdjq ljujdjh j ghbcjtlbytybb r Rjydtywbb
1951 ujlf j cnfnect ,t;tywtd
Ghbybvfz dj dybvfybt^ xnj Rjydtywbz^ rfcf.ofzcz cnfnecf ,t;tywtd^
,skf ghbyznf Utythfkmyjq Fccfv,kttq Jhufybpfwbb J,]tlbytyys[
Yfwbq 28 b.kz nsczxf ltdznmcjn gznmltczn gthdjuj ujlf b jnrhsnf lkz
ghbcjtlbytybz d cjjndtncndbb cj cnfnmtq 39 Rjydtywbb*
B ghbybvfz dj dybvfybt^ xnj gfhfuhfa 3 erfpfyyjq cnfnmb 39 ghtlecvfnhbdftn^
xnj ghbcjtlbytybt r Rjydtywbb ,eltn ghjbpdjlbnmcz gentv
ltgjybhjdfybz e Utythfkmyjuj ctrhtnfhz Jhufybpfwbb J,]tlbytyys[
Yfwbq frnf j ghbcjtlbytybb*
D eljcnjdthtybt xtuj yb;tgjlgbcfdibqcz [Ukfdf ujcelfhcndf^ Ukfdf
ghfdbntkmcndf bkb Vbybcnh byjcnhfyys[ ltk] yfcnjzobv edtljvkztn^
xnj [lfyyjt ujcelfhcndj] ghbcjtlbyztncz r dsiterfpfyyjq Rjydtywbb b
cxbnftn ct,z cdzpfyysv fkmnthyfnbdysv pyfxtybtv (b) cnfnmb 1B (1)
Rjydtywbb^ nj tcnm^ ‘cj,snbz^ ghjbcitlibt d Tdhjgt bkb d lheub[
vtcnf[ lj 1 zydfhz 1951 ujlf\&
Gjlgbcfyj vyj. (ltym^ vtczw^ ujl)
[Ujcelfhcndtyyfz gtxfnm b
gjlgbcm [hfybntkz gtxfnb^
tckb ytj,[jlbvj]
[Gjlgbcm Ukfds ujcelfhcndf
bkb Ukfds ghfdbntkmcndf^
bkb Vbybcnhf byjcnhfyys[ ltk]
119

‚ Nbgjdjq ljujdjh j ghbcjtlbytybb r Ghjnjrjke 1967
ujlf^ rfcf.otvecz cnfnecf ,t;tywtd
Ghbybvfz dj dybvfybt^ xnj Ghjnjrjk^ rfcf.obqcz cnfnecf ,t;tywtd^
,sk ghbyzn Utythfkmyjq Fccfv,kttq Jhufybpfwbb J,]tlbytyys[
Yfwbq 16 ltrf,hz nsczxf ltdznmcjn itcnmltczn itcnjuj ujlf b jnrhsn
lkz ghbcjtlbytybz d cjjndtncndbb cj cnfnmtq V Ghjnjrjkf*
B ghbybvfz dj dybvfybt^ xnj cnfnmz V ghtlecvfnhbdftn^ xnj ghbcjtlbytybt
r Ghjnjrjke ,eltn ghjbpdjlbnmcz gentv clfxb yf [hfytybt frnf
j ghbcjtlbytybb Utythfkmyjve ctrhtnfh. Jhufybpfwbb J,]tlbytyys[
Yfwbq*
D eljcnjdthtybt xtuj [Ukfdf ujcelfhcndf^ Ukfdf ghfdbntkmcndf bkb
Vbybcnh byjcnhfyys[ ltk] yfcnjzobv edtljvkztn j ghbcjtlbytybb
[lfyyjuj ujcelfhcndf] r erfpfyyjve Ghjnjrjke&
Gjlgbcfyj vyj. (ltym^ vtczw^ ujl)
[Ujcelfhcndtyyfz gtxfnm b
gjlgbcm [hfybntkz gtxfnb^
tckb ytj,[jlbvj]
[Gjlgbcm Ukfds ujcelfhcndf
bkb Ukfds ghfdbntkmcndf^
bkb Vbybcnhf byjcnhfyys[ ltk]
120

‚ Nbgjdjq ljujdjh j ghfdjghttvcndt d jnyjitybb
Rjydtywbb 1951 ujlf j cnfnect ,t;tywtd
Ghbybvfz dj dybvfybt^ xnj Rjydtywbz^ rfcf.ofzcz cnfnecf ,t;tywtd^
cjdthityyfz d :tytdt 28 b.kz nsczxf ltdznmcjn gznmltczn gthdjuj
ujlf^ ,skf hfnbabwbhjdfyf [,sdibv ujcelfhcndjv-exfcnybrjv]*
B ghbybvfz dj dybvfybt^ xnj ghfdbntkmcndj [ujcelfhcndf-ghttvybrf]
hfccvjnhtkj erfpfyye. Rjydtywb.*
Ghfdbntkmcndj [ujcelfhcndf-ghttvybrf] pfzdkztn^ xnj jyj hfccvfnhbdftn
erfpfyye. Rjydtywb.^ rfr jcnf.oe.cz d cbkt lkz [ujcelfhcndfghttvybrf]
b yfcnjzobv cnfyjdbncz tt ghttvybrjv*
D eljcnjdthtybt xtuj yb;tgjlgbcfdibqcz [Ukfdf ujcelfhcndf^ Ukfdf
ghfdbntkmcndf bkb Vbybcnh byjcnhfyys[ ltk] edtljvkztn ghb ’njv j
ghfdjghttvcndt [ujcelfhcndf-ghttvybrf] d jnyjitybb erfpfyyjq Rjydtywbb
b pfzdkztn^ xnj [ujcelfhcndj-ghfdjghttvybr] cxbnftn ct,z cdzpfyysv
fkmnthyfnbdysv pyfxtybtv (b) cnfnmb 1B(1) Rjydtywbb^ nj tcnm^
‘cj,snbz^ ghjbcitlibt d Tdhjgt bkb d lheub[ vtcnf[ lj 1 zydfhz 1951
ujlf\&
Gjlgbcfyj vyj. (ltym^ vtczw^ ujl)
[Ujcelfhcndtyyfz gtxfnm b
gjlgbcm [hfybntkz gtxfnb^
tckb ytj,[jlbvj]
[Gjlgbcm Ukfds ujcelfhcndf
bkb Ukfds ghfdbntkmcndf^
bkb Vbybcnhf byjcnhfyys[ ltk]
121

‚ Nbgjdjq ljujdjh j ghfdjghttvcndt d jnyjitybb
Ghjnjrjkf 1967 ujlf^ rfcf.otujcz cnfnecf ,t;tywtd
Ghbybvfz dj dybvfybt^ xnj Ghjnjrjk^ rfcf.obqcz cnfnecf ,t;tywtd^
cjdthityysq d Ym.-Qjhrt 31 zydfhz 1967 ujlf^ ,sk hfnbabwbhjdfy
[,sdibv ujcelfhcndjv-exfcnybrjv]*
B ghbybvfz dj dybvfybt^ xnj ghfdbntkmcndj [ujcelfhcndf-ghttvybrf]
hfccvjnhtkj erfpfyysq Ghjnjrjk*
Ghfdbntkmcndj [ujcelfhcndf-ghttvybrf] pfzdkztn^ xnj jyj hfccvfnhbdftn
erfpfyysq Ghjnjrjk^ rfr jcnf.obqcz d cbkt lkz [ujcelfhcndfghttvybrf]^
b yfcnjzobv cnfyjdbncz ghttvybrjv tuj*
D eljcnjdthtybt xtuj yb;tgjlgbcfdibqcz [Ukfdf ujcelfhcndf^ Ukfdf
ghfdbntkmcndf bkb Vbybcnh byjcnhfyys[ ltk] edtljvkztn ghb ’njv j
ghfdjghttvcndt [ujcelfhcndf-ghttvybrf] yf Ghjnjrjk^ rfcf.obqcz
cnfnecf ,t;tywtd^ cjdthityysq d Ym.-Qjhrt zydfhz nhblwfnm gthdjuj
lyz nsczxf ltdznmcjn itcnmltczn ctlmvjuj ujlf&
Gjlgbcfyj vyj. (ltym^ vtczw^ ujl)
[Ujcelfhcndtyyfz gtxfnm b
gjlgbcm [hfybntkz gtxfnb^
tckb ytj,[jlbvj]
[Gjlgbcm Ukfds ujcelfhcndf
bkb Ukfds ghfdbntkmcndf^
bkb Vbybcnhf byjcnhfyys[ ltk]
122

Ghbkj;tybt 2
Ukjccfhbq jcyjdys[ nthvbyjd
d catht j,tcgtxtybz pfobns ,t;tywtd

Fkmnthyfnbdf
dyenhtyytuj
gthtvtotybz
(bkb ‘ghbywbg
gthttplf\)
Fvybcnbz

Dgjkyt
j,jcyjdfyyst
jgfctybz cnfnm
;thndjq ghtcktljdfybq
Dhtvtyyfz
pfobnf
Dscskrf
Uhf;lfyby
Uhf;lfycndj
Uheggjdjt
jghtltktybt
cnfnecf
,t;tywtd
Lj,hjdjkmyfz
htgfnhbfwbz
Ljujdjh
Ljkujchjxyst
htitybz
Rk.xtdfz ahfpf d jghtltktybb gjyznbz ‘,t;tytw\ d Rjydtywbb
1951 ujlf& "nf ahfpf cjlth;bn ce,]trnbdysq ’ktvtyn (jgfctybt
ghtcktljdfybq)^ f nfr;t j,]trnbdysq ’ktvtyn (jgfctybz ljk;ys
bvtnm j,]trnbdyj jghfdlsdftve. jcyjde)& D cjjndtncndbb c
Rjydtywbtq 1951 ujlf^ ghtcktljdfybt ljk;yj ,snm cdzpfyj c
jlybv bp gznb rjyrhtnys[ ghbpyfrjd% hfcf^ dthjbcgjdtlfybt^
uhf;lfycndj^ ghbyflkt;yjcnm r jghtltktyyjq cjwbfkmyjq uheggt
bkb gjkbnbxtcrbt e,t;ltybz
Cjukfitybt bkb vtnjl^ hfphf,jnfyysq ujcelfhcndfvb lkz ghtljcnfdktybz
dhtvtyyjq pfobns kbwfv^ ghb,sdf.obv d ,jkmijv
rjkbxtcndt bp hfqjyjd rjyakbrnf bkb dctj,otuj yfcbkbz^ ,tp
ghtldfhbntkmyjuj ghjdtltybz ghjwtlehs jghtltktybz cnfnecf
,t;tywf yf bylbdblefkmyjq jcyjdt& Dhtvtyyfz pfobnf ghtljcnfdkzkjcm
ytrjnjhsvb cnhfyfvb Pfgflyjq Tdhjgs lkz
pfobns kbw^ cgfcfdib[cz jn djjhe;tyyjuj rjyakbrnf d ,sditq
>ujckfdbb d yfxfkt 1990-[ ujljd&
Dsldjhtybt ghfdbntkmcndtyysvb jhufyfvb pfrjyyj ghj-
;bdf.otuj kbwf c nthhbnjhbb ujcelfhcndf& Gj cnfnmt 32 Rjydtywbb
1951 ujlf dscskrf ,t;tywf vj;tn ,snm jceotcndktyf
njkmrj gj cjj,hf;tybzv ujcelfhcndtyyjq ,tpjgfcyjcnb b
j,otcndtyyjuj gjhzlrf& Ghjwtlehf^ gj rjnjhjq ghbybvftncz
htitybt j dscskrt ,t;tywf^ ljk;yf ,snm ,tcghbcnhfcnyjq b
cghfdtlkbdjq^ f ,t;tywe ljk;yj ,snm ghtljcnfdktyj ljcnfnjxyj
dhtvtyb lkz gjkextybz pfrjyyjuj ghfdf yf d]tpl d lheue. cnhfye&
Kbwj^ ghbpyfyyjt d rfxtcndt bvt.otuj cnfnec ghfdjdjq cdzpb c
ujcelfhcndjv d cjjndtncndbb c pfrjyjv& Ytrjnjhst ujcelfhcndf
bcgjkmpe.n ckjdj ‘yfwbjyfkmyfz ghbyflkt;yjcnm\ lkz jghtltktybz
’njq ghfdjdjq cdzpb^ f lheubt ujcelfhcndf --- ckjdj
‘uhf;lfycndj\&
Cnfnec uhf;lfybyf rfrjq-kb,j yfwbb bkb cnhfys&
Ghfrnbrf^ gj rjnjhjq dct kbwf^ cjcnfdkz.obt xfcnm rhegyjuj
ghbnjrf ,t;tywtd^ hfccvfnhbdf.ncz rfr ,t;tyws yf prima facie
jcyjdt& Uheggjdjt jghtltktybt cnfnecf ufhfynbhetn ghtljcnfdktybt
pfobns b gjvjob ,tp ghtldfhbntkmyjuj jghtltktybz
cnfnecf ,t;tywf yf bylbdblefkmyjq jcyjdt&
Djpdhfotybt ,t;tywf d cnhfye cdjtuj ghjbc[j;ltybz gj cj,-
cndtyyjq djkt b yf jcyjdt dpdtityyjuj htitybz& Lj,hjdjkmyfz
htgfnhbfwbz vj;tn ,snm jhufybpjdfyyjq (n&t&^ rjulf jyf ghj[jlbn
gjl ’ubljq pfbynthtcjdfyys[ ghfdbntkmcnd b EDR< JJY) bkb
cgjynfyyjq (n&t&^ ,t;tyws djpdhfof.ncz yf hjlbye cfvb gj
ct,t^ rjulf yfghzve. d ’njv ghjwtcct gjxnb bkb cjdctv yt
exfcnde.n yb EDR< JJY^ yb ghfdbntkmcndf)&
Jabwbfkmyjt cjukfitybt^ gjlgbcsdftvjt d jcyjdyjv vt;le
ujcelfhcndfvb^ rjnjhjt yfkfuftn yf tuj exfcnybrjd ghfdjdst
j,zpfntkmcndf& Ljujdjhs zdkz.ncz jlybv bp bcnjxybrjd
vt;leyfhjlyjuj ghfdf&
K.,st chtlcndf^ c gjvjom. rjnjhs[ vj;yj yfqnb eljdktndjhbntkmyjt
b gjcnjzyyjt htitybt ghj,ktv ,t;tywtd b gjpdjkbnm bv
;bnm yjhvfkmyjq ;bpym.& Nhflbwbjyyj EDR< JJY botn nfrbt
ljkujchjxyst htitybz^ rfr lj,hjdjkmyfz htgfnhbfwbz^ vtcnyfz
byntuhfwbz b gthtctktybt&
126

:tyobys^ gjldthuf.obtcz
hbcre
Pflth;fybt
Pfrk.xtybz
Bcgjkrjvf
EDR< JJY gj
djghjcfv
vt;leyfhjlyjq
pfobns
Bcgjkybntkmysq
Rjvbntn
Ghjuhfvvs
Dth[jdyjuj
rjvbccfhf
(Bcgjkrjv)
Rfhnf[tycrfz
Ltrkfhfwbz j
,t;tywf[
Rjydtywbz
JFT gj
rjyrhtnysv
fcgtrnfv
ghj,ktv
,t;tywtd d
Fahbrt
Rjydtywbz j
ghfdf[ ht,tyrf
Rjydtywbz j
cjrhfotybb
,tpuhf;lfycndf
:tyobys-,t;tyrb^ ye;lf.obtcz d jcj,jq pfobnt^ drk.xfz b
nt[^ rjnjhst ye;lf.ncz d gthtctktybb d cjjndtncndbb c Herjdjlcndjv
EDR< JJY gj gthtctktyb.&
Juhfybxtybt cdj,jls gthtldb;tybz^ j,sxyj c pfrk.xtybtv gjl
cnhf;e& Gj vytyb. EDR< JJY^ pflth;fybt j,sxyj yt ljk;yj
ghbvtyznmcz rfr vthf rjynhjkz pf kbwfvb^ boeobvb e,t;bof&
Jabwbfkmyst ntrcns^ rjnjhst djgkjof.n d ct,t htpekmnfns
t;tujlys[ j,ce;ltybq Bcgjkybntkmysv Rjvbntnjv djghjcjd
pfobns ,t;tywtd& Pfrk.xtybz Bcgjkrjvf dyjczn cdjq drkfl d
hfphf,jnre ghbywbgjd b cnfylfhnjd gj pfobnt ,t;tywtd b lheub[
kbw^ gjlgflf.ob[ gjl rjvgtntywb. EDR< JJY&
Rjvbntn^ rjnjhjve gjhextyj lfdfnm htrjvtylfwbb Dth[jdyjve
rjvbccfhe gj bcgjkytyb. bv cdjb[ aeyrwbq& D cjcnfd Bcgjkrjvf
d[jlzn ghtlcnfdbntkb 57 ujcelfhcnd^ rjnjhst pfbynthtcjdfys d
hfphtitybb djghjcjd^ cdzpfyys[ c ,t;tywfvb^ b ghtlcnfdbntktq
44 ujcelfhcnd^ bvt.ob[ cnfnec yf,k.lfntktq& Ghtlcnfdbntkb
YGJ bvt.n d Bcgjkrjvt cnfnec yf,k.lfntktq&
Ltrkfhfwbz^ ghbyznfz yf rjkkjrdbevt ’rcgthnjd bp cnhfy Fvthbrb
d yjz,ht 1984 ujlf& Ltrkfhfwbz hfcibhbkf jghtltktybt
,t;tywf^ drk.xbd d ytuj ‘kbw^ rjnjhst ,t;fkb bp cnhfys^
gjcrjkmre b[ ;bpyb^ ,tpjgfcyjcnb bkb cdj,jlt euhj;fkb dctj,ott
yfcbkbt^ byjcnhfyyfz fuhtccbz^ dyenhtyybt rjyakbrns^
vfccjdst yfheitybz ghfd xtkjdtrf bkb lheubt j,cnjzntkmcndf^
ghbdtlibt r cthmtpyjve yfheityb. j,otcndtyyjuj gjhzlrf\&
{jnz Rfhnf[tycrfz Ltrkfhfwbz yt zdkztncz ljujdjhjv^ tt
gjkj;tybz edf;f.ncz d Wtynhfkmyjq Fvthbrt b drk.xtys d
ytrjnjhst yfwbjyfkmyst pfrjyjlfntkmyst frns&
Htubjyfkmyjt ljgjkytybt r Rjydtywbb 1951 ujlf^ d rjnjhjv lfyj
,jktt ibhjrjt jghtltktybt gjyznbz ‘,t;tytw\ gj chfdytyb. c
Rjydtywbtq 1951 ujlf& Ghbyznfz d 1969 ujle^ Rjydtywbz JFT
(Jhufybpfwbb Fahbrfycrjuj Tlbycndf) ghtlecvfnhbdftn^ xnj
‘gjyznbt ‘,t;tytw\ ghbvtyztncz r k.,jve kbwe^ rjnjhjt
dcktlcndbt dytiytq fuhtccbb^ jrregfwbb^ byjcnhfyyjuj ujcgjlcndf
bkb cj,snbq^ cthmtpyj yfheif.ob[ j,otcndtyysq gjhzljr
d rfrjq-nj xfcnb cnhfys bkb dj dctq cnhfyt tuj ghjbc[j;ltybz^
dsye;ltyj gjrbyenm vtcnj cdjtuj j,sxyjuj ghj;bdfybz\&
Rjydtywbz 1989 ujlf^ rjnjhfz ecnfyfdkbdftn dctj,]tvk.obt
cnfylfhns pfobns ghfd ltntq& D cnfnmt 2 Rjydtywbb jnvtxftncz^
xnj jyf ghbvtybvf rj dctv ltnzv ,tp rfrb[-kb,j ajhv lbcrhbvbyfwbb&
Gj’njve yjhvs^ jghtltktyyst d Rjydtywbb j ghfdf[
ht,tyrf^ hfcghjcnhfyz.ncz b yf ltntq-,t;tywtd&
Rjydtywbz^ rjnjhfz ghtlecvfnhbdftn ghbj,htntybt uhf;lfycndf
ntvb kbwfvb^ rjnjhst byfxt ,skb ,s kbwfvb ,tp uhf;lfycndf^ b e
rjnjhs[ tcnm cjjndtncnde.ofz cdzpm c ujcelfhcndjv gj ghbxbyt
hj;ltybz yf nthhbnjhbb ’njuj ujcelfhcndf bkb ghjbc[j;ltybz jn
uhf;lfybyf ’njq cnhfys& Rjydtywbz nfr;t ghtlecvfnhbdftn
cj[hfytybt yfwbjyfkmyjq ghbyflkt;yjcnb ntvb^ rnj byfxt cnfkb
,s kbwfvb ,tp uhf;lfycndf^ tckb ,s jyb gjnthzkb uhf;lfycndj
ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrf& Rjydtywbz ,skf ghbyznf d fduecnt 1961
ujlf b dcnegbkf d cbke d ltrf,ht 1975 ujlf& EDR< JJY gjkexbkj
vfylfn yf dsgjkytybt rjyrhtnys[ aeyrwbq d cjjndtncndbb cj
cnfnmtq 11 Rjydtywbb 1961 ujlf j cjrhfotybb ,tpuhf;lfycndf&
127

Rjydtywbz
j cnfnect
fgfnhbljd
Rjydtywbz j
cnfnect
,t;tywtd
Rhbnthbb
jn,jhf
,t;tywtd yf
gthtctktybt
Kbwf^ gthtvtotyyst
dyenhb cnhfys
Kbwf^ gjlgflf.obt
gjl
rjvgtntywb.
EDR< JJY
Kbwj ,tp
uhf;lfycndf
(fgfnhbl)
Kbwj^ boeott
e,t;bof
Rjydtywbz^ rjnjhfz lftn jghtltktybt fgfnhblf (kbwf ,tp
uhf;lfycndf) b ghtljcnfdkztn ghfdjde. jcyjde^ yf rjnjhjq
kbwj ,tp uhf;lfycndf^ pfrjyyj ghj;bdf.ott d ujcelfhcndt^
vj;tn bvtnm ghfdjdjq cnfnec& Rjydtywbz ,skf ghbyznf d
ctynz,ht 1954 ujlf b dcnegbkf d cbke d b.yt 1960 ujlf&
Rjydtywbz^ rjnjhfz cjplftn yfb,jktt ibhjrj ghbvtybve. jcyjde
pfobns ,t;tywtd& Rjydtywbz ,skf ghbyznf d b.kt 1951 ujlf
b dcnegbkf d cbke d fghtkt 1954 ujlf& Cnfnmz 1 Rjydtywbb 1951
ujlf juhfybxbdftn cathe ghbvtytybz Rjydtywbb 1951 ujlf
‘cj,snbz[vb]^ ghjbcitlib[vb] d Tdhjgt lj 1 zydfhz 1951 ujlf\&
"nj juhfybxtybt ecnhfytyj d Ghjnjrjkt 1967 ujlf^ rfcf.otvcz
cnfnecf ,t;tywtd& Yf ctujlyz 144 ujcelfhcnd zdkz.ncz exfcnybrfvb
Rjydtywbb 1951 ujlf b#bkb Ghjnjrjkf 1967 ujlf&
Rhbnthbb^ gj rjnjhsv EDR< JJY b cnhfys gthtctktybz jn,bhf.n
rfylblfnjd yf gthtctktybt& Gthtctktybt gjl ’ubljq EDR< JJY
ghbvtyztncz njkmrj gj jnyjityb. r vfylfnysv ,t;tywfv^
rjnjhst ghjljk;f.n ye;lfnmcz d vt;leyfhjlyjq pfobnt^ b
rjnjhst jndtxf.n rhbnthbzv^ jghtltktyysv d Herjdjlcndt EDR<
JJY gj gthtctktyb. ,t;tywtd& Jnltkmyst cnhfys bcgjkmpe.n
,jkmijt rjkbxtcndj rhbnthbtd gj gthtctktyb. ,t;tywtd&
Kbwf^ rjnjhst ,skb dsye;ltys bkb rjnjhs[ pfcnfdbkb gjrbyenm
cdjb hjlyst vtcnf^ ‘&&& d xfcnyjcnb^ d htpekmnfnt djjhe;tyys[
rjyakbrnjd bkb xnj,s bp,t;fnm gjcktlcndbq djjhe;tyys[
rjyakbrnjd^ cbnefwbq vfccjds[ frnjd yfcbkbz^ yfheitybz ghfd
xtkjdtrf^ ghbhjlys[ bkb nt[yjutyys[ ,tlcndbq^ b rjnjhst tot
yt gthtctrkb vt;leyfhjlyj-ghbpyfyye. uhfybwe ujcelfhcndf\ (d
cjjndtncndbb c Herjdjlzobvb ghbywbgfvb jnyjcbntkmyj gthtvtotybz
dyenhb cnhfys)&
Nthvby^ ghbvtyztvsq lkz jgbcfybz dct[ kbw^ pfobnf rjnjhs[ b
jrfpfybt gjvjob rjnjhsv kt;bn d catht bynthtcjd EDR< JJY&
"nb kbwf drk.xf.n ,t;tywtd gj jghtltktyb. Rjydtywbb 1951
ujlf* kbw^ rjnjhst ,skb dsye;ltys gjrbyenm cdjb cnhfys d
htpekmnfnt rjyakbrnf bkb cj,snbq^ cthmtpyj yfheif.ob[
j,otcndtyysq gjhzljr* djpdhfof.ob[cz ,t;tywtd* kbw ,tp
uhf;lfycndf b^ d ytrjnjhs[ ckexfz[^ dyenhtyyt gthtvtotyys[
kbw (kbw^ gthtvtotyys[ dyenhb cnhfys)& Gjkyjvjxbz EDR< JJY
ltqcndjdfnm jn bvtyb lheub[ kbw^ gjlgflf.ob[ gjl tuj rjvgtntywb.^
rhjvt ,t;tywtd^ jghtltktys d htpjk.wbz[ Utythfkmyjq
Fccfv,ktb JJY&
Kbwj^ rjnjhjt yt hfccvfnhbdftncz d rfxtcndt uhf;lfybyf rfrbvkb,j
ujcelfhcndjv d cbke tuj pfrjyf&
Kbwj^ gjlfditt [jlfnfqcndj bkb pfzdktybt j ghtljcnfdktybb
e,t;bof^ gj rjnjhsv gjntywbfkmyfz cnhfyf e,t;bof tot yt
ghbyzkf jrjyxfntkmyjuj htitybz&
128

Vfylfn
EDR< JJY
Vfylfnyst
,t;tyws
Vt;leyfhjlyfz
pfobnf
,t;tywtd
Vt;leyfhjlyjt
uevfybnfhyjt
ghfdj
(bkb ghfdj djjhe;tyys[
rjyakbrnjd)
Vt;ghfdbntkmcndtyyfz
jhufybpfwbz
(VGJ)
Vtcnyfz
byntuhfwbz
Vbuhfyns
(’rjyjvbxtcrbt)
Hjkm b aeyrwbb EDR< JJY^ rfr jyb jghtltktys d Ecnfdt EDR<
JJY b hfphf,jnfys d htpjk.wbz[ Utythfkmyjq Fccfv,ktb JJY&
Vfylfn EDR< JJY gj Ecnfde cjcnjbn d ghtljcnfdktybb pfobns^
jrfpfybb gjvjob ,t;tywfv b gjbcrt htitybq ghj,ktv
,t;tywtd& E EDR< JJY tcnm ljgjkybntkmysq vfylfn gj htityb.
djghjcjd ,tpuhf;lfycndf^ rfr ’nj jghtltktyj d cnfnmt 11
Rjydtywbb 1961 ujlf j cjrhfotybb ,tpuhf;lfycndf& Utythfkmyfz
Fccfv,ktz JJY nfr;t gjghjcbkf Eghfdktybt Dth[jdyjuj rjvbccfhf
hfcibhbnm caths ghbvtytybz Rjydtywbb 1954 b 1961
ujljd gj ,tpuhf;lfycnde b gjvjxm ghtljndhfnbnm gjzdktybt
ckexftd ,tpuhf;lfycndf^ ghtljcnfdkzz lkz ’njuj nt[ybxtcre. b
rjycekmnfwbjyye. gjvjom ghb hfphf,jnrt yfwbjyfkmyjuj pfrjyjlfntkmcndf
b tuj ghfrnbxtcrjv ghbvtytybb&
Kbwf^ rjnjhs[ EDR< JJY ghbpyftn ,t;tywfvb d cjjndtncndbb cj
cdjbvb gjkyjvjxbzvb^ jghtltktyysvb d tuj Ecnfdt b d cjjndtncnde.ob[
htpjk.wbz[ Utythfkmyjq Fccfv,ktb JJY& Cnfnec
,t;tywf^ gjkexftvsq gj vfylfne EDR< JJY^ zdkztncz jcj,tyyj
df;ysv d ujcelfhcndf[^ rjnjhst tot yt ghbcjtlbybkbcm r
Rjydtywbb 1951 ujlf b Ghjnjrjke 1967 ujlf&
Dvtifntkmcndj ujcelfhcnd bkb EDR< JJY jn bvtyb kbw^ boeob[
e,t;bof^ b ,t;tywtd c wtkm. j,tcgtxtybz ghbpyfybz b ufhfynbhjdfybz
b[ ghfd^ ,tpjgfcyjcnb b ,kfujgjkexbz d cjjndtncndbb c
vt;leyfhjlysvb cnfylfhnfvb& Nfrjt dvtifntkmcndj drk.xftn%
j,tcgtxtybt cj,k.ltybz ghbywbgf non-refoulement* j,tcgtxtybt
,tpjgfcyjcnb b ljcnegf r cghfdtlkbdsv ghjwtlehfv jghtltktybz
cnfnecf ,t;tywtd* uevfyyst cnfylfhns j,hfotybz c
,t;tywfvb b htfkbpfwbz ljkujchjxys[ htitybq& EDR< JJY
zdkztncz tlbycndtyysv exht;ltybtv JJY^ gjkexbdibv vfylfn
yf j,tcgtxtybt pfobns ,t;tywtd&
Cdjl pfrjyjd^ hfcgjhz;tybq b ghbywbgjd^ rjnjhsq htuekbhetn
cbnefwbb vt;leyfhjlys[ bkb bys[ djjhe;tyys[ rjyakbrnjd&
Jcyjdjgjkfuf.obvb ljujdjhfvb vt;leyfhjlyjuj uevfybnfhyjuj
ghfdf zdkz.ncz xtnsht :tytdcrbt Rjydtywbb jn 12 fduecnf
1949 ujlf b ldf Ljgjkybntkmys[ Ghjnjrjkf r ybv jn 8 b.yz 1977
ujlf& Ghfrnbxtcrb rf;ljt ujcelfhcndj zdkztncz exfcnybrjv
:tytdcrb[ Rjydtywbq 1949 ujlf&
Jhufybpfwbz^ cjcnjzofz bp ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd& Ghbvthfvb
vt;ghfdbntkmcndtyys[ jhufybpfwbq zdkz.ncz Jhufybpfwbz
J,]tlbytyys[ Yfwbq (JJY)^ Jhufybpfwbz fahbrfycrjuj tlbycndf
(JFT)^ Jhufybpfwbz fvthbrfycrb[ ujcelfhcnd (JFU)^ Tdhjgtqcrbq
Cj.p (TC) b Cjlhe;tcndj Ytpfdbcbvs[ Ujcelfhcnd
(CYU)&
Ljkujchjxyjt htitybt ghj,ktv ,t;tywtd^ rjnjhjt drk.xftn b[
gjcnjzyyjt gjctktybt d cnhfyt gthdjuj e,t;bof&
Kbwf^ rjnjhst gjrblf.n cdjb cnhfys ghjbc[j;ltybz bcrk.xbntkmyj
gj ’rjyjvbxtcrbv cjj,hf;tybzv^ yt cdzpfyysv yb d rjtq
vtht c jghtltktybtv gjyznbz ‘,t;tytw\^ bkb rjnjhst boen
ekexitybz cdjtuj vfnthbfkmyjuj gjkj;tybz& "rjyjvbxtcrbt
vbuhfyns yt jndtxf.n rhbnthbzv cnfnecf ,t;tywtd^ b gj’njve
yt bvt.n ghfdf yf gjkextybt vt;leyfhjlyjq pfobns d rfxtcndt
,t;tywtd&
129

Ytghfdbntkmcndtyyfz
jhufybpfwbz
(YGJ)
Ythtuekbhetvjt
gthtldb;tybt
,t;tywtd
Ytcjdthityyjktnybt
Ytcjghjdj;lftvst
ytcjdthityyjktnybt
ltnb
Non-refoulement
(ghbywbg
pfghtotybz
ghbyelbntkmyjuj
djpdhfotybz^
ghbywbg ytdscskrb)
J,sxyjt
vt;leyfhjlyjt
ghfdj
J,zpfyyjcnb
,t;tywtd
Jghtltktyyfz
cjwbfkmyfz
uheggf
(ghbyflkt;yjcnm
r&&&)
Jhufybpjdfyysq ce,]trn^ rjnjhsq aeyrwbjybhetn ytpfdbcbvj jn
ujcelfhcndf b yt ghtlcnfdkztn tuj& "njn nthvby j,sxyj ghbvtyztncz
gj jnyjityb. r jhufybpfwbzv^ pfobof.obv uevfybnfhyst
ghfdf b ghfdf xtkjdtrf^ vyjubt bp rjnjhs[ htfkbpe.n cdjb
ghjuhfvvs gj jrfpfyb. gjvjob ,t;tywfv d gfhnythcndt c EDR<
JJY b lheubvb exht;ltybzvb&
Zdktybt^ rjulf ,t;tyws b kbwf^ boeobt e,t;bof^ ,tp jabwbfkmyjuj
hfphtitybz gthttp;f.n bp cnhfy^ d rjnjhs[ jyb e;t yfikb
e,t;bot^ lkz njuj^ xnj,s yfqnb e,t;bot bkb gjcnjzyyjt
vtcnj;bntkmcndj d lheujq cnhfyt&
Kbwf^ rjnjhst yt ljcnbukb cjdthityyjktnbz b gj’njve yt
zdkz.ncz .hblbxtcrb cfvjcnjzntkmysvb& "njn nthvby drk.xftn
gjlhjcnrjd& Gj Rjydtywbb j ghfdf[ ht,tyrf^ ‘ht,tyjr --- ’nj kbwj^
rjnjhjt yt ljcnbukj 18-ktnytuj djphfcnf^ tckb gj pfrjye^
ghbvtybvjve gj jnyjityb. r lfyyjve ht,tyre^ jy yt ljcnbuftn
cjdthityyjktnbz hfytt\& Rjydtywbz j ghfdf[ ht,tyrf
jnj;ltcndkztn ‘ht,tyrf\ c ‘ytcjdthityyjktnybv\&
Kbwf^ yt ljcnbuibt cjdthityyjktnbz^ rjnjhs[ yt cjghjdj;lf.n
b[ hjlbntkb^ jgtreys bkb jcyjdyst gjgtxbntkb&
Jcyjdjgjkfuf.obq ghbywbg ghfdf ,t;tywtd^ rjnjhsq pfghtoftn
ujcelfhcndfv djpdhfofnm ,t;tywtd rfrbv ,s nj yb ,skj j,hfpjv
yf uhfybwe cnhfys bkb nthhbnjhbb^ ult b[ ;bpyb bkb cdj,jlt
vj;tn euhj;fnm jgfcyjcnm& Ghbywbg ‘non-refoulement\ zdkztncz
xfcnm. j,sxyjuj vt;leyfhjlyjuj ghfdf^ b gj’njve jy
j,zpfntkty lkz dct[ cnhfy^ ytpfdbcbvj jn njuj^ zdkz.ncz kb jyb
exfcnybrfvb Rjydtywbb 1951 ujlf bkb ytn&
Vt;leyfhjlyst yjhvs^ rjnjhst gjkexf.n cdjt ghfdjvjxbt
,kfujlfhz gjcnjzyyjve b gjcktljdfntkmyjve ghbvtytyb. ujcelfhcndfvb^
f yt jabwbfkmyjve pfrhtgktyb. d ljujdjht bkb
ghfdjdjv ljrevtynt& Lkz njuj xnj,s ghfrnbrf ujcelfhcnd dyjcbkf
cdjq drkfl d hfpdbnbt j,sxyjuj vt;leyfhjlyjuj ghfdf^ ’nf
ghfrnbrf ljk;yf ghbvtyznmcz d le[t ghfdjds[ j,zpfntkmcnd&
J,zpfyyjcnb^ rjnjhst ,t;tyws ljk;ys cj,k.lfnm d cnhfyt
e,t;bof& Gj cnfnmt 2 Rjydtywbb 1951 ujlf ,t;tyws ljk;ys
gjlxbyznmcz pfrjyfv b hfcgjhz;tybzv d k.,jq cnhfyt^ d rjnjhjq
jyb yf[jlzncz& D xfcnyjcnb^ jyb ljk;ys djplth;bdfnmcz jn
cjdthitybz k.,s[ frnjd^ rjnjhst cnfdzn gjl euhjpe kbxye.
,tpjgfcyjcnm uhf;lfy^ ujcelfhcndtyye. ,tpjgfcyjcnm bkb
j,otcndtyysq gjhzljr d vtcnys[ cjj,otcndf[ bkb cnhfyf[
e,t;bof&
Jlby bp gznb djpvj;ys[ ghbpyfrjd^ gj rjnjhjve d cjjndtncndbb c
Rjydtywbtq 1951 ujlf vj;tn ,snm ecnfyjdktyj yfkbxbt ghtcktljdfybq&
Jghtltktyyfz cjwbfkmyfz uheggf ljk;yf bvtnm
xtnrbt [fhfrnthbcnbrb^ rjnjhst jnkbxf.n ’ne uhegge jn lheub[&
Kbwf^ ghbyflkt;fobt r nfrjq jcj,jq uheggt^ ljk;ys jndtxfnm
jghtltkz.obv tt [fhfrnthbcnbrfv^ rjnjhst vjuen ,snm ghbhj;ltyysvb
bkb ghbj,htntyysvb (yfghbvth^ bynthtcs^ wtyyjcnb^
gjdtltybt bkb ghjbc[j;ltybt)& Jghtltkz.obt
[fhfrnthbcnbrb ljk;ys ,snm nfrbvb^ xnj jnrfp jn yb[ gjdktxtn
pf cj,jq yfheitybt jcyjdys[ ghfd xtkjdtrf lfyys[ kbw&
130

Jhufybpfwbb b
ghjtrns cfvjgjvjob
Jnrfp dj
d]tplt d cnhfye
yf uhfybwt
Gfhnythcndj d
ltqcndbb
(PARinAC)
Gthtvtotybt
dyenhb cnhfys
Gthtctktybt
Gjbcr
Gjkj;tybz j,
bcrk.xtybb
Gjkj;tybz j
ghtrhfotybb
cnfnecf
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J,]tlbytyys[ Yfwbq b

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jghtltktybt
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gjldthuytncz ghtcktljdfyb.& Ghbyelbntkmyjt djpdhfotybt
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b gj’njve zdkztncz yfheitybtv ghfdf ,t;tywtd b
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ctvmb^ ujdjhzn^ xnj jyb gjkexf.n ‘ghjbpdjlysq cnfnec\&
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kb lfyyjt kbwj ghbpyfdfnmcz d rfxtcndt ,t;tywf d cjjndtncndbb c
dyenhbujcelfhcndtyysv b vt;leyfhjlysv ghfdjv&
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rjnjhst ghbyzns ujcelfhcndfvb bkb vt;ghfdbntkmcndtyysvb
jhufybpfwbzvb d ghtltkf[ utjuhfabxtcrjuj htubjyf bkb ce,-
htubjyf& Nfrbt ljrevtyns j,sxyj ljgjkyz.n Rjydtywb. 1951
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,t;tywfvb d rjyrhtnyjv utjuhfabxtcrjv hfqjyt& Ghbvtxfntkmysvb
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d ajhvt lj,hjdjkmyjq htgfnhbfwbb ,t;tywtd&
Hzl ghbywbgjd^ rjnjhst jghtltkz.n cnfylfhns pfobns^ gjvjob
b htitybq lkz dyenhtyyt gthtvtotyys[ kbw& Herjdjlzobt
ghbywbgs ,skb ghtlcnfdktys yf hfccvjnhtybt Rjvbccbb gj
ghfdfv xtkjdtrf ghtlcnfdbntktv Utythfkmyjuj ctrhtnfhz gj
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jnhf;f.n yjhvs ghfdf ghfd xtkjdtrf^ uevfybnfhyjuj ghfdf b
ghfdf ,t;tywtd b cjukfce.ncz c ybvb^ f nfr;t cke;fn herjdjlcndjv
lkz ujcelfhcnd^ lheub[ dkfcntq^ vt;ghfdbntkmcndtyys[ b
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133

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cnfnect ,t;tywtd b lheub[ vt;leyfhjlys[ ljrevtynjd^ rjnjhst
ecnfyfdkbdf.n gfhfvtnhs j,hfotybz c ,t;tywfvb& Rjydtywbz
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j,cnjzntkmcndf[* nj ;t cfvjt j,hfotybt^ rjnjhjt ghbvtyztncz
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134

Ghbkj;tybt 3
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d cnhfyf[ vbhf

AFGHANISTAN
Office of the UNHCR Charge´ de
Mission in Kabul (Relocated in
Islamabad, Pakistan)
P.O. Box 1263
House No. 24, Street No. 89
G-6/3, Islamabad
Tel: +873 761 241 625 (in Islamabad)
Fax: + 92 51 282 05 11(in Islamabad)
ALBANIA
UNHCR Branch Office in Albania
Rruga "Donika Kastrioti" - Tirana
Tel: +355 42 50 207
Fax: +355 42 28 492 - 355 42 32 075
(UNDP)
ALGERIA
UNHCR Branch Office in Algeria
Boite Postale 823
Alger 16000
9A, Rue Emile Payen, Hydra, Alger
Tel: +213 21 69 12 12
Fax: +244 2 44 87 47
ANGOLA
UNHCR Branch Office Luanda in
Angola
Rua Houarie Boumedienne
40/44 -Miramar
C.P. 1342 - Luanda
Tel: + 244 2 44 87 47
Fax: +244 2 44 95 35
ARGENTINA
Representante Regional del ACNUR
para el sur de Ame´rica Latina in
Argentina
Cerrito 836, 10 Piso
1010 Buenos Aires
Tel: +54 11 4815 7870
Fax: +54 11 4815 4352
FHVTYBZ
Jnltktybt EDR< JJY
D Fhvtybb
Ekbwf Rfhkf Kb,ryt[nf 14
Thtdfy 375010
Ntk%+ 3741 58 48 92
Afrc%+ 37 41 56 78 17
AUSTRALIA
UNHCR Regional Office for Australia,
New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and
the South Pacific in Australia
9, Terrigal Crescent O’Malley, ACT
Canberra 2606
Tel: +61 2 6290 13 55
Fax: +61 2 6290 13 15
AUSTRIA
UNHCR Branch Office in Austria
Vienna International Centre
(Building ’J’, 1st Floor)
Wagramerstrasse 5
A-1220 Vienna
Tel: +43 1 26060 3028
Fax: +43 1 2634115
FPTH

CHAD
UNHCR Liaison Office in Chad
Boite postale 5601
Avenue Mobutu,
Quartier Chagoua - N’djamena
Tel: + 235 51 86 10
Fax: +235 51 66 31
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPU-
BLIC
Office of the UNHCR Charge de
Mission in the Central African Republic
Rue de l’Université
Boîte postale 950 - Bangui
Tel: +236 61 40 76
Fax: +236 61 98 34
CHINA (PEOPLE’S REPU-
BLIC OF)
UNHCR Regional Office in China
1-2-1, Tayan Diplomatic Office,
Building 14, Liang Ma He Nan Lu
Beijing 100600
Tel: +86 10 6 532 68 06
Fax: +86 10 6532 16 47
COLOMBIA
UNHCR Branch Office in Colombia
Calle 114 No. 9-01 Office 601
Edificio Teleport Torre A
Bogota
Tel: +571 629 1138
Fax: +571 629 2790
CONGO (DEMOCRATIC RE-
PUBLIC OF)
UNHCR Regional Office for Central
Africa in Democratic Republic of
Congo
6729, Avenue de l’OUA
Kinshasa
Tel: +243 880 12 45
Fax: + 243 88 03 153
CONGO (REPUBLIC OF)
UNHCR Liaison Office in Brazzaville
PO Box 465
Rue Behagle/Avenue Foch
Brazzaville
Tel: + 242 81 59 12
Fax: + 242 815 913
COSTA RICA
UNHCR Liaison Office in Costa Rica
Apartado Postal 12
Ferrocarril Pacifico - ACNUR
Edificio Torre del Este 5to piso
Barrio Dent, frente a la facultad
de Derecho de la UCR
1009 San Jose´
Tel: +506 234 23 03
Fax: +506 224 48 91
COTE D’IVOIRE
UNHCR Branch Office in Coˆte d’Ivoire
II Plateux, Angre,
7eme tranche, lot no. 3160
Rue L.169
Abidjan
Tel: +225 22 42 81 92
Fax: +225 22 42 92 53
CROATIA
Office of the UNHCR Charge de
Mission in Croatia
Republike Austrije 25
10000 Zagreb
Tel: +385 1 3713 555
Fax: +385 1 3713 588,-565
CYPRUS
UNHCR Liaison Office in Cyprus
P.O. Box 26142 - South: c/o UNFICYP
Secretariat
UNPA
Nicosia
Tel: +357 2 35 90 25
Fax: +357 2 35 90 37
CZECH REPUBLIC
UNHCR Branch Office in Czech Republic
P.O. Box 210 - UN House
Namesti Kinskych 6
150 00 Prague 5
Tel: +420 2 571 998 50
Fax: +420 2 571 998 62
DJIBOUTI
UNHCR Branch Office in Djibouti
B.P. 1885
Rue Abdoulkader Waberi, Heron
Lot No. TF 1148 - Djibouti
Tel: +253 35 22 00
Fax: +253 35 48 80
ECUADOR
UNHCR Liaison Office in Ecuador
Avenida Amazonas 2889 y la Granja
Edificio Naciones Unidas, Piso 2
Quito
Tel: +593 2 2460 272
Fax: +593 2 2460 280
EGYPT
UNHCR Regional Office for the Middle
East in the Arab Republic of Egypt
13 Sharia El Falah St.
Mohandissin
P.O. Box 1844
Cairo
Tel: +20 2 346 06 18
Fax: +20 2 303 17 53
ERITREA
Office of the UNHCR Charge de
Mission in Eritrea
P.O. Box 1995
House Number 108
Emperor Yohannes Avenue
Asmara
Tel: +291 1 12 61 21 (S/B)
Fax: + 291 1 12 72 55
ETHIOPIA
UNHCR Branch Office for Africa in
Ethiopia
P.O. Box 1076
Higher 17, Kebele 23 off Bole Rd
House No. 1255/01-02
Addis Ababa
Tel: +251 1 61 37 40
Fax: +251 1 61 16 66
Email: ethadrdo@unhcr.ch
FRANCE
UNHCR Branch Office in France
9, rue Keppler
F-75116 Paris
Tel: +33 1 44 43 48 58
Fax: +33 1 40 70 07 39
GABON
UNHCR Branch Office in Gabon
Quartier SOTEGA
BP 20472 - Libreville
Tel: +241 77 82 62
Fax: +241 77 82 78
GAMBIA
UNHCR Liaison Office in Banjul
P.O. Box 4249
Bakau - 6th Street East
Kotu Layout
Tel: +220 460 854
Fax: +220 460 850
UHEPBZ
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GERMANY
UNHCR Branch Office in Germany
Wallstrasse 9 - 13
10179 Berlin
Tel: +49 30 2022 0200
Fax: +49 30 2022 0220
138

GHANA
UNHCR Liaison Office in Ghana
Privante Mail Bag Airport, No. 25 Sir
Arku Korsah Street
Roman Ridge, Airport Residential
area - Accra
Tel: +233 21 77 61
Fax: +233 21 773158
GREECE
UNHCR Branch Office in Greece
23 Taygetou Street
Palaio Psychico
15452 Athens
Tel: +30 1 672 64 62
Fax: +30 1 672 64 17
GUATEMALA
UNHCR Field Office in Barillas
1a.Avenida 9-23
zona 10
Guatemala City
Tel: +5023370611 (via UNDP)
Fax: +5023393454
GUINEA
UNHCR Branch Office in Guinea
B.P. 4158
Coleah Corniche-Sud
Conakry
Tel: +224 46 47 09
Fax: +224 46 58 08
GUINEA BISSAU
UNHCR Field Office in Bissau
245 20 18 31 (UNFPA)
Rue Justino Lopes, 72
AB Case Postale 179
Tel: 245 20 27 26
Fax: 245 20 17 72
HUNGARY
UNHCR Branch Office in Hungary
1126 Budapest
Gyimes ut 3/B
1126 Budapest
Tel: +36 1 250 44 44
Fax: +36 1 250 27 01
INDIA
Office of the UNHCR Charge de
Mission in India
P.O. Box 3135
14 Jor Bagh
New Delhi 110003
Tel: +91 11 46 99 302
Fax: + 91 11 462 01 37
E-Mail address: indne@unhcr.ch
INDONESIA
UNHCR Regional Office in Indonesia
Arya Building
J1. Kebon Sirih Kav. 75
Jakarta Pusat 10340
Tel: + 62 21 391 28 88
Fax: +62 21 391 27 77
IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC
OF)
Office of the UNHCR Charge de
Mission in the Islamic Republic of Iran
No 5, East Emdad Street, Vanak sq
North Shiraz Ave.
Tehran 19917
Tel: +98 21 805 72 01 - 11
Fax: + 98 21 805 72 12
IRAQ
Office of the UNHCR Charge de
Mission in Iraq
P.O.Box 17101
Amman 1195 - Jordan
Masbah Hay Babil
Mahalla 929, st.12
Building no. 23 - Baghdad
Tel: +964 1 718 12 66
Fax: FAX VIA UNOHCI:
+1 212 963 3009
IRELAND
UNHCR Liaison Office in Dublin
27 Upper Fitzwilliam Street
Dublin 2
Tel: +353 1 632 8675
Fax: +353 1 632 8676
ISRAEL
Office of the UNHCR Honorary
Correspondent in Israel
P.O. Box 3489
J.D.C. Hill, Givat Ram
Jerusalem
Tel: +972 2 655 71 11
Fax: +972 2 566 12 44
ITALY
UNHCR Branch Office in Italy
Via Caroncini 19
I-00197 Roma
Tel: +39 06 802121
Fax: +39 06 80212324
JAPAN
UNHCR Regional Office in Japan
UNU Bldg., 6F - 5-53-70, Jingumae
Shibuya-ku - Tokyo 159-0001
Tel: +81 33 499 20 11
Fax: +81 33 499 22 72
JORDAN
UNHCR Branch Office in Jordan
P.O. Box 17101
11195 Amman
9, Obada Ibn AlSamit Street
Shemesani, Amman
Tel: +962 6 569 12 61
Fax: +962 6 569 19 15
RFPF{CNFY
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67 Njkt

LEBANON
Office of the UNHCR Charge de
Mission for Lebanon
P.O. Box 11-7332
Riad El Solh Beirut 1107 2240
Hilmi Kobeissy Bldg
Karam Rahhal Street
Beirut
Tel: +961 1 612 798
Fax: +961 1 612 836
LIBERIA
UNHCR Branch Office in Liberia
P.O. Box 9077
Riverview Road
Virginia - Monrovia
Tel: +231 22 62 33
Fax: +231 22 62 35
LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA
UNHCR Liaison Office in Libyan
Arab republic
P.O. box 80708
Saed Ibn Ebi Kawas Street
Branch of the Ben Ashour main str
Tripoli
Tel: +218 21 361 9662
Fax: +218 21 361 9661
LUXEMBOURG
Office of the UNHCR Correspondent
in Luxembourg
1, rue Jean Pierre Brasseur
b.p. 567
2015 Luxembourg
Tel: +352 454 018
Fax: +352 454 303
MALAWI
UNHCR Liaison Office in Malawi
P.O. Box 30230 - 7th Floor
Kang’ombe Building, City Center
Lilongwe
Tel: +265 77 21 55
Fax: +265 77 41 28
MALAYSIA
UNHCR Liaison Office in Malaysia
P.O. Box 10185
570 Jalan Bukit Petaling
50460 Kuala Lumpur
Tel: +60 3 2141 13 22
Fax: + 60 3 2141 17 80
MALI
UNHCR Liaison Office in Mali
B.P. E 199, Badala-Ouest
Rue 132 X 107, Pres du Ministere de
l’Artisanat et du Tourisme - Bamako
Tel: + 223 23 03 69
Fax: + 223 23 03 69
MAURITANIA
UNHCR Liaison Office in Mauritania
c/o UNDP, B.P. 4405
Ilot K 159, 160, 161
UN Compound - Nouakchott
Tel: +222 5 25 74 14
Fax: +222 5 25 61 76
MEXICO
UNHCR Regional Office for Mexico,
Belize and Cuba
c/o PNUD
Apartado Postal 105-39
11581 Mexico, D.F.
Calle Seneca No. 129
Colonia Palmas Polanco
(11540 Mexico, D.F)
Tel: +52 5 280 80 17
Fax: +52 5 280 21 33
VJKLJDF
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VL-2012 Rbibytd
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Afrc%+ 3732 27 19 53
MOROCCO
Office of the UNHCR Honorary
Representative in Morocco
B.P. 13434
13 rue Blida, Casablanca
Tel: +212 2 248 6760
Fax: +212 2 227 98 55
MOZAMBIQUE
UNHCR Liaison Office in Mozambique
P.O. Box 1198
Avenida dos Presidentes No. 33
Maputo
Tel: +258 1 49 02 42
Fax: +258 1 49 06 35
MYANMAR
Office of the UNHCR Charge de
Mission in Myanmar
P.O. Box 1485
No. 287 Pyay Road
Sanchaung Township
Yangon
Tel: +95 1 524022
Fax: +95 1 524031
NAMIBIA
UNHCR Liaison Office in Namibia
Private Bag 13329
Paratus Building
Independence Avenue 372
Windhoek 9000
Tel: +264 61 23 71 43
Fax: +264 61 23 00 55
NEPAL
UNHCR Branch Office in Nepal
G.P.0.BOX 2374
Anil Kuti
Maharajgunj
Kathmandu
Tel: +977 1 41 25 21
Fax: +977 1 41 28 53
NETHERLANDS
UNHCR Liaison Office in The Netherlands
P.O. Box 17111
President Kennedylaan 19
2502 CC The Hague
Tel: +31 70 346 88 10
Fax: +31 70 346 88 12
NEW ZEALAND
UNHCR Liaison Office in New Zealand
P.O. box 91307
Auckland Mail Centre
3rd floor, Waverley Building
11-13 Waverley Street
Auckland
Tel: +64 9 914 4175
Fax: +64 9 914 5265
NIGER
UNHCR Branch Office in the Republic
of Niger
Boite Postale 935
Niamey Plateau
Tel: +227 75 29 68
Fax: +227 72 46 46
NIGERIA
UNHCR Branch Office in Nigeria
P.O. Box 53874
Ikoyi - Lagos
Tel: +234 1 269 3298
Fax: +234 1 269 27 45
PAKISTAN
UNHCR Branch Office in Pakistan
P.O. Box 1263
No.2 Diplomatic Enclave
Allotment 17, G-4/4
Islamabad
Tel.: +92 51 282 95 02
Fax: +92 51 227 94 55
PHILIPPINES
UNHCR Liaison Office in the Philippines
P.O. Box 2074 (MCPO)
G. Puyat Avenue
1260 Makati - 3rd Floor, JAKA II
Building
150 Legaspi Street - Legaspi Village -
Metro Manila
Tel: + 63 2 812 18 23
Fax: +63 2 817 40 57
140

POLAND
UNHCR Branch Office in the Republic
of Poland
2, Aleja Roz
PL-00 556 Warsaw
Republic of Poland
Tel: +48 22 628 69 30
Fax: +48 22 625 61 24
REPUBLIC OF KOREA
UNHCR Liaison Office in Seoul
Rm.402, The Anglican Church of
7 Jeong-dong, Joong-ku
Seoul 100-120
Tel: +82 2 730 3440
Fax: +82 2 730 3442
ROMANIA
UNHCR Branch Office in Romania
25, Armeneasca Street, Sector 2
70228 Bucharest
Tel: +40 1 211 29 44
Fax: +40 1 210 15 94
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RWANDA
UNHCR Branch Office in Rwanda
P.O. Box 867
Bd de l’Umuganda Kacyiru
No. 481-483 Zone Kabale
Cellule Kamatamu - Secteur/Commune
Kacyiru
Kigali
Tel: +250 8 5106/07/08/11/13
Fax: +250 85104
SAUDI ARABIA
UNHCR Branch Office in Saudi Arabia
Fazari Square
Pension Fund Commercial Complex
Block C-13
Diplomatic Quarters
Riyadh
Tel: +966 1 482 88 35
Fax: +966 1 482 88 37
SENEGAL
UNHCR Branch Office for West Africa
in Senegal
B.P. 3125, 59 rue Docteur Theze
Dakar
Tel: +221 823 66 03
Fax: +221 823 66 00
SIERRA LEONE
UNHCR Branch Office in Sierra Leone
P.O. Box 1011
29 Wilkinson Road
Freetown
Tel: +32 22 234 321
Fax: +232 22 234 347
SLOVAKIA
UNHCR Branch Office in the Slovak
Republic
Sturova 6
811 02 Bratislava
Tel: +421 2 52 92 78 75
Fax: +421 2 52 92 78 71
SLOVENIA
UNHCR Branch Office in Slovenia
Miklosiceva cesta 18/11
1000 Ljubljana
Tel: +386 1 4328 240
Fax: + 386 1 4328 224
SOMALIA
UNHCR Branch Office Somalia in
Kenya
Chiromo Road (Next to Caltex service
Station near Consolata Church)
Nairobi
Tel: +254 2 443 034
Fax: +254 2 443 037
SOUTH AFRICA
UNHCR Branch Office in South Africa
P.O. Box 12506, Tramshed 0126, 8th
Floor
Metro Park Building - 351 Cnr. Schoeman
& Prinsloo St
Pretoria 0002
Tel: +27 12 338 5301
Fax: +27 12 322 0216
SPAIN
UNHCR Branch Office in Spain
P.O. Box 36121
Avenida General Peron 32 - 2A
E-28020 Madrid
Tel: +34 91 556 36 49
Fax: +34 91 417 53 45
SRI LANKA
UNHCR Branch Office in Sri Lanka
47 Horton Place
Colombo 7
Tel: +94 1 69 13 47
Fax: +94 1 68 39 71
SUDAN
UNHCR Branch Office in Sudan
P.O. Box 2560
Mohammed Nageeb Road
(North of Farouk Cemetery)
Khartoum No. 2
Tel: +249 11 47 11 01
Fax: +249 11 47 31 01
SWAZILAND
UNHCR Liaison Office in Swaziland
P.O. Box 83
Shell House Building
Mountain Inn Area
Mbabane H100
Tel: +268 404 3414
Fax: +268 404 4066
SWEDEN
UNHCR Regional Office for the Nordic
and Baltic Countries in Sweden
Ynglingagatan 14 - 6th Floor
S-11347 Stockholm
Tel: +46 8 4574880
Fax: +46 8 457 48 87
SWITZERLAND
UNHCR Liaison Office for Switzerland
and Liechtenstein
Case Postale 2500
94 Rue Montbrillant
CH-1211 Gene` ve 2 De´poˆt
Tel: +41 22 739 77 21
Fax: +41 22 739 73 79
SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC
Office of the UNHCR Chief of Mission
in Syria
P. O. Box 30891
Al Malki
Mohamed Al Bazm Street No 14
Al Nabelsi Building
Damascus
Tel: +963 11 373 59 40
Fax: +963 11 373 61 08
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141

TANZANIA
(UNITED REPUBLIC OF)
UNHCR Branch Office in the United
Republic of Tanzania
PO Box 2666
Plot 18 Kalenga Street
Dar-es-Salaam
Tel: +255 22 215 00 75-82
Fax: +255 22 215 28 17
THAILAND
UNHCR Regional Office for Thailand,
Cambodia and Vietnam
P.O. Box 2-121
Rajdamnern Avenue
United Nations Building
3rd floor, Block A
Bangkok 10200
Tel: +66 2 288 1270
Fax: +66 2 280 0555
THE FORMER YUGOSLAV
REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
UNHCR Branch Office in The Former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
Zeleznicka 53
1000 Skopje
Tel: +389 2 118 641
Fax: +389 2 131 040
TOGO
UNHCR Liaison Office in Togo
27 Boulevard des Arme´es
Tokoin-Habitat
Lome
Tel: + 228 21 32 98
Fax: +228 22 19 70
TUNISIA
Office of the UNHCR Honorary Representative
in Tunisia
B.P. 863
61 Boulevard Bab Benat
1035 Tunis
Tel: +216 1 57 68 34
Fax: +216 1 57 01 68 via UNDP
TURKEY
UNHCR Branch Office in Turkey
Abidin Daver Sok. 17
Cankaya
06550 Ankara
Tel: +90 312 439 66 15
Fax: +90 312 438 27 02
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UGANDA
UNHCR Branch Office in Uganda
P.O. Box 3813
Plot 4B Acacia Avenue, Kololo
Kampala
Tel: +256 41 23 12 31
Fax: +256 41 25 69 89
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UNITED KINGDOM
UNHCR Branch Office for the United
Kingdom and Ireland
Millbank Tower
21-24 Millbank
London SW1P 4PQ
Tel: +44 20 7828 9191
Fax: +44 20 7630 5349
meng@unhcr.ch
UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA
UNHCR Regional Office for the United
States of America & the Caribbean
1775 K Street, NW, Suite 300
Washington DC 20006
Tel: +1 202 296 54 45
Fax: +1 202 296 56 60
EP

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International Journal of Refugee Law
UNHCR, Collection of International Instruments and Other Legal Texts Concerning
Refugees and Displaced Persons (2 vols.), 1995
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1993
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University Press, 1995
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America, Australia, and the United Kingdom
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143

UNHCR, Guidelines on the Protection of Refugee Women, 1991
UNHCR, Handbook for Emergencies, 2nd ed.
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1995 (tcnm nfr;t gthtdjl yf ahfywepcrbq b ytvtwrbq zpsrb)
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1996
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UNHCR, Guidelines on applicable Criteria and Standards relating to the Detention of
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146

# Inter-Parliamentary Union 2001
(Vt;gfhkfvtyncrbq Cj.p 2001)
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ISBN 92-9142-122-7 (VGC)
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Inter-Parliamentary Union
5, chemin du Pommier
P.O. Box 330
1218 Le Grand Saconnex/
Gene` ve
Switzerland
Tel.: +41 22 919 41 50
Fax: +41 22 919 41 60
e-mail: postbox@mail.ipu.org
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Office of the Permanent Observer
of the Inter-Parliamentary Union
to the United Nations
220 East 42 nd Street-suite 3102
NEW YORK, N.Y. 10017
USA
Tel.: + 1212 557 58 80
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e-mail: ny-office@mail.ipu.org
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Case Postale 2500
CH-1211 GENEVA 2 De´poˆt
Switzerland
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