sefi;g:v. - A Kabbalist walks into a bar, and the
sefi;g:v. - A Kabbalist walks into a bar, and the
sefi;g:v. - A Kabbalist walks into a bar, and the
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SCYTHOPOLIS<br />
territory once claimed by <strong>the</strong> Scythians. In <strong>the</strong> beginning of SEA, THE BRAZEN(llVn?g nl; THN BA~ACC&N<br />
<strong>the</strong> second century <strong>the</strong> German Bastarnians made <strong>the</strong>ir appearance.<br />
A Scythian reaction seems to have occurred under THN ..... YAAKHN 2 K. 25 17 Tei. 5217 fom. A1 I Ch. 18 81.<br />
n--. . .. . .<br />
Scilurus who, however, was defeated by Mithridates VI., 1. Size <strong>and</strong> THE MOLTEN SEA ‘(pyn-qg ; THk<br />
105 B.C. After Mithridates(132-163) had conquered <strong>the</strong> country<br />
N. of <strong>the</strong> Euxine, he could lead armies of Scythians as well as form. OAhACCAN [BIv T. 8. AyTHN [AI. T. 8.<br />
Sarmatians, Bastarnians, <strong>and</strong> Thracians against <strong>the</strong> Romans.<br />
XYTHN [LIS I K. 723; T. e. XYTHN<br />
Later, <strong>the</strong> legionaries of Rome found Sarmatians as soon as [BAL], 2 Ch.42), or simply THE SEA (I K. 744, 2 K.<br />
<strong>the</strong>y had crossed <strong>the</strong> Danube. Finally, <strong>the</strong> Scythians were 16 17, 2 Ch. 4 IS), <strong>the</strong> large bronze reservoir which shod<br />
absorbed in <strong>the</strong> prevailing Slavonic population.<br />
in <strong>the</strong> SE. ana, of <strong>the</strong> court of Solomon’s temple. The<br />
From <strong>the</strong>ir old home <strong>the</strong> eastern bradh OT this designation ‘ sea ’ is explained by Josephus from <strong>the</strong> size<br />
people was also driven by invaders across <strong>the</strong> JaGartes (Ant. viii. 35 ; P~h?j8q . . . Bdhauua 6rb ~b p,ky~Bos).<br />
l,. Eastern <strong>into</strong> Chornsmin, llargiana, <strong>and</strong> Bactria. According to <strong>the</strong> description in I K. 7 23-26 <strong>the</strong> ‘sea’ was<br />
Scythians. ;\ccording to Ktesias, Cyrus fought round, measuring IO cubits (17.22 ft.’) in width <strong>and</strong> 5<br />
nginst <strong>the</strong>se Scythims, <strong>and</strong> forced (8.61) in depth; ‘<strong>and</strong> a line of 30 cubits (@BAL 33<br />
Amorges to aid him in his war-upon Croesus (546).<br />
cubits) compassed it round about.’ These numbers are<br />
There is probably also a nucleus of truth in his account of course only approximate-not givenwith ma<strong>the</strong>matical<br />
of Cyrus’ war with <strong>the</strong> Derbikkae, though he has precision, o<strong>the</strong>rwise to a diameter of IO cubits would<br />
wrongly connected his death with this war. There have corresponded a circumference of 31.41 59.. . cubits ;<br />
is no reason for doubting <strong>the</strong> substantial accuracy of failure to observe this has caused commentators need-<br />
Herodotus’ account of his death in <strong>the</strong> war upon less trouble. The capacity of <strong>the</strong> a sea ’ ( I K. 7 26 ; @BL<br />
Tomyris, queen of <strong>the</strong> Massagetae, though <strong>the</strong>re are as om.) was 2000 baths=16,010 gallons (see WEIGHTS<br />
usual some embellishments. The grounds on which AND MEASURES, 5 3). 2 Ch. gives 3000 baths (= 24,015<br />
Duncker rejected this story are quite insufficient.<br />
gallons), certainly an impossible figure, even that of<br />
Darius had to fight with Scythians whom he designates as<br />
Saka humauarku. These are probably identical with <strong>the</strong> I K. being too large for <strong>the</strong> data ; a hemisphere of <strong>the</strong><br />
Amyrgian Scythians. Fressl may be right in connecting both dimensions given contains only 6376 gallons <strong>and</strong> a<br />
<strong>the</strong>se words with Margiana. According to Fr., Muller (WZKM cylinder 10,798 gallon^.^ Even if, in view of what is<br />
7 258) <strong>the</strong>y are <strong>the</strong> ‘Soma-preparing Scythians : but Ed. Meyer<br />
(GA 3 IIO~) doubts this interpretation. Scythian archers took<br />
said about <strong>the</strong> 12 oxen, we come to <strong>the</strong> conclusion that<br />
art in <strong>the</strong> battle of Marathon, <strong>and</strong> were also in <strong>the</strong> army of <strong>the</strong> sea’ must have been more or less cylindrical in shape,<br />
gerxes. Where <strong>the</strong>ir home was, is not indicated. Alex<strong>and</strong>er not, as Josephus (Antviii. 3 5, ~b +piu@alprov) will have<br />
came <strong>into</strong> contact with Scythians only after he had crossed <strong>the</strong> it, hemispherical, we can hardly suppose it to have held<br />
Jaxartes in Sogdiana. For some time before 138, Scythians had<br />
held possession of Margiana<br />
much more than (say) 7000 gallons. There is, how-<br />
Through Chang-kian’s account of his mission (in Ssematsien), ever, no recorded ancient parallel even for such a<br />
it is possible to trace <strong>the</strong> political situation in Iran in 128, <strong>and</strong> casting. It is one of very considerable magnitude<br />
to discern some of <strong>the</strong> events that led up to it. Pressed by <strong>the</strong><br />
Hiungnu, a Turkish people, <strong>the</strong> Yuechi ( robably Massagetre)<br />
(great bell of Moscow 198 tons ; great bell of St.<br />
had forced <strong>the</strong> Szii (caka Saka Scythians? across <strong>the</strong> axartes. Paul’s-largest in Engl<strong>and</strong>-174 tons). The ancients<br />
In 175 <strong>the</strong> SzB conquered’Sogdiana from Eucratides o/Bactria. no doubt usually did <strong>the</strong>ir large castings in pieces ; but<br />
This king defended Bactria against <strong>the</strong>ir attack with <strong>the</strong> aid of where possible <strong>the</strong>y preferred hammered work.<br />
Mithridates I. in 160. In 130 <strong>the</strong> Scythians took most of<br />
Bactria from Heliocles. But <strong>the</strong>y were in <strong>the</strong>ir turn driven Solomon’s ‘ sea ’ may, <strong>the</strong>refore, it has been suggested,<br />
from Bactria <strong>and</strong> fled <strong>into</strong> Kipin, Kashmir Nepal <strong>and</strong> India have been a wooden vessel plated with bronze. On <strong>the</strong><br />
where <strong>the</strong>y kstablished kingdoms. MaueH reigne‘d in Kip& notice in I K. 776 see ADAM, I ; .<strong>and</strong> for a different view,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Pnnjab (130-IIO), Azes ( ~IO-~O), <strong>and</strong> Aspavarma, Aziles, <strong>and</strong><br />
Vanones after 80. Between 70 <strong>and</strong> 30 Spalahoras Spalag-<br />
SUCCOTH, 2.<br />
dames, Spalyris, <strong>and</strong> Spalyrisis reigned in W. Iudi;, though As to <strong>the</strong> form of <strong>the</strong> ‘ sea ’ <strong>the</strong> only fur<strong>the</strong>r data we<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir power was much limited by Hermaios. They were finally have are that <strong>the</strong> brass was an h<strong>and</strong>breadth thick, that<br />
overthrown by Kadphizes I. (Kiutsiu-Kio), <strong>the</strong> founder of <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong> brim was wrought like <strong>the</strong> brim of a cup, like <strong>the</strong><br />
Yuechi dynasty. This dynasty (until 116 A.D.), whose most<br />
famous king is Kanishka (70.90 A.D.), was also designated as flower of lily, <strong>and</strong> that below <strong>the</strong> brim ran two rows of<br />
<strong>the</strong> Scythian ($aka), <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Caka-era begins with <strong>the</strong> year gourd-like ornaments o’p~? (see GOURD, end). These<br />
78 A.D. The E. Scythians wed confused with <strong>the</strong>ir kinsmen<br />
<strong>the</strong> Massagetz, <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r neighhours in India, as <strong>the</strong> W: ornaments, as distinguished from those of <strong>the</strong> brazen<br />
Scythians had been confused with <strong>the</strong>ir kinsmen <strong>the</strong> Sar- pillars, were cast when <strong>the</strong> sea itself was-cast ; in o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
matians, <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r neighhours in Europe. In Iidia, as in words we have to think of <strong>the</strong>m as in relief, not as<br />
Afghanistan, <strong>the</strong> Scythians were absorbed in <strong>the</strong> native undercut. The sea rested upon 12 brazen oxen arranged<br />
population.<br />
I) On <strong>the</strong> biblical references see <strong>the</strong> commentaries on Genesis, in four groups facing <strong>the</strong> four quarters of <strong>the</strong> heavens.<br />
Jiemiah, Zephaniah, <strong>and</strong> Ezekiel, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> histories of Israel On every o<strong>the</strong>r point worth knowing-<strong>the</strong> height of<br />
[also Crit. Bib.]. The best modern history <strong>the</strong> oxen, <strong>the</strong> shape of <strong>the</strong> basin, <strong>and</strong> so forth-<strong>the</strong><br />
18. Literature. of Mithridates of Pontils is by Theodore<br />
Reinach (Mzfhn‘date Eujator, 18go). writer is silent. Nor are we told in what manner <strong>the</strong><br />
(2)<br />
For descriptions of Scythia see especially Ukert Geog. der Gniech. water was supplied or drawn :; one naturally thinks of<br />
rrnd Ramer 32. Reclus Ghg. Univ: LindnLr, SkytFaien u. d. <strong>the</strong> temple spring or a conduit from it.<br />
Sky<strong>the</strong>n &s &erodot, ’ 1841, <strong>and</strong> e&cially Neui.:ann, Die<br />
Hellenen im Sky<strong>the</strong>nl<strong>and</strong>e, 1855 ; Baer, Hist. Frqen, 1873, <strong>and</strong> Klostermann satisfies our curiosity as to <strong>the</strong> mode of filling<br />
Tomaschek in Berichfe d. Wiemr Akademie, 1888. (3) The by conjectural emendation of I K. 7 23 where he reads ‘There<br />
most important works on <strong>the</strong> language are Zeus, Die Deufschen were 30 cocks around <strong>the</strong> sea; 20 were under <strong>the</strong> brim <strong>and</strong><br />
una’ die Nach<strong>bar</strong>stZmme, 1837 ; <strong>and</strong> Miillenhoff, Deufsch supplied it, <strong>and</strong> at <strong>the</strong> bottom of <strong>the</strong> sea were IO which drained<br />
Altertumskunde 3 (7892). Fressl, Die Sky<strong>the</strong>n-Saken 1886 is it ; <strong>the</strong> cocks were in two rows <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir flow was according to<br />
not sufficiently &tical. (4) For <strong>the</strong> antiquities see Siephaki, <strong>the</strong>ir measure. The Vss., however, supply no sort of hint<br />
Antiguiti’s du Bosflhore Cimmlrien, 1854 : MacPherson, An- towards any such emendation.<br />
tiquities of Kerfch, 1857; Neumann (see under 2). Rayet, According to <strong>the</strong> Chronicler (2 Ch.46) <strong>the</strong> sea was<br />
@udes d’arckiologie et Zarf, m a ; Solomon Reinach, Antzquif4s<br />
du Bosjhore Ci,nmdrien 1885. (5) For <strong>the</strong> history,<br />
see, in addition to primary sdurces Winckler Gesch. d. 1 [On <strong>the</strong> assumption that by ammZh is meant <strong>the</strong> long cubit ;<br />
Alterturn!, 1878,(5! 2430,fl: Gutschmih, EBW aitt. ‘Scythia’ see WEIGHTS <strong>and</strong> MEASURES, 9 1.1<br />
<strong>and</strong> ‘Persia,’ discriminating, but wrongly excluhg <strong>the</strong> eastern 2 [Prof. Unwin F.R.S. in a private communication, says:<br />
Scythians; <strong>the</strong> suggestive discussions of H. Winckler, AOF ‘ I make ont that H hemisGherica1 cup, 15 ft. external diameter<br />
1484fl:; <strong>the</strong> admirable summaries of Ed. Meyer, GA, especi- <strong>and</strong> 4 ins. thick would require 113.5 cubic ft. olbrass, <strong>and</strong> would<br />
ally 3, $5 608 (1901): Lassen, Zndische Altertumskunde, weigh 26% tons. It would contain 770 cubic fi. or 4805 gallons<br />
1847-1857 ; Schriider, Zndiens Liferatur und Cultur, 1887, of water <strong>and</strong> this would weigh Z I tons. ~ A cylindrical vessel<br />
<strong>and</strong> Lefmann, Gesch. des Alien Indiens, 18p. N. S. would 4eigh more <strong>and</strong> contain more-hut <strong>the</strong> spherical shape is<br />
<strong>the</strong> most favourable for po-sibility.’]<br />
SCYTHOPOLIS (CKyeWN IToAIN), 2 Macc. 1229 ;<br />
8 ap?? lt$ in I K. 7 24 is usually rendered ten in a cuhit’<br />
in Josh. etc. BETH-SHEAN [q.v.] ; cp HAMONAH.<br />
SEA (a;, yzm; eahacca). see GEOGRAPHY. s 4 ;<br />
also DEAD SEA, GALILEE (Sea of), MEDITERRANEAN,<br />
RED SEA, SALT SEA.<br />
4339<br />
SEA, THE BRAZEN<br />
(so RVmg. <strong>and</strong> AV) <strong>and</strong> accordin-ly <strong>the</strong> total number of gourds<br />
in each row reckonid to be 3w. ?he words as <strong>the</strong>y st<strong>and</strong>, how-<br />
ever, can only mean ‘in a length of IO cubits’: but this gives no<br />
sense. The clause is (with Stade) to be deleted as a gloss (cp<br />
Benzinger, ad ?oc.).<br />
4340