sefi;g:v. - A Kabbalist walks into a bar, and the

SELEUCIDB SELEUCIDE
phaena, the wife of Grypus, the unfortunate Cleopatra
was put to death (Justin, 393). Soon the scale was
turned, and Grypus was defeated, and compelled to
retire to Aspendus (Eus. Chron. 1257) ; Tryphaena was
put to death in her turn by the victor. In 111 B.C.
Grypus returned and won back northern Syria. The
result of the struggle was that the Syrian empire, now
sadly shrunken in size, was partitioned between the con-
testants, Grypus retaining northern Syria with Cilicia,
and Cyzicenus taking Phcenicia and Ccelesyria with its
capital Damascus. Apparently a state of peace did not
long continue; but the details of the never-ceasing
warfare are hard to trace.
It is clear that the brothers' war in Syria was intimately con-
nected with a similar strife in Egypt, where also Ptolemy
Alexander and Ptolemy Soter 11. were at enmity, due to the
intrigues of their mother the reigning queen Cleopatra 111. (cp
Journ. of Hell. Stud. 9 230 ; ustin, 39 4 ; Jos. Ant. xiii. 10 2 ;
and see Mahaffy, Empire olthe' Ptokrnies, 409~3. .Grypus
held with the party of Alexander, and by way of attaching him
more closely thereto Cleopatra sent him ar his wife her youngest
daughter, Selene, beforetime the wife of the exiled Ptolemy
Soter 11.
The confusion in Syria was an opportunity for sur-
rounding powers. In 103 B.C. even Rome, by the
victory of the Praetor M. Antonius over the pirates,
gained a footing in Cilicia (cp Justin, 395). By the
union of Laodice (Thea Philadelphus), daughter of
Grypus, with Mithridates I. Callinicus, the dynasty of
Commagene was founded, and the way prepared for the
severance of that kingdom from Syria (cp Mommsen in
Athen. Miz't. 127f:). The Jews also, under John
Hyrcanus, who had practically thrown off their allegi-
ance since the death of Antiochus VII. (129 B.c.),
made great strides forward, investing and destroying
Samaria (about 108 B.C.) in spite of all that Antiochus
Cyzicenus. even with the help of 6000 troops sent by
Ptolemy Soter II., could do to save it (Jos. Ant.
xiii. lozf.). Such successes as the Syrian king won
were entirely neutralised and torn from his grasp by the
senatus consulturn secured by Hyrcanus bidding ' Anti-
ochus the son of Antiochus' (Jos. Ant. xiv. 1022; cp
id. xiii. 9 2 ) restore all his Palestinian conquests.
In 96 B.C. Antiochus Grypus died, or was murdered by Her-
acleon (Jos. Ant. xiii. 134 ; cp Eus. Ckron. 1259). He was
forty-five years old at the time of his death, and left behind him
five sons.
Seleucus VI., Epiphanes, the eldest son of Antiochus
Jos. Ant. xiii. 134 seems not quite accurate). A sketch
of the character of Antiochus Cyzicenus is given in Diod.
3534. We are told that he had to wife Selene, the
Egyptian princess, who had been married to his rival
Grypus ; but whether her marriage to Cyzicenus occurred
before or after the death of Grypus is unknown. For a
few months Seleucus VI. was master of the whole extent
of the Syrian empire, as it then existed, but soon he was
expelled by a rival, Antiochus X. Eusebes, Philopator,
the son of .4ntiochus Cyzicenus. He was compelled to
retire into Cilicia, where he took refuge in the town of
Mopsuestia (mod. Missis).
By his violent and tyrannical behavionr, and his extortions,
Seleucus raised the inhabitants against him; they fired the
gymnasium in which he had taken shelter, and he either perished
in the flames or slew himself to avoid a worse fate (Jos. Ani.
xiii. 134. Aipian Syr. 69). This was probably in 94 B.C.
Mopsue& was tdereafter razed to the ground by Philippus and
Antiochus XI., brothers of Seleucus.
a Syria now presented the spectacle of; firstly, a
contest between two branches of the Seleucids, the
al. antiochus descendants of the brothers Demetrius
x. (94-83 B.C.). 11. and Antiochus VII., but both
having the same ancestress [Cleo-
patra Thea], and, secondly, of squabbles between the
members of the first branch, the five sons of Grypus '
4359
(Holm, Gr&. Hist. 4542). The confusion prevailing is
well illustrated by the fact that Antiochus X. married
Selene who had first been the wife of Grypus and had
then married Antiochus Cyzicenus, his own father.
First, Antiochus X. had to meet the opposition of
Antiochus XI. and Philippus I., the third and the
second sons of Grypus. After a battle on the Orontes, in
which Antiochus X. was victorious, Antiochus XI. lost
his life in the river in his flight (Jos. Z.C. ; Eus. Chon.
1261). Philippus then assumed the royal title, and
held part of Syria (from 94 B.C.). In the meantime,
Ptolemy Lathyrus had sent for Demetrius, fourth son
of Grypus, from Cnidus, and had established him as
king in Damascus.2 After hard fighting Antiochus X.
was expelled from Syria (or, according to Josephiis,
lost his life in battle with the Parthians).
According to Appian (Miihr. '05) this Antiochus was alive
and ruling in 83 B.C. when Tigranes (see below, S 22, end) made
himself master of Syria. If this is true, his death in war with
the Parthians fell later (it had already occurred in 75 R.c.).
Ap ian (Syr. 69) also tells us that he married Selene, his father's
wi80w. His son was Antiochus XIII. ($3 23 ; cp Kuhn, Beitr.
e: Gesch. der Seleukiden, 33~3.
In what way Philippus and Demetrius divided the
kingdom is not known : but Demetrius orobablv ruled
22: philippus C,!,syria and Antioch: Soon hostilities
broke out between them. Deme-
I. and
trius was also engaged with the Jews,
trius III. who in 88 B.C. called him in to aid
them against their tyrant prince Alexander Jannzeus.
Demetrius defeated Jannzeus (Jos. Ant. xiii. 14 13);
but in the moment of victory Jewish national feeling
awoke, and 6000 Jews went over to Alexander from the
army of Demetrius. The Syrian king must have shown
signs of desiring to reduce Judzea once more to a dependency
of Syria. Demetrius then turned his arms
against his brother Philippus, whom he besieged in
Bercea.s Straton, the ruler of Berea, who supported
Philippus, appealed for assistance to the Arab sheik
Azizus and the Parthian Mithridates. By them Demetrius
was himself beleaguered in his camp, and compelled
to capitulate. He died in honourable confinement
at the court of the Parthian king Mithridates 11.
(Jos. Ant. xiii. 143).
After the capture of Demetrins by the Parthians,
Philippus made himself master of Antioch, and for a
short time was sole ruler of what was left of the Syrian
Grypus, .. on his father's death laid claim to the uuempire
(88 B.c.). The intestine strife was soon re-
20. Seleucue divided empire, and proceeded to
Epiphanes assert his claims by arms. Antiochus
newed, for Antiochus XII. Dionyso~,~ the youngest of
Cyzicenus marched into northern Syria
the sons of Grypus, claimed the throne, and established
Nicator
himself in Damascus (87/6 B. c. ). Philippus. indeed,
against him, but being defeated killed
(96-96 B*C')'
himself in the battle (Appian, Syr.
shortly afterwards took the town by the treachery of the
69 ;
governor Milesius, while Antiochus was engaged with
the Nabatzeans; but he was compelled to evacuate it
again. When Antiochus resumed operations against
the Arabians, the Jewish despot, Alexander Jannzeus,
attempted to bar the road through Judzea by constructing
a great wall and trench from Joppa to Capharsaba,
but in vain (Jos. Ant. xiii.151). Ten thousand Arab
riders surprised the forces of the Syriaii king, who, true
to the traditions of his house, fell fighting bravely
(probably about 84 B. C. ).
The end of Philippus is doubtful. In 83 B.C. the Armenian
king Tigranes was invited to put an end to the long strife by
making himself master of the Syrian kingdom. Neither
Philippus nor Antiochus X. (if they were still alive; see above,
21) could offer any real opposition, and Tigranes made himself
master of the entire Syrian kingdom from the sea to the
Euphrates, including also Cilicia (Justin, 40 I, Appian, Sy.
He so ruled for fourteen years, Syria being governed by a
:%ray. In 6 B c. the connection of Tigranes with his fatherin-law
Mithri&s of Pontus led to his own defeat by Lucullus.
1 Ptolerny Lathyrus= Ptolemy Soter 11. (see PTOLEMY).
2 Demetrius III., Eucgrus (95-88 B.c.). E~K~L~os, so
Ant. xiii. 13 4, where, however, Niese reads 'AK~' os kl
coins of Antiochus X. bear the tri le title Theos $hilopator
Soter. or else Philometor Euerzetes - 8allinicw.
3 A town E. of Antioch.
4 Dionysos' coins bear also the titles Epiphanes Philopator
Callinicus, the title Dionysos being also sometimes omitted.
4360