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Stomatal diffusive resistance of the leaves (Fig.1-4) express relations between soil and plant parameters in relation to soil aeration. In each tested plant increased of R d was observed under hypoxia or anoxia conditions. This relation can be describe by linear or curvilinear relationships with high correlation coefficients at R 2 = 0.65-0.96 for redox potential and at R 2 =0.67- 0.94 for oxygen diffusion rate. From results obtained Eh is seems to be more effective parameter of soil aeration status. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Allen RD (1995) Dissection of oxidative stress tolerance using transgenic plants. Plant Physiol 107: 1049-1054. Bennicelli RP, Stępniewski W, Zakrzhevski DA, Balakhnina TI, Stepniewska Z, Lipiec J (1998) The effect of soil aeration on superoxide dismutase activity, malondialdehyde level, pigment content and stomatal diffusive resistence in maize seedlings. Environ and Experim Bot 39: 203-211. Blokhina OB, Fagerstedt KV, Chirkova TV (1999) Relationships between lipid peroxidation and anoxia tolerance in a range of species during post-anoxic reaeration. Physiologia Plantarum 105: 625-632. Foyer CH, Halliwel B (1976) The presence of glutatione reductase in chloroplasts: a proposed role in ascorbic acid metabolism. Planta 133: 21-25. Glinski J, Stepniewski W (1985) Soil Aeration and its Role for Plants. CRC Press. Boca Raton, USA. Halliwell B (1984) Oxidative damage, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection in chloroplasts. Chem. Phys. Lipids 44: 327-340. Larson RA (1988) The antioxidants of higher plants. Phytochemistry 27 : 969 – 978. Yan Bin, Qiujie Dai, Xiaozhong Liu, Shaobai Huang and Zixia Wang (1996) Floodinginduced membrane damage, lipid oxidation and activated oxygen generation in corn leaves. Plant and Soil 179: 261-268. Zakrzhevsky DA, Balakhnina TI, Stepniewski W, Stepniewska S, Bennicelli RP, Lipiec J (1995) Oxidation and growth processes in roots and leaves of higher plants at different oxygen availability in soil. Fiziol Rast: 42: 272-280. Russian Plant Physiol 42: 242-248. 26
AEROBIC CONDITIONS AND ANTIOXIDATIVE SYSTEM OF AZOLLA CAROLINIANA IN THE PRESENCE OF Hg IN WATER SOLUTION Bennicelli R.P., Balakhnina T.I., Stępniewska Z., Szajnocha K., Banach A. INTRODUCTION High concentration of heavy metals effects like other stress conditions in plants a number of physiological and biochemical reactions and induces oxidative stress in the plant cells (Noctor and Foyer 1998, Blokhina et al., 1999; Hunter et al., 1987; Yan et al., 1996).Formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) takes place in the cells of all the plants and is a consequence of normal aerobic metabolism. Under optimal conditions the content of ROS maintains, with the help of antioxidative defense system, at a level which is safe for the organism (Larson, 1988). Thus superoxide dismutase scavengers superoxide anion - radical (О 2 -. ) in the cytoplasm, chloroplast and mitochondria (Bowler et al., 1992). Under stress conditions the formation of ROS can exceed the antioxidative potential of the cell and cause an oxidative damage (Halliwell, 1984). The plant capability to activate the defense system against oxidative destruction may be a key link in the mechanism of plant tolerance to unfavorable conditions. Changes in the activity level of one or more antioxidative enzymes are connected with the plant resistance to stressor action (Allen, 1995). Previously we found (Bennicelli et al., 1998) that maize response to soil aeration conditions (as evaluated by biomass production and stomatal diffusive resistance) and the advancement of destructive processes (as assessed by malondialdehyde content) as well as the antioxidant system status (expressed by SOD activity) were related to soil oxygen availability as measured by oxygen diffusion rate (ODR). Similar dependences of growth and oxidative processes to soil aeration parameters was also shown for pea known as flood intolerant plant (Zakrzhevsky et al, 1995). The aim of the paper was to investigate the response of Azolla caroliniana Willd. defense system in the presence of different concentration of Hg and availability of oxygen in water solution. MATERIALS AND METHODS The studies were performed under model laboratory conditions with the use of aquatic fern A. caroliniana. The air temperature was kept at 25±2 о C and 18/6 photoperiod was applied. The relative air humidity was on the level 70±5%. As the 27
Page 2 and 3: PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY AND BIOGEOCHEMIS
Page 4 and 5: IN MEMORIAM Dr Ludmila Petrovna Kor
Page 6 and 7: magnetic (ferrimagnetic) oxides, ma
Page 8 and 9: educed water activity, would favour
Page 10 and 11: In this paper AT sorption by surfac
Page 12 and 13: were obtained with clay content, pH
Page 14 and 15: In present investigation the quartz
Page 16 and 17: Hence, the micromorphology suggests
Page 18 and 19: As the indicators of soil aeration
Page 22 and 23: indicators of soil aeration conditi
Page 24 and 25: REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Page 26 and 27: Table 1. Breakdown of numbers and t
Page 28 and 29: MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL P
Page 30 and 31: conditions, existing at the first p
Page 32 and 33: INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON WATER P
Page 34 and 35: moisture % 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 so
Page 36 and 37: STATE OF MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES IN M
Page 38 and 39: million cells/g soil 25 20 15 10 5
Page 40 and 41: THE INFLUENCE OF COMPOSITION AND PR
Page 42 and 43: days grew faster than on substrate
Page 44 and 45: SOIL SALINITY AND CLIMATE CHANGES I
Page 46 and 47: POROUS STRUCTURE OF NATURAL BODIES
Page 48 and 49: These nonuniform classification sys
Page 50 and 51: Mercury intrusion data are plotted
Page 52 and 53: METHOD AND MATERIALS The shear stre
Page 54 and 55: wheat flour NaCl salt fine milk Fig
Page 56 and 57: The shear experiments revealed two
Page 58 and 59: Variable charge of mineral surfaces
Page 60 and 61: 3. Huffaker RC and Wallace A 1958 P
Page 62 and 63: Q V (pH)/N t = α(pH) = n ∑ i= 1
Page 64 and 65: REFERENCES 1. De Wit, J.C.M, Van Ri
Page 66 and 67: BM - biomass; NM - necromass; MM -
Page 68 and 69: thousand times at the absence of co
Page 70 and 71:
. m 131.5 131.0 I Height above sea
Page 72 and 73:
SEASONAL VARIABILITY OF SOIL WATER
Page 74 and 75:
The mean difference (MD) and the ro
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Acknowledgement This paper presents
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1992; Selim 1999). The relative imp
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1.0 C rel 0.5 0.0 v=0.7 D=3.28 v=0.
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1.0 a b C rel 0.5 0.0 0 1 2 3 0 1 2
Page 84 and 85:
Comparison of before- and after-pul
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provides the accessibility of catio
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MODEL RESEARCH ON FORMATION OF SYNT
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The analysis of the specific surfac
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PHOSPHATE-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE SP
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According to the data of Table 1, t
Page 96 and 97:
MINERAL-ORGANIC COMPOUND OF SOILS:
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION An analysis
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INTRODUCTION CHEMICAL DEGRADATION O
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of organic particles and their elec
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HNO 3 -extractable form is very clo
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Results demonstrated that Pb and Cd
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tion was measured using the Tjurina
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OUTPUT FLUXES OF LEAD IN FOREST ECO
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Regional data on Pb concentrations
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DEVICE FOR EVALUATION OF THE RAPE P
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SPECTROSCOPIC COMPARISON OF HUMIC A
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ehavior of sequentially extracted H
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MODERN MONITORING SYSTEMS FOR THE M
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The control of the measurement syst
Page 124 and 125:
ASORPTION AND SURFACE AREA OF SOILS
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Nm xCBET N = ( 1− x BET − )[ 1+
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According to this, when x/N (1-x) i
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POTENTIAL OF AZOLLA CAROLINIANA TO
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The decrease of Pb(II) and of Cd(II
Page 134 and 135:
12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Piechalak, A.,
Page 136 and 137:
Kloc, 2001]. Nitrogen adsorption is
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This is worth noting that the lower
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N ( h) 1 2 γ ( h) = [ ( ) ( )] ( )
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Exemplary spatial distributions (sa
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This is worth noting that significa
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adsorbed chemicals to microorganism
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were detected in the untreated soil
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0.4 1000 Moisture [Vol.] 0.3 0.2 0.
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NITROUS OXIDE EMISSION FROM SOILS W
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N2O-N [mg kg -1 ] 100 80 60 40 20 0
Page 156 and 157:
LITERATURE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
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where v(t) - CO 2 production rate;
Page 160 and 161:
carbon was involved mainly into mic
Page 162 and 163:
Demkin Vitaliiy DrSc Dmitrakov Leon
Page 164 and 165:
Priputina Irina PhD Rudko Tadeusz P
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